The Many Faces of Defeat

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Lena
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Italian Government ◽  
The Many ◽  
Farewell To Arms

Lena surveys the historical context of Italy’s devastating defeat at the Battle of Caporetto in 1917, and argues about its importance to Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms. This chapter illustrates the historical background to the fascist control of the Italian government and how Hemingway rejects their ideology through Frederic Henry, the protagonist. Lena negotiates the complex political and military realities surrounding Caporetto in order to emphasize Hemingway’s important statement about the war and its mismanagement.

Archaeologists and the Dead

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
International Context ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Dead ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Experience Effect

This volume addresses the relationship between archaeologists and the dead, through the many dimensions of their relationships: in the field (through practical and legal issues), in the lab (through their analysis and interpretation), and in their written, visual and exhibitionary practice--disseminated to a variety of academic and public audiences. Written from a variety of perspectives, its authors address the experience, effect, ethical considerations, and cultural politics of working with mortuary archaeology. Whilst some papers reflect institutional or organizational approaches, others are more personal in their view: creating exciting and frank insights into contemporary issues that have hitherto often remained "unspoken" among the discipline. Reframing funerary archaeologists as "death-workers" of a kind, the contributors reflect on their own experience to provide both guidance and inspiration to future practitioners, arguing strongly that we have a central role to play in engaging the public with themes of mortality and commemoration, through the lens of the past. Spurred by the recent debates in the UK, papers from Scandinavia, Austria, Italy, the US, and the mid-Atlantic, frame these issues within a much wider international context that highlights the importance of cultural and historical context in which this work takes place.

Ezekiel in Its Historical Context

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marvin A. Sweeney
Keyword(s):  
Political History ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Persian Period ◽  
Proper Interpretation

This chapter surveys the historical background for the composition of the book of Ezekiel, covering roughly three centuries—from the reign of Hezekiah until the early Persian period. This background is essential to the book’s proper interpretation, given one of its most characteristic and prevalent features: oracles that are dated. The present chapter not only recounts the rise and fall of successive Assyrian and Babylonian empires, but also shows how the book has addressed the context of that evolving environment. The book’s explicit chronology thus ties this political history to the experience of the Judean exiles in Babylon.

Using the Basilica

2016 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 286-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hylkje de Jong
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Know How

Abstract When working with the Groningen edition of the Basilica, it is necessary to apply the periodical divisions of Roman law (classical Roman law, Justinianic law, early and later Byzantine law) to the texts in order to make the differences in meaning, according to their historical background, better visible. Each historical context shows its own characteristics, for example in expressions and references. To interpret data from the Basilica correctly, one must also know how to collect all relevant fragments.

A Discussion of Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt’s How Democracies Die

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 1092-1094 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheri Berman
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
New York Times ◽  
American Democracy ◽  
Democratic Breakdown ◽  
Independent Judiciary ◽  
American Case ◽  
The Many ◽  
Political Norms

Among the many scholarly attempts to reckon with the causes and consequences of Donald Trump’s rise, few have attracted popular attention on the scale of Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt’s How Democracies Die. Seldom do books by political scientists make it onto the New York Times best sellers list, but this one has, a testament to its broad influence. Levitsky and Ziblatt situate Trumpism within a broader comparative and historical context in order to assess its similarities to and differences from democratic breakdowns elsewhere, particularly in Europe and Latin America. Their broad argument is that modern slides into authoritarianism are not the result of revolutions or military coups, but rather the consequence of a steady erosion of political norms and the assault on such fundamental democratic institutions as an independent judiciary and a free press. In short, contemporary democracies die not as a result of men with guns attacking from outside the system, but rather because elected leaders from inside that system slowly undermine them. Judged from this standpoint, the authors argue that American democracy is now in real danger, and they offer a range of suggestions for saving it. How convincing is Levitsky and Ziblatt’s analysis of democratic breakdown, and how well does it apply to the American case? How useful are the solutions that they offer for rescuing American democracy? We have asked a range of prominent scholars from across the discipline to consider these questions in the present symposium.

scholarly journals COMPREHENSIVE COMPARISON BETWEEN THE QING IMPERIAL GARDEN AND THE ENGLISH LANDSCAPE GARDEN IN THE 18TH CENTURY: A CULTURAL HERITAGE STUDIES APPROACH

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W15 ◽  
pp. 1235-1239
Author(s):  
Y. Yin
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Natural State ◽  
Heritage Studies ◽  
The World ◽  
Foreign Land ◽  
Comprehensive Comparison ◽  
Chinese Gardens

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> In 17&amp;ndash;18<sup>th</sup> century, the spread of the image of the Qing Imperial Garden witnessed the cross-cultural exchanges and promoted the development of English Landscape Garden style. The reciprocal ‘far away foreign land’ between Chinese and British cultures and the influence of historical context had caused the discrepant view of European on Chinese gardens. This project focuses on the differences of cultural heritage values found in the two kinds of gardens: from the design of space and structure, poems and paintings representing designers' concepts, humanities factors, design conception, gardening elements and etc. Which hopes to fill up the gaps of relevant studies and stress the importance of documentation for gardens between the East and West. There are three aspects to illustrate the inner differences under the surface similarities between the two kinds of gardens. Firstly, the distortion and discontinuity through out the introduction and translation.This research attempts to cross-examine such an argument through an investigation into the journey to the West by the carrier of Chinese Imperial garden ideas. Then the meaning of ‘views of nature’ in the English Landscape Garden was inconsistent with the Chinese concept of ‘natural state of the world’. Thirdly, the differences of historical background, culture and values between the Qing Imperial Garden and the English Landscape Garden. All in all, this research could well invite a more factually-based understanding of the Sino-English architectural interactions as well as the Chinese contributions to the world architecture.</p>

The Historical Background: Molecular Theory as of 1900

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-87
Author(s):  
George E. Smith ◽  
Raghav Seth
Keyword(s):  
Physical Chemistry ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Kinetic Theory ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Molecular Theory ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Kinetic Theory Of Gases ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Molecular Kinetic Theory ◽  
Wilhelm Ostwald

The task of this chapter is to explain the sense in which molecular theory—both molecular-kinetic theory and chemical-molecular theory—were still viewed as hypotheses as of 1900 and why the evidence bearing on them during the second half of the nineteenth century was insufficient for them to have achieved standing beyond this. The chapter reviews the strengths and limitations of the evidence in question, taking advantage of two widely read textbooks in physical chemistry published in the 1890s by Wilhelm Ostwald and Walther Nernst and a uniquely comprehensive review of the evidence pertaining to the kinetic theory of gases, by O. E. Meyer, published in 1899. This background defines the historical context within physics and chemistry for the developments covered in the remainder of the monograph.

scholarly journals APC/C: current understanding and future perspectives

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Yamano
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Cell Cycle Regulators ◽  
Anaphase Promoting Complex ◽  
Electron Microscopy Analysis ◽  
Cellular Machinery ◽  
The Many ◽  
Ubiquitin Conjugating Enzymes

The separation of sister chromatids at anaphase, which is regulated by an E3 ubiquitin ligase called the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), is arguably the most important irrevocable event during the cell cycle. The APC/C and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) are just two of the many significant cell cycle regulators and exert control through ubiquitylation and phosphorylation, respectively. The temporal and spatial regulation of the APC/C is achieved by multiple mechanisms, including phosphorylation, interaction with the structurally related co-activators Cdc20 and Cdh1, loading of distinct E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, binding with inhibitors and differential affinities for various substrates. Since the discovery of APC/C 25 years ago, intensive studies have uncovered many aspects of APC/C regulation, but we are still far from a full understanding of this important cellular machinery. Recent high-resolution cryogenic electron microscopy analysis and reconstitution of the APC/C have greatly advanced our understanding of molecular mechanisms underpinning the enzymatic properties of APC/C. In this review, we will examine the historical background and current understanding of APC/C regulation.

Book I Diplomacy in General, 1 Diplomacy—a Short History from Pre-Classical Origins to the Fall of the Berlin Wall

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberts Ivor
Keyword(s):  
Near East ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Ancient Near East ◽  
Berlin Wall ◽  
Short History ◽  
Renaissance Period ◽  
Post War ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
European Diplomacy

This chapter provides the historical context underpinning this study. It elaborates on the definition of the term ‘diplomacy’—the conduct of business between States by peaceful means—at the same time dispelling misconceptions regarding the term, as well as discussing its origins. Aside from that, the chapter largely focuses on a historical background of diplomacy as a whole, beginning from the earliest practices of sending emissaries to open negotiations. These origins may in fact go back at least as far as the Great Kings of the Ancient Near East in the second, and possibly even as early as the late fourth millennium BC, to the cuneiform civilizations of Mesopotamia. From there, the chapter maps out this history through the Renaissance period to the beginnings of classical European diplomacy, and later on to the two World Wars and the post-war world.

scholarly journals James Robert Alfano, A Giant in Phytopathogenic Bacteria Effector Biology

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-381
Author(s):  
Alan Collmer
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Phytopathogenic Bacteria ◽  
The World ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
The Many ◽  
Plant Pathogenesis

The worldwide molecular plant-microbe interactions research community was significantly diminished in November 2019 by the death of James “Jim” Robert Alfano at age 56. Jim was a giant in our field, who gained key insights into plant pathogenesis using the model bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. As a mentor, collaborator, and, above all, a friend, I know Jim’s many dimensions and accomplishments and, sadly, the depth of loss being felt by the many people around the world who were touched by him. In tracing the path of Jim’s career, I will emphasize the historical context and impact of his advances and, finally, the essence of the person we will so miss.

Why Two Jurisdictions? Some Aspects of the Historical Context of the Decision to Maintain Separate Courts for Married and Unmarried Parents in Relation to Parental Rights in Victoria

1985 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 7-10
Author(s):  
Stephanie Charlesworth
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Federal Courts ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Family Court ◽  
Parental Rights ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Status ◽  
State's Rights ◽  
Professional People

Many professional people working with families are frustrated by the fact that there is still a marked differentiation made between children of married parents and children of non-married parents in the courts. This division has persisted in spite of legislation to remove the status of illegitimacy and the reasons for this are far from obvious to those who are not lawyers. This paper traces the historical background of this split in jurisdiction between State and Federal Courts (i.e., the Family Court) and concludes that it is based on an anachronistic view of State’s rights which no social group or political party would support today.

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