EU Policies towards Russia: The Search for Integration Mechanisms beyond Conditionality

The issue of re-nationalization (disintegration and fragmentation) of integration process is manifested by the will of some of the Member States to verify their relations with the European Union. In the age of an economic crisis of the EU and in relation to the large migration of the population, there has emerged strong social and political criticism, on the European level, of the integration process, with some Member States even consideringtheir withdrawal from the EU. In those States, demands forextending the Member States’ competences in the field of some EU policies are becoming more and more popular. The legal effects of the above-mentioned processes are visible in the free movements of the internal market, mainly within the free movement of persons. Therefore, there are problems, such as increased social dumping process, the need to retain the output of the European labour law, the issue of the so-called social tourism, erosion of the meaning of the EU citizenship and the principle of equal treatment.

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Integracja w dezintegracji i dezintegracja w integracji: determinanty mechanizmów integracyjnych w Unii Europejskiej

10.31338/1641-2478pe.3.17.1 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 10-37

Author(s):

Barbara Curyło

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

The European Union ◽

Top Down ◽

Modus Operandi ◽

Bottom Up ◽

Differentiated Integration ◽

Integration Mechanisms ◽

Strategic Issue ◽

Definition Of ◽

The Eu

In the discussion on the future of the EU, the topic of differentiated integration has become a strategic issue, with different variants beginning to appear as modus operandi of the European Union, which has become a subject of controversy among Member States. Significantly, the debate on differentiated integration began to be accompanied by reflections on disintegration. This article attempts to define disintegration on the assumption that it should be defined through the prism of integration, and that such a defining process can not be limited to concluding a one-way contrast between disintegration versus integration and vice versa. This is due to the assumption that the European Union is a dichotomous construct in which integration and disintegration mutually exclude and complement each other. This dichotomy is most evident in the definition of integration and disintegration through the prism of Europeanisation top-down and bottom-up processes that generate, reveal, visualize, stimulate integration mechanisms what allows to diagnose their determinants.

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National innovative system: relevance of formation, contours of conceptual model and integration mechanisms of realization

Russian Economic Journal ◽

10.33983/0130-9757-2019-2-3-31 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 3-31

Author(s):

Yuri B. Vinslav

Keyword(s):

Conceptual Framework ◽

Conceptual Model ◽

Technological Innovations ◽

Scientific Education ◽

Practice Recommendations ◽

National Importance ◽

Innovative System ◽

Integration Mechanisms ◽

Key Indicators ◽

Integrated Structures

In work dynamics of key indicators of innovative activity in economy of Russia in recent years is considered. The conclusion is drawn on lack of system positive changes in the innovative sphere of the country. On the basis of the analysis of domestic and foreign practice recommendations about formation of the national innovative system (NIS) promoting more effective realization of the state industrial and scientific and technical policy are formulated. Author's vision of key segments of the domestic NIS focused on the priority directions of creation of scientific and technological innovations of the national importance is offered. Recommendations about development of specific administrative mechanisms for each of the offered segments are made. As perspective instruments of realization of NIS it is offered to use the innovative scientific and technological centers and scientific education centers. Methodical and practical questions of formation of data of the integrated structures are considered, the corresponding conceptual framework is stated.

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The Pandora's box of social integration mechanisms

Journal of Strategy and Management ◽

10.1108/17554251311296530 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 4-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Craig E. Armstrong ◽

Cynthia A. Lengnick‐Hall

Keyword(s):

Social Integration ◽

Integration Mechanisms

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kangaroo, a Mobile Element From Volvox carteri, Is a Member of a Newly Recognized Third Class of Retrotransposons

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/162.4.1617 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 162 (4) ◽

pp. 1617-1630

Author(s):

Leonard Duncan ◽

Kristine Bouckaert ◽

Fay Yeh ◽

David L Kirk

Keyword(s):

Genomic Structure ◽

Mobile Element ◽

Direct Repeat ◽

Structural Features ◽

Volvox Carteri ◽

Developmentally Regulated ◽

Closed Circle ◽

Integration Mechanisms ◽

And Function

Abstract Retrotransposons play an important role in the evolution of genomic structure and function. Here we report on the characterization of a novel retrotransposon called kangaroo from the multicellular green alga, Volvox carteri. kangaroo elements are highly mobile and their expression is developmentally regulated. They probably integrate via double-stranded, closed-circle DNA intermediates through the action of an encoded recombinase related to the λ-site-specific integrase. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that kangaroo elements are closely related to other unorthodox retrotransposons including PAT (from a nematode), DIRS-1 (from Dictyostelium), and DrDIRS1 (from zebrafish). PAT and kangaroo both contain split direct repeat (SDR) termini, and here we show that DIRS-1 and DrDIRS1 elements contain terminal features structurally related to SDRs. Thus, these mobile elements appear to define a third class of retrotransposons (the DIRS1 group) that are unified by common structural features, genes, and integration mechanisms, all of which differ from those of LTR and conventional non-LTR retrotransposons.

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Strategic deployment of riparian buffers and windbreaks in Europe can co-deliver biomass and environmental benefits

Communications Earth & Environment ◽

10.1038/s43247-021-00247-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Oskar Englund ◽

Pål Börjesson ◽

Blas Mola-Yudego ◽

Göran Berndes ◽

Ioannis Dimitriou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Production ◽

Large Scale ◽

Production Systems ◽

Riparian Buffers ◽

Environmental Benefits ◽

The European Union ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Nitrogen Emissions ◽

Environmental Objectives ◽

Eu Policies

AbstractWithin the scope of the new Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union, in coherence with other EU policies, new incentives are developed for farmers to deploy practices that are beneficial for climate, water, soil, air, and biodiversity. Such practices include establishment of multifunctional biomass production systems, designed to reduce environmental impacts while providing biomass for food, feed, bioenergy, and other biobased products. Here, we model three scenarios of large-scale deployment for two such systems, riparian buffers and windbreaks, across over 81,000 landscapes in Europe, and quantify the corresponding areas, biomass output, and environmental benefits. The results show that these systems can effectively reduce nitrogen emissions to water and soil loss by wind erosion, while simultaneously providing substantial environmental co-benefits, having limited negative effects on current agricultural production. This kind of beneficial land-use change using strategic perennialization is important for meeting environmental objectives while advancing towards a sustainable bioeconomy.

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Pathogenic Role of Immune Evasion and Integration of Human Papillomavirus in Oropharyngeal Cancer

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9050891 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 891

Author(s):

Takashi Hatano ◽

Daisuke Sano ◽

Hideaki Takahashi ◽

Nobuhiko Oridate

Keyword(s):

Human Papillomavirus ◽

Immune Evasion ◽

Oropharyngeal Cancer ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Immune Evasion Mechanism ◽

Cell Cycle Activation ◽

Genome Integration ◽

Integration Mechanisms ◽

E6 And E7

The incidence of oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) is increasing remarkably among all head and neck cancers, mainly due to its association with the human papillomavirus (HPV). Most HPVs are eliminated by the host’s immune system; however, because HPV has developed an effective immune evasion mechanism to complete its replication cycle, a small number of HPVs are not eliminated, leading to persistent infection. Moreover, during the oncogenic process, the extrachromosomal HPV genome often becomes integrated into the host genome. Integration involves the induction and high expression of E6 and E7, leading to cell cycle activation and increased genomic instability in the host. Therefore, integration is an important event in oncogenesis, although the associated mechanism remains unclear, especially in HPV-OPC. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on HPV-mediated carcinogenesis, with special emphasis on immune evasion and integration mechanisms, which are crucial for oncogenesis.

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The Constitutional Identity of European Micro States and the Continental Integration Mechanisms. The Influence of the Diminutive Size

ICL Journal ◽

10.1515/icl-2019-0055 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 133-165

Author(s):

Elisa Bertolini

Keyword(s):

Foreign Relations ◽

Council Of Europe ◽

Continental Scale ◽

National Tradition ◽

Relevant Role ◽

Integration Mechanisms ◽

Traditional Institutions ◽

The Impact ◽

Constitutional Identity ◽

The Eu

AbstractThe article analyses the impact that the diminutive size of the four continental Europe micro states has upon their constitutional arrangements and their approach toward continental integration mechanisms. Generally speaking, the international commitment toward integration mechanisms is one of the distinguishing traits of micro states. It may seem a paradox, but actually the international dimension is much more strategic for micro than for macro states. However, being micro territorial enclaves demanded certain ability from the part of European micro states when managing foreign relations in order not to be swallowed by their macro neighbours. Therefore, they carried out for centuries a cautious policy of ‘guarded openness’, trying to strike a balance between the maintenance of their traditional institutions and the need to interact on a continental scale. Constitutional systems that at a first glance are unusual may be an obstacle to integration and thus have to be reformed. However, not too much, because otherwise the whole system may implode if deprived of its original constitutional balance. The protection of national tradition and identity is conservative, in the sense that it arises from the necessity of self-preservation, rather than from ideology. The article claims that the ambivalent approach of continental Europe micro states have when interacting with macro states within the Council of Europe and the EU directly derives from their diminutive size. Furthermore, the relevant role played by the diminutive size is proved by the fact that recently the EU adopted a specific micro states approach. Hence, the article also aims at investigating how they try to strike a balance between the commitment toward self-preservation – ie their constitutional identity – and the commitment toward continental integration mechanisms.

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