The Inclusion of Palm Oil Ash Biomass Waste in Concrete: A Literature Review

The palm oil industry is currently growing rapidly and generating large amounts of biomass waste that is not utilized properly. Palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB), by product of palm oil industry is considered as a promising alternative and renewable energy source that can be converted to a liquid product by pyrolysis process. In this work, pyrolysis of PEFB was studied to produce bio-oil. Pyrolysis experiments were carried out in a bench scale tubular furnace reactor. The effects of pyrolysis temperatures (400–600 °C) at heating rate of 10 °C/min to optimize the pyrolysis process for maximum liquid yield were investigated. The characteristics of bio-oil were analyzed using FTIR and GC–MS. The results showed that the maximum bio-oil yield was 44.5 wt. % of the product at 450 °C. The bio-oil products were mainly composed of acids, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, phenols, and oligomers. The chemical characterization showed that the bio-oil obtained from PEFB may be potentially valuable as a fuel and chemical feedstock.

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Conventional and advanced treatment technologies for palm oil mill effluents: a systematic literature review

Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology ◽

10.1080/01932691.2020.1788950 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-19

Author(s):

G. Yashni ◽

Adel Al-Gheethi ◽

Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed ◽

Siti Nor Hidayah Arifin ◽

Siti Nor Aishah Mohd Salleh

Keyword(s):

Literature Review ◽

Systematic Literature Review ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Advanced Treatment ◽

Treatment Technologies ◽

Palm Oil Mill

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Drying Shrinkage of Mortar Incorporating High Volume Oil Palm Biomass Waste

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/20183401008 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 34 ◽

pp. 01008

Author(s):

Nor Hasanah Abdul Shukor Lim ◽

Mostafa Samadi ◽

Abdul Rahman Mohd. Sam ◽

Nur Hafizah Abd Khalid ◽

Noor Nabilah Sarbini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Drying Shrinkage ◽

Biomass Waste ◽

Palm Oil Fuel Ash ◽

Fuel Ash ◽

Oil Palm Biomass ◽

Oil Fuel

This paper studies the drying shrinkage of mortar incorporating oil palm biomass waste including Palm Oil Fuel Ash, Oil Palm Kernel Shell and Oil Palm Fibre. Nano size of palm oil fuel ash was used up to 80 % as cement replacement by weight. The ash has been treated to improve the physical and chemical properties of mortar. The mass ratio of sand to blended ashes was 3:1. The test was carried out using 25 × 25 × 160 mm prism for drying shrinkage tests and 70 × 70 ×70 mm for compressive strength test. The results show that the shrinkage value of biomass mortar is reduced by 31% compared with OPC mortar thus, showing better performance in restraining deformation of the mortar while the compressive strength increased by 24% compared with OPC mortar at later age. The study gives a better understanding of how the biomass waste affect on mortar compressive strength and drying shrinkage behaviour. Overall, the oil palm biomass waste can be used to produce a better performance mortar at later age in terms of compressive strength and drying shrinkage.

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Penanganan dan Pemanfaatan Limbah Biomassa Sawit Ramah Lingkungan di PT Semen Baturaja

Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat ◽

10.22146/jpkm.44874 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Denny Irawati ◽

Ganis Lukmandaru ◽

Joko Sulistyo ◽

Sigit Sunarta ◽

Tomy Listyanto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Housing Construction ◽

Biomass Waste ◽

Palm Trees ◽

Service Activity ◽

The Cost ◽

The Impact ◽

Palm Leaf ◽

Potential Profit

In order to meet the land requirements for housing construction of its employees, PT Semen Baturaja Tbk. (PTSB) opens approximately 27 ha of land which is estimated to have approximately 2700 less productive oil palm trees. The opening of the land will produce substantial palm biomass. One of the efforts to utilize palm oil biomass waste is by processing it into compost. Compost can be used for rehabilitation of ex-mine land by PTSB. So far, PTSB has no experience in the field of composting, therefore PTSB in collaboration with the Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah Mada University produces compost from waste palm oil biomass. The method used in this service activity is socialization, participatory composting, and mentoring in the field. The output of this activity is in the form of palm biomass compost and knowledge about the technology of the composting process for PTSB. The amount of compost that can be obtained from 8 oil palm leaf mounds is 248.9 tons while that of the oil palm stem is 1,236.6 tons. Compost fertilizer after composting for 2 months has a C/N ratio of 13.7. The cost for composting is Rp. 591,405,000, with a potential profit of Rp. 6,093,232,500, -. The impact of knowledge on composting is saving on spending on PTSB to buy fertilizer for land rehabilitation and handling the problem of biomass waste.

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Techno-economic analysis of organic rankine cycle fueled biomass waste from palm oil mill

10.1063/1.5094984 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Taufiq Bin Nur ◽

Adi Setiawan ◽

Bagus G. Yudanto ◽

Safrul Ependi

Keyword(s):

Economic Analysis ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Organic Rankine Cycle ◽

Rankine Cycle ◽

Biomass Waste ◽

Palm Oil Mill

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The Utilisation of Palm Oil and Oil Palm Residues and the Related Challenges as a Sustainable Alternative in Biofuel, Bioenergy, and Transportation Sector: A Review

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13063110 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 3110

Author(s):

Sivabalan Kaniapan ◽

Suhaimi Hassan ◽

Hamdan Ya ◽

Kartikeyan Patma Nesan ◽

Mohammad Azeem

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Fossil Fuel ◽

Value Added ◽

Past Century ◽

Biomass Waste ◽

Transportation Fuels ◽

Available Energy ◽

Transportation Sector ◽

Future Challenges ◽

Biomass Resources

The importance of energy demands that have increased exponentially over the past century has led to the sourcing of other ideal power solutions as the potential replacement alternative to the conventional fossil fuel. However, the utilisation of fossil fuel has created severe environmental issues. The identification of other renewable sources is beneficial to replace the energy utilisation globally. Biomass is a highly favourable sustainable alternative to renewable resources that can produce cleaner, cheaper, and readily available energy sources in the future. The palm oil industry is essentially ideal for the availability of abundant biomass resources, where the multifaceted residues are vital for energy production through the conversion of biomass waste into value-added products simultaneously. This article discusses the utilisation of palm oil and its residues in the energy and transportation sector. Assessment and evaluation on the feasibility of palm oil and its residues were made on the current valorisation methods such as thermochemical and biochemical techniques. Their potential as transportation fuels were concurrently reviewed. This is followed by a discussion on future challenges of palm oil industries that will take place globally, including the prospects from government and nongovernment organisations for the development of palm oil as a sustainable alternative replacement to fossil fuel. Hence, this review aims to provide further insight into the possibilities of palm oil and its residues towards sustainable development with reduced environmental-related issues.

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Empty fruit bunch (EFB) gasification in an entrained flow gasification system

Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin ◽

10.3329/cerb.v19i0.33775 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 19 ◽

pp. 43

Author(s):

Wan Muhamad Syafiq Wan Ismail ◽

Ruwaida Abdul Rasid

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Chemical Engineering ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Empty Fruit Bunch ◽

Biomass Waste ◽

Engineering Research ◽

Palm Kernel Shell ◽

Entrained Flow ◽

Syngas Production ◽

Entrained Flow Gasification

Biomass has become one of the most commonly used renewable sources of energy in the last two decades. Empty fruit bunch (EFB) is one of the examples for the biomass that is used as a renewable energy source. From the palm oil processing industry, only 10% are the final products such as palm oil and palm kernel oil, while the remaining 90% are harvestable biomass waste in the form of EFB, palm kernel shell (PKS) and oil palm frond (OPF). This overload amount of biomass waste will cause an abundance of waste which will also affect the environment. To convert EFB into usable energy in ways that are more efficient, less polluting, and economical, gasification has merge as one of the most favorable technological innovations in synthesis gas (syngas) production. The main aim of this work is to study the EFB gasification in an entrained flow gasification process based on the different operating temperature (700°C to 900°C) and equivalence ratio, ER (0.2 – 0.4), evaluated based on the production of gases such as hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). It was found that as the temperature was increased from 700°C to 900°C, the production of H2 and CO2 increased while CO was decreased. The optimum ER value of 0.30 was found to attain the highest Cold Gas Efficiency (CGE) value of 74.03% at 900°C.Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 19(2017) 43-49

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RECYCLING OF OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH AS POTENTIAL CARRIER FOR BIOFERTILIZER FORMULATION

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v78.7375 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 78 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Then Kek Hoe ◽

Mohamad Roji Sarmidi ◽

Sharifah Shahrul Rabiah Syed Alwee ◽

Zainul Akmar Zakaria

Keyword(s):

Serratia Marcescens ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Viable Cell ◽

Burkholderia Cenocepacia ◽

Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria ◽

Empty Fruit Bunch ◽

Biomass Waste ◽

Effective Microorganisms ◽

Total N

The palm oil industry generates large amount of biomass waste such as oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) and palm oil mill effluent (POME). This biomass would be typically recycled to produce EFB compost that is a valuable agricultural input. This study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of using EFB compost as carrier for nitrogen fixing bacteria (NFB) and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB). Mixture (50-60% moisture) between EFB (shredded short fibres) and POME (anaerobic pond) were added with Effective Microorganisms (EM) to accelerate the composting process. The EFB compost reached thermophilic phase after 4-6 weeks with consistent temperature between 50-60oC. After 7 weeks of composting, EFB compost reached the mesophilic phase with continuous reduction of temperature to 35-40oC at week 8. The maturity of the compost is supported from the reduction of the C/N ratio from 36 (initial) to 20 (after 6 weeks). Mature EFB compost was sun-dried and ground into fine particle size (1 mm) prior to be used as carrier. Dried EFB compost carrier has the following characteristics (dry weight); average pH at 7.5, C/N ratio - 13.5, moisture - 17.4%, organic matter – 74.5%, total N - 3.06%, P - 0.37%, K - 4.74%, Ca - 3.32% and Mg - 0.79%. The inoculation of NFB and PSB into the EFB compost carrier from single cultures of Serratia marcescens and Enterobacter cloacae showed high viable cell count at 4.05 x 109 CFU/g and 2.75 x 108 CFU/g respectively at day three after inoculation. Meanwhile, the mixed culture of Burkholderia cenocepacia with Serratia marcescens showed 2.45 x 108 CFU/g and 4.31 x 109 CFU/g respectively. This clearly indicates the potential of using EFB as a useful alternative for bacterial immobilization prior to application in the oil palm industries.

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Potential production of palm oil-based foaming agent as fire extinguisher of peatlands in Indonesia: Literature review

10.31227/osf.io/das7e ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Purwo Subekti ◽

Erliza Hambali ◽

Ani Suryani ◽

Prayoga Suryadarma

Keyword(s):

Literature Review ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Fire Fighting ◽

Raw Material ◽

Fire Extinguisher ◽

Potential Production ◽

Foaming Agent ◽

Environmental Friendly ◽

Burnt Areas ◽

Peat Fires

Status: PostprintThis study aims to analyze the potential aplication of of palm oil-based foamingagent as peat fires fighter in Indonesia. From literature review, it has been known that thefoaming agent able to form foam to extinguish fire, wrap and refrigerate the burning peat. It isnecessary to develop the production and application of foaming agent in Indonesia becausepeat fires occur almost every year that caused smoke haze. Potential raw material for theproduction of environmental friendly foaming agent as foam extinguishing for peat fires inIndonesia aong other is palm oil due to abundant availability, sustainable, and foam producteasily degraded in the environment of the burnt areas. Production of foaming agent as firefightingin Indonesia is one alternative to reduce the time to control the fire and smog disasterimpact. Application of palm oil as a raw material for fire-fighting is contribute to increase thevalue added and the development of palm oil downstream industry.

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An Overview of the Oil Palm Industry: Challenges and Some Emerging Opportunities for Nanotechnology Development

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10030356 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 356 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Farhatun Najat Maluin ◽

Mohd Zobir Hussein ◽

Abu Seman Idris

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Metallic Nanoparticles ◽

Nutrient Management ◽

Integrated Management ◽

Oilseed Crop ◽

Biomass Waste ◽

Oil Palm Biomass ◽

Nanotechnology Development ◽

Oil Palm Industry

The increase in the world’s oil demand due to the rise of the global population urges more research into the production of sustainable vegetable oilseeds, among which palm oil is the most suitable candidate as it is the most efficient oilseed crop in the world. In an effort to drive the oil palm industry in the areas of food safety and security nanotechnology could offer a sustainable alternative. However, the utilization of nanotechnology in the oil palm industry is still limited. In this review, we aim to encourage the researchers to fully utilize nanotechnology as an alternative solution to tackle the challenges faced by the oil palm industry. Moreover, we also aim to highlight the opportunities for nanotechnology development in oil palm-based related research. The major points are as follows: (1) Nanosensing enables real-time monitoring of plantation status and crop progression, including soil, water and nutrient management, early pest/disease detection, and the spreading of pests/diseases. The use of nanosensing conveniently extends into advanced breeding topics, such as the development of disease-tolerant plants; (2) Nanotechnology could be the answer for the development of integrated management of pest and disease. Active agricultural ingredients can be entrapped or encapsulated into nanocarrier systems to improve their solubility, stability, enhance their efficient delivery to site-specific targets, with longer shelf life, and consequently improved efficacy; (3) Valuable nanomaterials can be isolated and generated from oil palm biomass waste. The utilization of oil palm biomass waste could overcome the issue of the massive production of waste in the oil palm industry and palm oil mills, where oil only accounts for 10% of the biomass, while 90% is comprised of the generated biowastes. (4) Palm oil can be utilized as a green alternative as a capping and stabilizing agent in the biosynthesis of metallic and non-metallic nanoparticles. In addition, nanoemulsion formulations using palm oil in drug delivery systems offer advantages such as low toxicity, enhance bioavailability and solubility of the drugs, apart from being inexpensive and environmentally friendly.

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