scholarly journals Clay Minerals Effects for Metal Reclamation from Leached Solution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murugesan Manikkampatti Palanisamy ◽  
Akilamudhan Palaniappan ◽  
Venkata Ratnam Myneni ◽  
Kannan Kandasamy ◽  
Minar Mohamed Lebbai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Printed Circuit Boards ◽  
Copper Ions ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Surface Phenomenon ◽  
Circuit Boards ◽  
Process Variables ◽  
Chemical Leaching

The recent advancements in technology play a pivotal role in mankind’s life and have a significant stint in the generation of E-waste. The present investigation focuses on the recovery of heavy metals from Printed Circuit boards (PCBs) by applying two efficient techniques viz., leaching and adsorption. A combination of leaching and adsorption is a novel and productive approach to recovering heavy metals from like PCBs. After the phases of chemical leaching, the solution was recovered through adsorption and is eco-friendly. The process is carried out to increase the separation rate, reduce the time spent and reach the limits of incineration and pyrolysis methods. Adsorption provides the recovery of heavy metals with respect to the required adsorbent since it is a surface phenomenon. The optimum condition of process variables was found through response surface methodology (RSM). The maximum recovery of copper ions (97.33%) was obtained at the optimum operating conditions such as adsorbent size of 0.04 mm, adsorbent dosage of 3.5 gm L−1 and the temperature of 80°C with 0.845 desirability. This investigation was found to be an eco-friendly way to recover copper ions and does not cause any environmental issues.

scholarly journals Optimasi Adsorpsi Ion Mg2+ pada Fixed Bed Column dengan Menggunakan Response Surface Methodology

REAKTOR ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Novi Sylvia ◽  
Meriatna Meriatna ◽  
Fikri Hasfita ◽  
Lukman Hakim
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Adsorption Process ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Process Variables ◽  
Fixed Bed Column ◽  
Box Behnken Design

Abstract OPTIMIZATION ADSORPTION OF Mg2+ ION ON FIXED BED COLUMN USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY. Modeling of the adsorption process is used to establish the mathematical relationship between the interacting process variables and process optimization. This is important to determine the factor values that produce a maximum response. Adsorption of Mg from groundwater was optimized using response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken design was used to analyze adsorption data. The process was investigated by continuous experiments. Variables included in the process were: bed depths (7.5, 10, and 12.5 cm), time (20, 40, and 60 min), and flow rate (6, 10, and 14 L/min). Regression analysis was used to analyze the developed models. The outcome of this research showed that 72.784% of the variability in removal efficiency is attributed to the three process variables considered, that is, bed depths, time, and flow rate. Optimization tests showed that the optimum operating conditions for the adsorption process occurred at a bed depth of 11.37 cm, time of 55.53 min and flow rate of 6 L/min. Keywords: adsorption; Box-Behnken design; magnesium (Mg2+); optimization  AbstrakPemodelan dari proses adsorpsi digunakan untuk menentukan hubungan matematis antara variabel proses interaksi dan proses optimasi. Hal ini penting untuk menentukan nilai faktor yang menghasilkan respon maksimum. Adsorpsi magnesium (Mg2+) dari air tanah dioptimalkan menggunakan metodologi respon permukaan model Desain Box-Behnken yang digunakan untuk menganalisis data adsorpsi. Percobaan dilakukan secara kontinyu. Variabel yang termasuk dalam proses tersebut adalah: tinggi unggun (7,5, 10 dan 12,5 cm), waktu kontak (20, 40, dan 60 menit), dan laju alir (6, 10, dan 14 L/menit). Analisis regresi digunakan untuk menganalisis model yang dikembangkan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 72,784% efisiensi penyisihan Mg2+ ditentukan oleh tiga variabel proses, yaitu tinggi unggun, waktu kontak, dan laju alir. Hasil optimasi menunjukkan bahwa kondisi operasi optimum untuk proses adsorpsi terjadi pada tinggi unggun 11,37 cm, waktu kontak 55,53 menit dan laju alir 6 L/menit. Kata kunci: adsorpsi; Box-Behnken desain; magnesium (Mg2+); optimasi

scholarly journals Modeling and Optimization for Production of Rice Husk Activated Carbon and Adsorption of Phenol

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. S. Mohammad ◽  
E. M. Shaibu-Imodagbe ◽  
S. B. Igboro ◽  
A. Giwa ◽  
C. A. Okuofu
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Adsorption Process ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Process Variables ◽  
Adsorbent Dosage ◽  
Pretreatment Temperature

Modeling of adsorption process establishes mathematical relationship between the interacting process variables and process optimization is important in determining the values of factors for which the response is at maximum. In this paper, response surface methodology was employed for the modeling and optimization of adsorption of phenol onto rice husk activated carbon. Among the action variables considered are activated carbon pretreatment temperature, adsorbent dosage, and initial concentration of phenol, while the response variables are removal efficiency and adsorption capacity. Regression analysis was used to analyze the models developed. The outcome of this research showed that 99.79% and 99.81% of the variations in removal efficiency and adsorption capacity, respectively, are attributed to the three process variables considered, that is, pretreatment temperature, adsorbent dosage, and initial phenol concentration. Therefore, the models can be used to predict the interaction of the process variables. Optimization tests showed that the optimum operating conditions for the adsorption process occurred at initial solute concentration of 40.61 mg/L, pretreatment temperature of 441.46°C, adsorbent dosage 4 g, adsorption capacity of 0.9595 mg/g, and removal efficiency of 97.16%. These optimum operating conditions were experimentally validated.

scholarly journals Design and Optimization of a Process for Sugarcane Molasses Fermentation bySaccharomyces cerevisiaeUsing Response Surface Methodology

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nour Sh. El-Gendy ◽  
Hekmat R. Madian ◽  
Salem S. Abu Amr
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Batch Fermentation ◽  
Fermentation Process ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Sugarcane Molasses ◽  
Bioethanol Production

A statistical model was developed in this study to describe bioethanol production through a batch fermentation process of sugarcane molasses by locally isolatedSaccharomyces cerevisiaeY-39. Response surface methodology RSM based on central composite face centered design CCFD was employed to statistically evaluate and optimize the conditions for maximum bioethanol production and study the significance and interaction of incubation period, initial pH, incubation temperature, and molasses concentration on bioethanol yield. With the use of the developed quadratic model equation, a maximum ethanol production of 255 g/L was obtained in a batch fermentation process at optimum operating conditions of approximately 71 h, pH 5.6, 38°C, molasses concentration 18% wt.%, and 100 rpm.

scholarly journals Fixed bed utilization for the isolation of xylene vapor: Kinetics and optimization using response surface methodology and artificial neural network

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 200105-0
Author(s):  
Kaushal Naresh Gupta ◽  
Rahul Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Artificial Neural Network ◽  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Bed Height ◽  
Artificial Neural

This paper discusses the isolation of xylene vapor through adsorption using granular activated carbon as an adsorbent. The operating parameters investigated were bed height, inlet xylene concentration and flow rate, their influence on the percentage utilization of the adsorbent bed up to the breakthrough was found out. Mathematical modeling of experimental data was then performed by employing a response surface methodology (RSM) technique to obtain a set of optimum operating conditions to achieve maximum percentage utilization of bed till breakthrough. A fairly high value of R2 (0.993) asserted the proposed polynomial equation’s validity. ANOVA results indicated the model to be highly significant with respect to operating parameters studied. A maximum of 76.1% utilization of adsorbent bed was found out at a bed height of 0.025 m, inlet xylene concentration of 6,200 ppm and a gas flow rate of 25 mL.min-1. Furthermore, the artificial neural network (ANN) was also employed to compute the percentage utilization of the adsorbent bed. A comparison between RSM and ANN divulged the performance of the latter (R2 = 0.99907) to be slightly better. Out of various kinetic models studied, the Yoon-Nelson model established its appropriateness in anticipating the breakthrough curves.

scholarly journals Mass exchange evaluation during optimization of osmotic dehydration for Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus sajor-caju) in salt-sugar solution

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Ramya ◽  
Satish Kumar ◽  
Mahesh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Weight Reduction ◽  
Osmotic Dehydration ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Solution Temperature ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Sugar Uptake ◽  
Sugar Solution ◽  
Process Variables ◽  
Oyster Mushrooms

The objective of this study was to investigate the osmotic dehydration of Oyster mushrooms in salt-sugar solution at different solution concentrations, immersion times, temperatures and solution to fruit ratio to analyze the water loss, solute gain and weight reduction. Salt-sugar uptake and water transfer were quantitatively investigated during osmotic dehydration of Oyster mushrooms using response surface methodology. Experiments were conducted in a thermostatically controlled agitating incubator. With respect to water loss, solute gain and weight reduction both linear and quadratic effects of four process variables were found to be significant. For each response, second order polynomial models were developed using multiple linear regression analysis. ANOVA was performed to check the adequacy and accuracy of the fitted models. The response surfaces and contour maps showing the interaction of process variables were constructed. Applying desirability function method, the optimum operating conditions were found to be: solution temperature – 42.3° C, immersion time – 44.21 min, salt-sugar concentration – 15 %: 52.57° B and solution to fruit ratio 4.99:1. At these optimum values, water loss, solute gain and weight reduction was 41, 2.15 and 38.6 (g/100 g initial mass) respectively.

Development of a Technique to Measure Deliquescent Relative Humidity of Particulate Contaminants and Determination of the Operating Relative Humidity of a Data Center

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jimil M. Shah ◽  
Roshan Anand ◽  
Satyam Saini ◽  
Rawhan Cyriac ◽  
Dereje Agonafer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Data Center ◽  
Printed Circuit Boards ◽  
Data Centers ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Circuit Boards ◽  
Printed Circuit

Abstract A remarkable amount of data center energy is consumed in eliminating the heat generated by the IT equipment to maintain and ensure safe operating conditions and optimum performance. The installation of Airside Economizers, while very energy efficient, bears the risk of particulate contamination in data centers, hence, deteriorating the reliability of IT equipment. When RH in data centers exceeds the deliquescent relative humidity (DRH) of salts or accumulated particulate matter, it absorbs moisture, becomes wet and subsequently leads to electrical short circuiting because of degraded surface insulation resistance between the closely spaced features on printed circuit boards. Another concern with this type of failure is the absence of evidence that hinders the process of evaluation and rectification. Therefore, it is imperative to develop a practical test method to determine the DRH value of the accumulated particulate matter found on PCBs (Printed Circuit Boards). This research is a first attempt to develop an experimental technique to measure the DRH of dust particles by logging the leakage current versus RH% (Relative Humidity percentage) for the particulate matter dispensed on an interdigitated comb coupon. To validate this methodology, the DRH of pure salts like MgCl2, NH4NO3 and NaCl is determined and their results are then compared with their published values. This methodology was therefore implemented to help lay a modus operandi of establishing the limiting value or an effective relative humidity envelope to be maintained at a real-world data center facility situated in Dallas industrial area for its continuous and reliable operation.

scholarly journals Optimisation of Tray Drier Microalgae Dewatering Techniques Using Response Surface Methodology

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Anyanwu ◽  
Cristina Rodriguez ◽  
Andy Durrant ◽  
Abdul Olabi
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Slight Effect ◽  
Air Velocity ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Air Supply ◽  
Central Composite

The feasibility of the application of a tray drier in dewatering microalgae was investigated. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on Central Composite Design (CCD) was used to evaluate and optimise the effect of air temperature and air velocity as independent variables on the dewatering efficiency as a response function. The significance of independent variables and their interactions was tested by means of analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a 95% confidence level. Results indicate that the air supply temperature was the main parameter affecting dewatering efficiency, while air velocity had a slight effect on the process. The optimum operating conditions to achieve maximum dewatering were determined: air velocities and temperatures ranged between 4 to 10 m/s and 40 to 56 °C respectively. An optimised dewatering efficiency of 92.83% was achieved at air an velocity of 4 m/s and air temperature of 48 °C. Energy used per 1 kg of dry algae was 0.34 kWh.

An FPGA-based monitoring system for reliability analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (NOR) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Christian Johansson ◽  
Jonas Arwidson ◽  
Torbjörn Månefjord
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring System ◽  
Failure Rate ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Printed Circuit Boards ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Circuit Boards ◽  
Flexible System ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Term Storage

Abstract Electronics density continue to increase which impacts the power density and thermal hot spots on the printed circuit boards. The reliability and prediction of the electronics failure rate is often related to the thermal stress induced during different operating conditions at the board. To get information about the environmental conditions and to assist in the prediction of a product's failure rate a monitoring system could be used. This paper presents a temperature monitoring function implemented in an FPGA using VHDL. The proposed system is composed of a number of temperature sensors together with a non-volatile MRAM memory for long-term storage. The solution offers a flexible system that could be scaled to an arbitrary number of sensors and be adapted to any FPGA or processor technology. To verify the concept, a climate chamber was used to simulate a number of different environmental settings followed by a reading of the data logged.

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