scholarly journals Eye-Tracking Algorithm for Low Webcam Image Resolution Without Calibration

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allana L. dos S. Rocha ◽  
Leandro H. de S. Silva ◽  
Bruno J. T. Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Image Resolution ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Human Interactions ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Communication Difficulties ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
Tracking Devices ◽  
Conventional Computer

Applications of eye-tracking devices aim to understand human activities and behaviors, improve human interactions with robots, and develop assistive technology in helping people with some communication disabilities. This paper proposes an algorithm to detect the pupil center and user’s gaze direction in real-time, using a low-resolution webcam and a conventional computer with no need for calibration. Given the constraints, the gaze space was reduced to five states: left, right, center, up, and eyes closed. A pre-existing landmarks detector was used to identify the user’s eyes. We employ image processing techniques to find the center of the pupil and we use the coordinates of the points found associated with mathematical calculations to classify the gaze direction. By using this method, the algorithm achieved 81.9% overall accuracy results even under variable and non-uniform environmental conditions. We also performed quantitative experiments with noise, blur, illumination, and rotation variation. Smart Eye Communicator, the proposed algorithm, can be used as eye-tracking mechanism to help people with communication difficulties to express their desires.

An eye-tracking study on the effect of infographic structures on viewer’s comprehension and cognitive load

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azam Majooni ◽  
Mona Masood ◽  
Amir Akhavan
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Pupil Diameter ◽  
Information Graphics ◽  
Basic Premise ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Graphical Design ◽  
Tracking Devices

The basic premise of this research is investigating the effect of layout on the comprehension and cognitive load of the viewers in the information graphics. The term ‘Layout’ refers to the arrangement and organization of the visual and textual elements in a graphical design. The experiment conducted in this study is designed based on two stories and each one of these stories is presented with two different layouts. During the experiment, eye-tracking devices are applied to collect the gaze data including the eye movement data and pupil diameter fluctuation. In the research on the modification of the layouts, contents of each story are narrated using identical visual and textual elements. The analysis of eye-tracking data provides quantitative evidence concerning the change of layout in each story and its effect on the comprehension of participants and variation of their cognitive load. In conclusion, it can be claimed that the comprehension from the zigzag form of the layout was higher with a less imposed cognitive load.

scholarly journals VP203 Performance Evaluation Of Eye-Tracking Devices

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. 245-245
Author(s):  
Luciano Recalde ◽  
José Núñez ◽  
César Yegros ◽  
Carolina Villegas
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Interface Design ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Horizontal Axis ◽  
Precision Data ◽  
Limited Mobility ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Tracking Device ◽  
Tracking Devices

INTRODUCTION:There are different devices, systems and technologies for people with disabilities. It's necessary to provide information on the effectiveness of products in the market and competitiveness in terms of price-quality, and providing an endorsement in the acquisition of technologies that improve their quality of life. The use of eye tracking devices is growing and its implementation in different areas has attracted the attention of several developers. Therefore the need to generate a product that evaluates the functionality of such devices is necessary in order to avoid unnecessary expenses when acquiring or repairing one of these devices.METHODS:An interface was created with different functionalities such as the location of the coordinates in which the pointer is located, standardized graphic interface design to provide statistical data that allow an objective result for its subsequent analysis and an endless number of design possibilities.The tests performed were of accuracy and precision where the subject was asked to follow the instructions given and observe a sequence of points, especially the points located at the ends of the monitor as these are the critical points in which there is less coincidence between the cursor and the gaze.RESULTS:The results obtained provided information on the performance of the tracking device. In this way it was possible to establish that the accuracy of the ocular tracker: it was ± 12.83 pixels on the horizontal axis and ± 10.66 pixels on the vertical axis. The precision was ± 9.8 pixels on the horizontal axis and ± 14.23 pixels on the vertical axis.This shows the use phenomenon caused due to the limited mobility of the eyes in the vertical axis in comparison to the horizontal mobility. The precision data obtained indicate that, because the movement on the vertical axis is smaller, there is a less continuous spectrum of positions on the axis, which translates to less precision.CONCLUSIONS:The data obtained can be used to compare with the results of the test with other eye tracking devices and thus this could serve as a tool to select an eye tracking device according to the user's need and his economical capabilities.

scholarly journals Eye Tracking in Driver Attention Research—How Gaze Data Interpretations Influence What We Learn

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christer Ahlström ◽  
Katja Kircher ◽  
Marcus Nyström ◽  
Benjamin Wolfe
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Driver Distraction ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Traffic Situation ◽  
Informational Needs ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
The Moment

Eye tracking (ET) has been used extensively in driver attention research. Amongst other findings, ET data have increased our knowledge about what drivers look at in different traffic environments and how they distribute their glances when interacting with non-driving related tasks. Eye tracking is also the go-to method when determining driver distraction via glance target classification. At the same time, eye trackers are limited in the sense that they can only objectively measure the gaze direction. To learn more about why drivers look where they do, what information they acquire foveally and peripherally, how the road environment and traffic situation affect their behavior, and how their own expertise influences their actions, it is necessary to go beyond counting the targets that the driver foveates. In this perspective paper, we suggest a glance analysis approach that classifies glances based on their purpose. The main idea is to consider not only the intention behind each glance, but to also account for what is relevant in the surrounding scene, regardless of whether the driver has looked there or not. In essence, the old approaches, unaware as they are of the larger context or motivation behind eye movements, have taken us as far as they can. We propose this more integrative approach to gain a better understanding of the complexity of drivers' informational needs and how they satisfy them in the moment.

scholarly journals A gaze-based interactive system to explore artwork imagery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piercarlo Dondi ◽  
Marco Porta ◽  
Angelo Donvito ◽  
Giovanni Volpe
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Assistive Technology ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Regions Of Interest ◽  
Interactive System ◽  
Multimedia Content ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Impaired People ◽  
The Common ◽  
Safety Guidelines

AbstractInteractive and immersive technologies can significantly enhance the fruition of museums and exhibits. Several studies have proved that multimedia installations can attract visitors, presenting cultural and scientific information in an appealing way. In this article, we present our workflow for achieving a gaze-based interaction with artwork imagery. We designed both a tool for creating interactive “gaze-aware” images and an eye tracking application conceived to interact with those images with the gaze. Users can display different pictures, perform pan and zoom operations, and search for regions of interest with associated multimedia content (text, image, audio, or video). Besides being an assistive technology for motor impaired people (like most gaze-based interaction applications), our solution can also be a valid alternative to the common touch screen panels present in museums, in accordance with the new safety guidelines imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Experiments carried out with a panel of volunteer testers have shown that the tool is usable, effective, and easy to learn.

scholarly journals The Recreational Trail of the El Caminito del Rey Natural Tourist Attraction, Spain: Determination of Hikers’ Flow

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1809
Author(s):  
Gemma María Gea-García ◽  
Carmelo Fernández-Vicente ◽  
Francisco J. Barón-López ◽  
Jesús Miranda-Páez
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Circulation Pattern ◽  
Travel Speed ◽  
Outdoor Activity ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
Exponential Increase ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tracking Device ◽  
Tracking Devices

Hiking is a very popular outdoor activity, and has led to an exponential increase in the number of visitors to natural spaces. The objective of this study was to analyze the circulation pattern of visitors to the Caminito del Rey trail, based on the three zones into which the trail can be divided. The sample consisted of 1582 hikers distributed into three different profiles. Of these, 126 utilized an eye-tracking device during the hike, while, for the rest (1456), only their travel speed along the trail was recorded. The use of eye tracking devices identified a greater number of interesting landscapes located in zones 1 and 3 of the trail, and it was observed that the mean travel speed was greater for zone 2 (42.31 m/min) (p < 0.01). Additionally, when the three different visitor profiles were analyzed, significant differences were found between the mean travel speeds according to sectors (p < 0.05). This information is crucial for more efficient management of the trail, as it allows for the development of measures to control and regulate the flow of visitors according to zone, and the design of additional strategies to increase the awareness of the hiker about specific areas of the hike.

scholarly journals Fear-specific leftward bias in gaze direction judgment

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Zhang ◽  
Qiqi Hu ◽  
Xinwei Lai ◽  
Zhonghua Hu ◽  
Shan Gao
Keyword(s):  
Judgment Task ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Emotional Information ◽  
Cerebral Lateralization ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Fearful Faces ◽  
Perception Bias ◽  
Behavioural Experiments ◽  
Direction Judgment

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that humans have a left spatial attention bias in cognition and behaviour. However, whether there exists a leftward perception bias of gaze direction has not been investigated. To address this gap, we conducted three behavioural experiments using a forced-choice gaze direction judgment task. The point of subjective equality (PSE) was employed to measure whether there was a leftward perception bias of gaze direction, and if there was, whether this bias was modulated by face emotion. The results of experiment 1 showed that the PSE of fearful faces was significantly positive as compared to zero and this effect was not found in angry, happy, and neutral faces, indicating that participants were more likely to judge the gaze direction of fearful faces as directed to their left-side space, namely a leftward perception bias. With the response keys counterbalanced between participants, experiment 2a replicated the findings in experiment 1. To further investigate whether the gaze direction perception variation was contributed by emotional or low-level features of faces, experiment 2b and 3 used inverted faces and inverted eyes, respectively. The results revealed similar leftward perception biases of gaze direction in all types of faces, indicating that gaze direction perception was biased by emotional information in faces rather than low-level facial features. Overall, our study demonstrates that there a fear-specific leftward perception bias in processing gaze direction. These findings shed new light on the cerebral lateralization in humans.

scholarly journals What is unique about the human eye? Comparative image analysis on the external eye morphology of human and nonhuman great apes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumihiro Kano ◽  
Takeshi Furuichi ◽  
Chie Hashimoto ◽  
Christopher Krupenye ◽  
Jesse G Leinwand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Human Eye ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Eye Morphology ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Heated Debate ◽  
Signaling Hypothesis

The gaze-signaling hypothesis and the related cooperative-eye hypothesis posit that humans have evolved special external eye morphology, including exposed white sclera (the white of the eye), to enhance the visibility of eye-gaze direction and thereby facilitate conspecific communication through joint-attentional interaction and ostensive communication. However, recent quantitative studies questioned these hypotheses based on new findings that humans are not necessarily unique in certain eye features compared to other great ape species. Therefore, there is currently a heated debate on whether external eye features of humans are distinguished from those of other apes and how such distinguished features contribute to the visibility of eye-gaze direction. This study leveraged updated image analysis techniques to test the uniqueness of human eye features in facial images of great apes. Although many eye features were similar between humans and other species, a key difference was that humans have uniformly white sclera which creates clear visibility of both eye outline and iris; the two essential features contributing to the visibility of eye-gaze direction. We then tested the robustness of the visibility of these features against visual noises such as darkening and distancing and found that both eye features remain detectable in the human eye, while eye outline becomes barely detectable in other species under these visually challenging conditions. Overall, we identified that humans have distinguished external eye morphology among other great apes, which ensures robustness of eye-gaze signal against various visual conditions. Our results support and also critically update the central premises of the gaze-signaling hypothesis.

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