scholarly journals A View to Anorthosites

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Homayoon Mohammadiha
Keyword(s):  
Plate Tectonics ◽  
Early Time ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Planetary Evolution ◽  
Planetary Geology ◽  
Lunar Science ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Impact Hypothesis

It seems anorthosites are by far interested by geologists because they give us great information about Earth history and how it was evolved in planetary geology. Planetary geology is subject the geology of the celestial bodies such as the planets and their moons, asteroids, comets, and meteorites. It is nearly abundant in the moon. So, it seems studying of these rocks give us good information about planetary evolution and the own early time conditions. Anorthosites can be divided into few types on earth such as: Archean-age (between 4,000 to 2,500 million years ago) anorthosites, Proterozoic (2.5 billion years ago) anorthosite (also known as massif or massif-type anorthosite) – the most abundant type of anorthosite on Earth, Anorthosite xenoliths in other rocks (often granites, kimberlites, or basalts). Furthermore, Lunar anorthosites constitute the light-colored areas of the Moon’s surface and have been the subject of much research. According to the Giant-impact hypothesis the moon and earth were both originated from ejecta of a collision between the proto-Earth and a Mars-sized planetesimal, approximately 4.5 billion years ago. The geology of the Moon (lunar science) is different from Earth. The Moon has a lower gravity and it got cooled faster due to its small size. Also, it has no plate tectonics and due to lack of a true atmosphere it has no erosion and weathering alike the earth. However, Eric A.K. Middlemost believed the astrogeology will help petrologist to make better petrogenic models to understand the magma changing process despite some terms geological differences among the Earth and other extraterrestrial bodies like the Moon. So, it seems that these future studies will clarify new facts about planet formation in planetary and earth, too.

The Biography of the Earth

2021 ◽  
pp. 163-180
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Ervin-Blankenheim
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Plate Tectonics ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Snowball Earth ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Geologic Time ◽  
Earth Systems ◽  
Organic Life ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Geologic Record

The way the planet has changed through geologic time, and life on it, the account of the Earth, is the topic of this and the next three chapters, starting in this chapter with the Precambrian Supereon. The overarching principles of geologic time, plate tectonics, and evolution worked dynamically to create the biography of the planet. This chapter traces back to the recesses of the geologic record and early Earth, from its birth and the formation of the Moon through seven-eighths of its existence, a huge span of time. Early life forms emerged during this supereon in the Archean Eon and had a profound influence on other Earth systems. Life interacted and changed the chemistry of the atmosphere through photosynthesis, so much so that the changes are thought to have sent planetary systems over an edge into multiple “Snowball Earth” episodes when most of the planet froze over. In addition to the beginning of organic life and climate, the emergence and configuration of the continents during the Precambrian are covered. Events of this supereon set the stage for the burgeoning of life forms in the next eon, the Phanerozoic.

scholarly journals Hestia: The Indo-European Goddess of the Cosmic Central Fire

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-19
Author(s):  
Marcello De Martino
Keyword(s):  
The Moon ◽  
European Language ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Unique Model ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
Astronomical Theory ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
To Come ◽  
Atmospheric Phenomena ◽  
The Universe

The Pythagorean Philolaus of Croton (470-390 BCE) created a unique model of the Universe and he placed at its centre a ‘fire’, around which the spheres of the Earth, the Counter-Earth, the five planets, the Sun, the Moon and the outermost sphere of fixed stars, also viewed as fire but of an ‘aethereal’ kind, were revolving. This system has been considered as a step towards the heliocentric model of Aristarchus of Samos (310-230 BCE), the astronomical theory opposed to the geocentric system, which already was the communis opinio at that time and would be so for many centuries to come: but is that really so? In fact, comparing the Greek data with those of other ancient peoples of Indo-European language, it can be assumed that the ‘pyrocentric’ system is the last embodiment of a theological tradition going back to ancient times: Hestia, the central fire, was the descendant of an Indo-European goddess of Hearth placed at the centre of the religious and mythological view of a deified Cosmos where the gods were essentially personifications of atmospheric phenomena and of celestial bodies.

scholarly journals „Perspektywy gwiazdarskie”. Lunety w literaturze i piśmiennictwie naukowym polskiego baroku

2018 ◽  
pp. 213-251
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Raubo
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Popularization Of Science ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
The World ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Universe

The telescope played a crucial role in the modern scientific revolution and occupied a significant place in Baroque culture. Interest in the telescope has been confirmed by Polish literary sources and writings, including scientific treatises and compendia of knowledge. Telescopes are the subject of works on the popularization of science written in the scientia curiosa convention. Reflections on the telescope appear in the context of deliberations on the world system, on the possibility of the existence of life forms on the Moon and other celestial bodies, and in the context of polemic against Aristotelian cosmology. The telescope is an element of religious deliberations concerning eschatology and those focused on astronomy, whose aspiration to get to know the universe is motivated by secular curiosity. The matter of conducting observations of the sky with the use of the telescope has turned into a comedy show, in a satirical way relating to the practice of astrology.

scholarly journals Είμαστε μόνοι στο συμπάν; Οι μετεωρίτες δίνουν απαντήσεις;

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Ι. Μπαζιώτης ◽  
L. A. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
High Pressures ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Martian Surface ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Past Life ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
Meteorite Fall ◽  
Event Based ◽  
Moon Landing

The humankind, despite the recent technological achievements, does not yet have the ability to carry out routine trips to nearby celestial bodies. However, space science is a reality. The “Apollo” missions, that took place during the period 1969-1972, included the moon landing, the walk of astronauts and collection of valuable samples. Since then, no similar space journey has been carried out. The possibility for future missions such as the return to the Moon or Mars, or to an asteroid (e.g., Vesta), seems small enough to be implemented in the next decades. Nevertheless, nature has the mechanism and procedures to resolve this problem by sending extra-terrestrial rocks in earth in the form of meteorites. Meteorite fall on Earth is a major event, as it reveals important information about the primordial stages of formation of our solar system, or the creation processes of other planets. However, the big question still remains; whether these rocks host or have traces of past life in turn employs researchers in the last twenty years. McKay et al. (1996) studied the meteorite ALH 84001 originating from Mars, claimed for important discoveries such as structures corresponding to nanobacteria. In the current paper, we focus on the origin of Martian meteorites, presenting their complete geological history; from the genesis of their protoliths till their falling to the earth. We attempt to shade light in the understanding of meteorite formation using mineralogical-petrological-geochemical data, and the assignment of timing for each event based upon contemporary geochronological data. Recently, studies of the Martian meteorite Tissint, allegedly discovered structures rich in carbon and oxygen. Furthermore, recent field observations from Curiosity rover, indicates the existence of surface water that flowed once in the past at the Martian surface. We conclude that the planet Mars might not be a "dead" planet. But it turns out that many of the meteorites that reach the Earth, have undergone a complex history which is associated with the development of very high pressures and temperatures on the surface of the planet (e.g., Mars) from which they originate, able to destroy any trace of life before them. After all, we should be very sceptic and evaluate all the possibilities before the acceptance for the existence of life out there. 

scholarly journals Vito Volterra, 1860 - 1940

1941 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 691-729 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Restricted Problem ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Short Intervals ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Vito Volterra ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Town ◽  
Mathematics And Physics

Vito Volterra was born at Ancona on 3 May 1860, the only child of Abramo Volterra and Angelica Almagià. When he was three months old the town was besieged by the Italian army and the infant had a narrow escape from death, his cradle being actually destroyed by a bomb which fell near it. When he was barely two years old his father died, leaving the mother, now almost penniless, to the care of her brother Alfonso Almagia, an employee of the Banca Nazionale, who took his sister into his house and was like a father to her child. They lived for some time in Terni, then in Turin, and after that in Florence, where Vito passed the greater part of his youth and came to regard himself as a Florentine. At the age of eleven he began to study Bertrand’s Arithmetic and Legendre’s Geometry , and from this time on his inclination to mathematics and physics became very pronounced. At thirteen, after reading Jules Verne’s scientific novel Around the Moon , he tried to solve the problem of determining the trajectory of a projectile in the combined gravitational field of the earth and moon: this is essentially the ‘restricted Problem of Three Bodies’, and has been the subject of extensive memoirs by eminent mathematicians both before and after the youthful Volterra’s effort: his method was to partition the time into short intervals, in each of which the force could be regarded as constant, so that the trajectory was obtained as a succession of small parabolic arcs. Forty years later, in 1912, he demonstrated this solution in a course of lectures given at the Sorbonne.

solar system

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasiliki Tsirogianni
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
The Moon ◽  
National Observatory ◽  
Simple Concept ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Main Target ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Giant Step ◽  
The Subject

<p>                                              Solar System</p><p> </p><p>   The beauty and the vastness of science remains an astonishing lesson for all. As a teacher I have consciously chosen the topic of our solar system for my class (1<sup>st</sup> grade, 6-7 age ) in order to boost their willingness to explore fascinating questions regarding it. Very early, every morning, they look up at the sky and they point at the moon. They wonder how it is like. This topic gives incentives to students to learn more about life. It helps them appreciate the Earth. It gives them the motivation to preserve and respect our natural resources.</p><p>Young students certainly will get to know the planets, their order, size and more, but my main target is to enhance their curiosity about Knowledge. We will learn new terms that are linked to the solar system through interactive, interesting and funny activities to boost comprehension. Using a combination of illustrations, books, videos, worksheets and crafts is an excellent way to introduce children in simple concept and lessons. Then common activities will follow including coloring the planets, putting them in order and creating a model of the solar system.</p><p>There are a number of subjects worth exploring (planets, moon, satellites, spacecrafts, telescopes, stars, Earth, sun). My students will form groups and each group will choose the subject that excites it and focus on it.</p><p>I have already scheduled a visit to the National Observatory of Athens which will mark the end of this project.</p><p> I would like to finish this abstract by paraphrasing Neil Armstrong: "one small incentive for a student, one giant step for the future scientists ".</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Introduction

1992 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. xi-xii
Keyword(s):  
Plate Tectonics ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Late Precambrian ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Iapetus Ocean ◽  
Lower Palaeozoic ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Early Palaeozoic ◽  
Early Maps

AbstractAlmost forty years have elapsed since Leonard Wills published his 'Palaeogeographical Atlas of the British Isles'; those forty years have seen a revolution in the earth sciences which has overturned many earlier ideas in geology. Palaeogeography has been affected just as much as other parts of the subject by this change.The advent of the plate tectonic theory has transformed our ideas of the Lower Palaeozoic palaeogeographical evolution of the British area and has rendered totally obsolete many aspects of Wills' maps. The application of plate tectonics has caused us to produce totally new palaeogeographical models for the late Precambrian and early Palaeozoic, and has emphasised that definitive palaeogeographies for this time interval cannot yet be compiled. Wills was at pains to point out that his Atlas was an 'Aunt Sally' at which to 'hurl one's own and other field observations'-our atlas too must be viewed in that light.The Precambrian and Lower Palaeozoic maps are separated for the northern and southern British Isles areas, because for much of that time the two areas were separated by the Iapetus Ocean. The recognition of important terrane boundaries in Scotland and Ireland has led to our attempt to reconstruct a map from the collage of terranes now in juxtaposition. These early maps owe much to Keith Ingham's experience of the Lower Palaeozoic-Keith would insist here that the maps are very much in the 'Aunt Sally' mould, and that his interpretations may not be able to stand the test of time-but they represent

XVI. The Bakerian Lecture.— On the radiation of heat from the moon, the law of its absorption by our atmosphere, and of its variation in amount with her phases

1873 ◽  
Vol 163 ◽  
pp. 587-627 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Radiant Heat ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Short Series ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law

In the years 1869 and 1870 I communicated to the Royal Society the results of a series of experiments made with the view of determining, if possible, the amount of radiant heat coming to the earth from the moon in various conditions of phase, and the nature of that heat as regards the average refrangibility of the rays. Though more successful than I had at first been led to expect, the imperfect accordance between many of the observations still left much to be desired, and the novelty and importance of the subject appeared sufficient to render it advisable to pursue the investigation with greater care and closer attention to details than had hitherto been deemed necessary. Since the conclusion of the series of observations which form the subject of the second paper above referred to, nothing (with the exception of a short series of observations in August and October 1870, of which mention is made towards the end of this paper) was done towards pursuing the subject till the spring of the following year (1871), when the series of observations which form the subject of the present paper were commenced, the same apparatus (only slightly modified) being used and the same method of observation adopted; but, with the view of obtaining an approximate value of the absorption of the moon’s heat in its passage through our atmosphere, and of rendering possible the satisfactory comparison of observations made at different zenith-distances of the moon, the observations were in many cases carried on at intervals at all possible zenith- distances on the same night, and the most favourable opportunities for observing the moon at very different zenith-distances in various conditions of the atmosphere were not lost.

scholarly journals On the Interaction Between Tectonic Processes of the Earth and the Moon

1972 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 220-225
Author(s):  
N. A. Kozyrev
Keyword(s):  
Causal Relation ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Tectonic Activity ◽  
Irreversible Processes ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Tidal Forces ◽  
Tectonic Processes ◽  
The Earth ◽  
History Of ◽  
Celestial Bodies

At present seismographs are operating on the Moon as well, installed there owing to the successful Apollo missions. However these data are insufficient for detailed statistic investigations. That is why in case of the Moon we are to use indirect indications of its activity, such as the data on transient light phenomena from the catalogues by Miss B. Middlehurst. Among the great number of earthquakes there were chosen only the strong earthquakes (magnitude 6.5) with focuses deeper than 70 km. According to these characteristics 630 earthquakes were selected from 1904 to 1967. In the Middlehurst catalogue during the same period about 370 transient events on the Moon are registrated. A distribution of lunar events on the days of an anomalistic month gives evidence of the influence of the Earth's tidal forces (the Middlehurst effect). It appears that the distribution of earthquakes gives a similar curve. Thus the tidal interaction of the Earth and the Moon establishes certain synchronism in tectonic activity of these planets. The further statistic analysis reveals some more causal relation between the processes of the Earth and the Moon. Strongly pronounced maximum of lunar events is observed with the interval of 2–3 days after the earthquakes and the maximum of earthquakes – with quite the same interval after the lunar events. The peaks of these maxima exceed the mean number of events by a factor 3. The Moon Earth system is the astronomical example of a direct interaction of the processes in the neighbouring celestial bodies.The corresponding experiments, made at the Pulkovo Observatory, confirm the possibility of immediate interactions of irreversible processes due to the change of physical properties of time. Thus we can form a chronology of orogenesis on the Moon judging from the data on the history of the Earth. Tectonic processes of the Earth and the Moon seem to be in such a close interaction as if the Moon were in direct contact with the Earth, i.e. in other words, were its seventh continent. These conclusions give evidence of the extreme importance of regular seismic observations on the Moon.

scholarly journals LUNA AND MARS TERRAFORMING: FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES

2021 ◽  
pp. 24-35
Author(s):  
V.V. VOROBIOV ◽  
О.S. SHYLO
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Material Base ◽  
The Moon ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Negative Factors

Formulation of the problem. Terraforming projects for other planets and celestial bodies of the solarsystem, primarily the Moon and Mars, can be developed on the basis of different methodological approaches. Whateverthe size of the settlements on the Moon and Mars might be or however many people may stay or live there, whatevermission they will carry out, whatever materials the lunar and Martian settlement bases can be made of, all these projectsshould deal with the set of individual negative, in relation to the settlers from the Earth, factors inherent in either of theplanets, which will definitely affect the formation of terraformist settlements. The purpose of the article is to considerthe role of hazardous environmental factors for settlers on the Moon and Mars in the context of architectural and urbanplanning features of settlements, show how these features can affect the formation of settlements for colonists from theEarth, and identify what a morphograph of a network of those settlements might look like after its terraforming has beencompleted. Conclusion. All the member countries of the “space club”, located on different continents, have alreadyentered an active phase of their projects aimed at developing the Moon and Mars surfaces. However, neither theprojects for settlements on these planets nor the approaches to the formation of the material base of the colonies, whichwill take into account all the inherent negative factors on the surfaces of these celestial bodies, have been extensivelydeveloped yet. The opinions of experts on this matter differ, and therefore it becomes possible to study this problemmore thoroughly in the context of developing settlements for earthlings, taking into account the negative influences ofthe environment on these celestial bodies.

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