scholarly journals Laser-Assisted Liposuction in Face and Body Contouring

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoran Žgaljardić ◽  
Ivonne Žgaljardić
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Blood Vessel ◽  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Body Contouring ◽  
Skin Tightening ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Tumescent Technique ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Given

Laser liposuction was developed as minimally invasive liposuction technique where energy breaks adipocytes (comparing with traditional liposuction where disruption is manual). After its implementation in the early 1990s, various academic reports were published that showed superiority of the laser assisted liposuction over standard tumescent technique. After tissue damage with photo-optical thermal energy, histological changes result in adipocyte disruption, blood vessel coagulation and neocollagenesis. The clinical manifestation of the latter is significant skin tightening and faster and more comfortable recovery. The diameter of the laser fiber is very small. Therefore, it is possible to reach adipose tissue entrapped in fibrotic areas and also superficially under the skin. The lysis of the given adipose tissue enables the subsequent suction with microcannulas. That explains the widespread use of the laser-assisted liposuction in the face and neck. Due to the significant skin tightening, the procedure can be done solely for rejuvenation purposes and is called endolight lifting. The possibility to reach fat in the fibrotic areas makes laser-assisted lipolysis/liposuction ideal procedure for contouring irregularities from previous body contouring procedures.

scholarly journals The Future of Fat Grafting

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S69-S74
Author(s):  
Summer E Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Breast Reconstruction ◽  
Fat Grafting ◽  
The Other ◽  
Special Topic ◽  
Autologous Fat Grafting ◽  
Upper Arm ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Autologous Fat ◽  
The Face

Abstract One of the earliest reported cases of autologous fat grafting (AFG) was by Neuber in 1893 and consisted of the transfer of small lobules of fat from the upper arm for cicatrical depression of the face. He advocated the use of smaller grafts, noting that pieces larger than the size of a bean would form cysts. In 1895, Czerny excised a lumbar lipoma and transplanted it to the chest for breast reconstruction. Since these early reports, the knowledge base around AFG has expanded exponentially, as illustrated by the other papers within this special topic. As we embark on the next phase of AFG in the clinical setting, there are several directions which are near-clinical translation. This paper discusses future directions in fat grafting that build on optimization of our current techniques as clinical indications expand, such as supplementing purified lipoaspirate and the associated regulatory burden, or deconstructing adipose tissue to selectively use adipose graft components for a variety of regenerative indications.

Manufacturability Analysis for Solid Freeform Fabrication

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Arni ◽  
S. K. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Solid Freeform Fabrication ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Freeform Fabrication ◽  
Design Tolerance ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Given ◽  
Manufacturing Problems ◽  
Case Effect

Abstract This paper describes a systematic approach to analyzing manufacturability of parts produced using Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF) processes with flatness, parallelism and perpendicularity tolerance requirements on the planar faces of the part. SFF processes approximate objects using layers, therefore the part being produced exhibits stair-case effect. The extent of this stair-case effect depends on the angle between the build orientation and the face normal. Therefore, different faces whose direction normal is oriented differently with respect to the build direction may exhibit different values of inaccuracies. We use a two step approach to perform the manufacturability analysis. We first analyze each specified tolerance on the part and identify the set of feasible build directions that can be used to satisfy that tolerance. As a second step, we take the intersection of all sets of feasible build directions to identify the set of build directions that can simultaneously satisfy all specified tolerance requirements. If there is at least one build direction that can satisfy all tolerance requirements, then the part is considered manufacturable. Otherwise, the part is considered non-manufacturable. Our research will help SFF designers and process providers in the following ways. By evaluating design tolerances against a given process capability, it will help designers in eliminating manufacturing problems and selecting the right SFF process for the given design. It will help process providers in selecting a build direction that can meet all design tolerance requirements.

An accidental visualization of the Brillouin zone in an Ni–W alloyviadiffuse scattering

2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 1211-1215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sascha B. Maisel ◽  
Nils Schindzielorz ◽  
Stefan Müller ◽  
Harald Reichert ◽  
Alexei Bosak
Keyword(s):  
Fermi Surface ◽  
Brillouin Zone ◽  
Expansion Method ◽  
Reciprocal Space ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Solid State Physics ◽  
Seitz Cell ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Given

Solid state physics is built on the concept of reciprocal space. The physics of any given periodic crystal is fully defined within the Wigner–Seitz cell in reciprocal space, also known as the first Brillouin zone. It is a purely symmetry-based concept and usually does not have any eye-catching signature in the experimental data, in contrast with some other geometrical constructions like the Fermi surface. However, the particular shape of the Fermi surface of nickel allowed the visualization of the system of edges (skeleton) of the Wigner–Seitz cell of the face-centred cubic lattice in reciprocal space in three dimensions by the diffuse scattering of X-rays from Ni1−xWx(x= 0.03, 0.05, 0.08) single crystals. Employing a cluster-expansion method with first-principles input, it is possible to show that the observed scattering is inherent to the given nickel alloys and the crystal structures they form. This peculiar feature can be understood by considering the shape of the Fermi surface of pure nickel.

scholarly journals Correction of age-related skin changes on face by the method of exposure to high-frequency currents of the radio wave range and autologous platelet-rich plasma: randomized study

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-306
Author(s):  
Natalia P. Teplyuk ◽  
Serafima V. Lebedeva
Keyword(s):  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
Radio Wave ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Ultrasound Sonography ◽  
The Face ◽  
Autologous Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Autologous Platelet

BACKGROUND: In the literature, there are no scientifically based studies on the use of combination therapy using radio wave lifting and autologous platelet-rich plasma for the correction of involutional changes in the skin of the lower third of the face. AIMS: To determine the effect of complex therapy of involutional changes in the skin of the lower third of the face with minimally invasive radio wave lifting using a cannula electrode and platelet-rich autoplasma using non-invasive diagnostic methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Examination and treatment of 55 healthy women of Slavic appearance with involutional changes in the skin of the lower third of the face were carried out. Group № 1 patients received radio wave lifting therapy (n=28) and group № 2 patients received combined therapy with radio wave lifting and autologous platelet-rich plasma (n=27). The study was conducted from January 2020 to December 2020. To assess the condition of the skin, laser Doppler flowmetry, ultrasound sonography, and elastometry were used before and after the study. Clinical manifestations were assessed by an anthropometric method. RESULTS: The most pronounced changes were observed in the group where the combined method of radio wave lifting therapy with autologous platelet-rich plasma was used. The change in microcirculation was of a multidirectional nature, however, the average values were in the range of 8.8668.89 pf units, which is the normalization of trophic processes in tissues (p 0.05). When analyzing the conduct of ultrasound sonography, statistically significant thickening of the epidermis and dermis was noted, however, in patients of the second group, the thickening was more pronounced (p 0.0005). The change in the echogenicity of the dermis was of a multidirectional nature; by the end of treatment, the mean values were in the range of 10.511.3 units, which, apparently, indicates a more homogeneous structure of the dermis (p 0.05). Anthropometric indices (measurement of ptosis of the lower cheeks) decreased in both groups, which is related to skin lifting as a result of treatment (p 0.0005). The amplitude of tissue upward mobility decreased in both groups (p 0.0005). The amplitude of downward movement of tissues after therapy was of a multidirectional nature in both groups, which is possibly associated with the density of the dermis and indicates the normalization of collagen and elastin fibers (p 0.05). Elastometry indices (F0, R4, R6, R8) decreased, R2 increased in both groups, however, the dynamics was more pronounced in the second group (p 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS: Minimally invasive radio wave lifting in combination using a channel electrode with autologous platelet-rich plasma is an effective and safe method of treating age-related changes in the skin of the lower third of the face.

scholarly journals Anatomical, Histological And Metabolic Differences Between Hypodermis And Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue

10.3823/2422 ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa Gonzaga da Cunha ◽  
Flávia Cury Rezende ◽  
Ana Lucia Gonzaga da Cunha ◽  
Carlos A. Machado ◽  
Fernando Luiz Affonso Fonseca
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Minimally Invasive Techniques ◽  
Fat Deposits ◽  
The Many ◽  
Invasive Techniques ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

The development of treatments using stem cells has drawn the attention of researchers to fat deposits given the fact they represent an almost unlimited reservoir of such cells, which can be accessed through minimally invasive techniques. However, the standardization of these studies has been made difficult because of the controversies of nomenclature regarding the many components of adipose tissue. Despite their distinct and independent structures with different metabolic responses, the terms hypodermis and subcutaneous adipose tissue are many times used as synonyms. However, the correct distinction between these two layers, the knowledge of their behavior and an uniformity of these terminologies are of utmost importance.             Thus, the purpose of this study was to make a bibliographic review on the theme, aiming to show the anatomical, histological and metabolic differences between these two tissues and standardize their nomenclature.

scholarly journals The influence of high glucose concentration on the ability of mesenchymal stromal cells to stimulate blood vessel growth

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhanna Alekseevna Akopyan ◽  
Georgy Vladimirovich Sharonov ◽  
Tatiana Nikolaevna Kochegura ◽  
Natalya Fedorovna Il'yashenko ◽  
Igor Eduardovich Belyanko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Blood Vessel ◽  
High Glucose ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Functional Activity ◽  
Human Adipose Tissue ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
High Glucose Concentration ◽  
Vessel Growth ◽  
Negative Effect

Adipose issue is a source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) that can be used to stimulate blood vessel growth in ischemic tissues. Various metabolicdisorders including hypeglycemia may have negative effect on therapeutic properties of these cells. Aim. To study the influence of high glucose concentration on functional activity in human adipose tissue. Materials and methods. Flow cytometry and real time PCR were used to study functional activity of cultured MSC from human adipose issue at highglucose concentration. Results. Prolonged (10-12 days) incubation at a high glucose concentration (25 mM) suppressed the ability of MSC to stimulate angiogenesis. Also,glucose modified expression of genes activating and inhibiting angiogenesis but had no effect on MSC proliferation and apoptosis. Conclusion. High glucose concentration suppresses angiogenic activity of MSC in adipose tissue; it may account for incomplete restoration of bloodflow in diabetic patients.

A Context-Aware Model of Trust for Facilitating Secure Ad Hoc Collaborations

2010 ◽  
pp. 250-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indrajit Ray ◽  
Indrakshi Ray ◽  
Sudip Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
Incomplete Information ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Sensitive Information ◽  
Trust Value ◽  
Trust Relationships ◽  
The Face ◽  
Trust Models ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Ad Hoc Collaborations ◽  
The Given

Ad hoc collaborations often necessitate impromptu sharing of sensitive information or resources between member organizations. Each member of resulting collaboration needs to carefully assess and tradeoff the requirements of protecting its own sensitive information against the requirements of sharing some or all of them. The challenge is that no policies have been previously arrived at for such secure sharing (since the collaboration has been formed in an ad hoc manner). Thus, it needs to be done based on an evaluation of the trustworthiness of the recipient of the information or resources. In this chapter, the authors discuss some previously proposed trust models to determine if they can be effectively used to compute trustworthiness for such sharing purposes in ad hoc collaborations. Unfortunately, none of these models appear to be completely satisfactory. Almost all of them fail to satisfy one or more of the following requirements: (i) well defined techniques and procedures to evaluate and/or measure trust relationships, (ii) techniques to compare and compose trust values which are needed in the formation of collaborations, and (iii) techniques to evaluate trust in the face of incomplete information. This prompts the authors to propose a new vector (we use the term “vector” loosely; vector in this work means a tuple) model of trust that is suitable for reasoning about the trustworthiness of systems built from the integration of multiple subsystems, such as ad hoc collaborations. They identify three parameters on which trust depends and formulate how to evaluate trust relationships. The trust relationship between a truster and a trustee is associated with a context and depends on the experience, knowledge, and recommendation that the truster has with respect to the trustee in the given context. The authors show how their model can measure trust in a given context. Sometimes enough information is not available about a given context to calculate the trust value. Towards this end the authors show how the relationships between different contexts can be captured using a context graph. Formalizing the relationships between contexts allows us to extrapolate values from related contexts to approximate a trust value of an entity even when all the information needed to calculate the trust value is not available. Finally, the authors develop formalisms to compare two trust relationships and to compose two or more of the same – features that are invaluable in ad hoc collaborations.

Constructing tetrahedra with given face areas

2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (559) ◽  
pp. 63-73
Author(s):  
Michael Fox
Keyword(s):  
The Face ◽  
The Given ◽  
Unusual Problem

We tackle an unusual problem that, as far as I know, is not in the standard literature. To state it concisely I use what I call ‘valid sets’. We know that in any three or more positive quantities, only the largest can be half or more of the total value; and is then obviously greater than the sum of all the others. But if the largest is less than half the total of the set, it must be less than the sum of the others; and this is true for every element in this set. I call such a set ‘valid’. For example, the sides of a triangle are valid, as are the face areas of a tetrahedron. Our problem relates to the converse for a tetrahedron: given any four valid quantities, is there always a tetrahedron with those face areas? In this article I answer this by showing that, for any valid set, we can always construct the net of a corresponding tetrahedron. In fact, for any given valid set there is always an infinity of non-congruent tetrahedra with the given face areas. Although in general there are no formulae that give the exact edge lengths of these solids, I show that there are always several distinct infinite subsets that are constructible and whose edge lengths can be determined exactly.

scholarly journals Preenrichment with Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells Improves Fat Graft Retention in Patients with Contour Deformities of the Face

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad M. Bashir ◽  
Muhammad Sohail ◽  
Fridoon J. Ahmad ◽  
Mahmood S. Choudhery
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Patient Satisfaction ◽  
Fat Grafting ◽  
Fat Graft ◽  
Cell Group ◽  
Patient Satisfaction Scores ◽  
The Face ◽  
Tissue Grafts

Quick absorption of adipose tissue grafts makes the outcomes less satisfactory for clinical applications. In the current study, adipose tissue grafts were mixed with adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) to improve retention of adipose tissue grafts and to make the clinical outcomes of fat grafting more reliable. Adipose tissue was either injected alone (conventional group) or mixed with ASCs (stem cell group) before injection. In both groups, adipose tissue was injected at the site of contour throughout layers of tissues till visual clinical symmetry with the opposite side was achieved. The volume of injected fat graft was measured after 72 hours and 6 months using a B-mode ultrasound device connected with a 12 MH frequency probe. The percentage reduction in the volume of injected fat, physician satisfaction scores (Ph-SCs), and patient satisfaction scores (P-SCs) were also recorded. After 6 months, there was significantly lower fat absorption in the stem cell group as compared to the conventional group. Mean physician and patient satisfaction scores were significantly improved in the stem cell group. No significant adverse effects were noted in any patient. Significantly lower absorption of graft due to the use of ASCs improves the clinical outcomes of conventional fat grafting for contour deformities of the face. The current preenrichment strategy is noninvasive, safe and can be applied to other diseases that require major tissue augmentation such as breast surgery. This trial is registered with NCT02494752.

scholarly journals Electrochemical degradation and saponification of porcine adipose tissue

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiffany T. Pham ◽  
Anna M. Stokolosa ◽  
Pamela A. Borden ◽  
Kyle D. Hansen ◽  
Ellen M. Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Body Contouring ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Ph Gradients ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

AbstractBody contouring achieved via subcutaneous adipose tissue reduction has notably advanced over the past century, from suction assisted lipectomy to techniques with reduced degrees of invasiveness including laser, radiofrequency, high frequency focused ultrasound, cryolipolysis, and drug-based injection approaches. These costly techniques have focused on damaging adipocyte cell membranes, hydrolyzing triglycerides (TGs), or inducing apoptosis. Here, we present a simple, low-cost technique, termed electrochemical lipolysis (ECLL). During ECLL, saline is injected into the subcutaneous adipose tissue, followed by insertion of needle electrodes and application of an electrical potential. Electrolysis of saline creates localized pH gradients that drive adipocyte death and saponification of TGs. Using pH mapping, various optical imaging techniques, and biochemical assays, we demonstrate the ability of ECLL to induce acid and base injury, cell death, and the saponification of triglycerides in ex vivo porcine adipose tissue. We define ECLL’s potential role as a minimally-invasive, ultra-low-cost technology for reducing and contouring adipose tissue, and present ECLL as a potential new application of an emerging electrochemical redox based treatment modality.

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