The State and Religion: Iran, India and China

1958 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rushton Coulborn
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Case ◽  
The State ◽  
Caste System ◽  
Religious Organization ◽  
Christian Church ◽  
The Third ◽  
Main Form ◽  
Full Development ◽  
Proper Functions ◽  
India And China

In the three societies considered in this essay, there are three quite different kinds of relation of religion to the state. In Iran, there came to be a church and, consequently, a church-state relationship. In India, there was the oddest of all embodiments of religion, one which was entirely sui generis. China had a dead minimum of religious organization distinct from the organization of state. It would not be true to say that there were never any ecclesiastical institutions in China, but they were non-existent during much of China's history and, during most of the time when they did exist, they were marginal to the society's main form. The outward observances of religion in China were always conducted chiefly by state personages as a part of their proper functions. China offers, in fact, an extreme case of possible relations between religion and government, a case at the opposite end of the spectrum from the end where Strayer finds those relations in Europe. Indian ecclesiastical institutions are, of course, to be found in the caste system. Through the caste system the Brahmans have exerted their immense authority. The origin of caste remains a matter of dispute and its relation with and effect upon the state remain obscure. The Iranian church came to be a solid and very formidable body, offering a most instructive comparison with the Christian church in Europe. But the Iranian church did not begin to emerge until the Parthian period, reaching its full development in the Sassanian era, from the third to the seventh centuries A.D.

scholarly journals Illicit Tramadol Tablets Traded in Kuwait during 2016 – 2017; Their Analysis by GC/MS and Classification

2020 ◽  
pp. 82-88
Author(s):  
N. A. Al-Abkal ◽  
Metwally E. Kh ◽  
S. R. Alezzbawy ◽  
Y. OrabiKh ◽  
Sh. H. Alshammari
Keyword(s):  
Common Type ◽  
The State ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Medical Group ◽  
The Third ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
The State Of Kuwait ◽  
Silicic Acids ◽  
India And China

Aim: To determine the quality and quantity of tramadol traded in the State of Kuwait and its classification. Study Design: Collected samples of tramadol tablets seized in Kuwait during 2016 & 2017 and a pure tramadol standard, all have been analyzed in the Forensic Laboratories. Place and Duration of Study: All analyses were conducted during 2016–2017 in the Forensic Laboratories of the General Department of Criminal Evidences – Ministry of Interior – State of Kuwait. Methodology: A total of fifty samples of non-pure tramadol tablets seized in Kuwait during the year 2016 & 2017 and one pure standard, all have been analyzed by using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Results: The fifty collected samples of tramadol could be classified into three groups: The first (Red) group is recorded in 42 samples (84 % of samples) with concentration range between 0.1 mg/ml and 1.1 mg/ml; it has a red color known as (strawberry) which is a street name; it is mixed with carboxylic and silicic acids, the second (White)group is detected in 3 samples, with two different concentrations: One sample has 0.3 mg/ml and the other two samples have 0.4 mg/ml; it is mixed with acidic substances and newly identified venlafaxine and the third (Medical) group is recorded in 5 samples as a pharmaceutical drug with different colors and shapes, one of them was detected as acetaminophen, and hence deleted, while the concentrations recorded for all four tablets are 0.2 mg/ml; it is mixed with acidic substances and venlafaxine. Conclusion: The main types of tramadol frequently traded in the State of Kuwait, can be divided into the following three groups: First Red Group includes red tablets which represent the most common type traded from Egypt, India and China according to the statistics of United Nations 2013(18), with purity range from 60% to 201%. The Second White Group includes all white tablets which are much less traded than the red tablets, with purity range from 58% to 123% and the Third Medical Group includes adulterated medical tablets which have purity range as 26%.

A “Versailles of Trade”

2021 ◽  
pp. 25-40
Author(s):  
Susan E. Schopp
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
The State ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Chinese Market ◽  
The Third ◽  
China Trade ◽  
European Trade ◽  
Open Trade ◽  
India And China

Chapter 2 examines the French East India Company model of Sino-European trade, with a particular emphasis on the features that distinguish it from the two other major models, the English and the Dutch. In France, not merchants but the state itself gave birth to the French East Company, once memorably described as a “Versailles of trade,” and the state continued to play a dominant role in the Company’s operations, exerting the power of approval over the Company’s decisions and issuing the edicts that established its policies. But the lure of private trade, and in particular, the appeal of the Chinese market, played a major role in hastening the demise of the company model, which from the mid-1700s was seen as increasingly obsolete in view of contemporary attitudes and conditions. The creation of the third French East India Company in 1785 after a fifteen-year period of private (open) trade was followed in 1790 by France’s opening her East India and China trade once more to the private sector, and this time it was definitive; the French East Company was permanently abolished in 1793, and for the rest of the Canton era, trade remained open.

Health Informatics Education in the Third World

1989 ◽  
Vol 28 (04) ◽  
pp. 270-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Rienhoff
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Health Informatics ◽  
Third World ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Collaboration Network ◽  
Educational Tools ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Third World

Abstract:The state of the art is summarized showing many efforts but only few results which can serve as demonstration examples for developing countries. Education in health informatics in developing countries is still mainly dealing with the type of health informatics known from the industrialized world. Educational tools or curricula geared to the matter of development are rarely to be found. Some WHO activities suggest that it is time for a collaboration network to derive tools and curricula within the next decade.

How to Define the Czechoslovak Underground

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 42-46
Author(s):  
Barbara Bothová
Keyword(s):  
Significant Influence ◽  
The State ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The West ◽  
State Security ◽  
The Third ◽  
Key Events

What is an underground? Is it possible to embed this particular way of life into any definition? After all, even underground did not have the need to define itself at the beginning. The presented text represents a brief reflection of the development of underground in Czechoslovakia; attention is paid to the impulses from the West, which had a significant influence on the underground. The text focuses on the key events that influenced the underground. For example, the “Hairies (Vlasatci)” Action, which took place in 1966, and the State Security activity in Rudolfov in 1974. The event in Rudolfov was an imaginary landmark and led to the writing of a manifesto that came into history as the “Report on the Third Czech Musical Revival.”

Subaltern Migrations and the State

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Zehmisch
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Social Engineering ◽  
The State ◽  
Penal Colony ◽  
The Third ◽  
Dynamic Relationship ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
Subaltern Agency ◽  
History Of ◽  
Media Reports

This chapter considers the history of Andaman migration from the institutionalization of a penal colony in 1858 to the present. It unpicks the dynamic relationship between the state and the population by investigating genealogies of power and knowledge. Apart from elaborating on subaltern domination, the chapter also reconstructs subaltern agency in historical processes by re-reading scholarly literature, administrative publications, and media reports as well as by interpreting fieldwork data and oral history accounts. The first part of the chapter defines migration and shows how it applies to the Andamans. The second part concentrates on colonial policies of subaltern population transfer to the islands and on the effects of social engineering processes. The third part analyses the institutionalization of the postcolonial regime in the islands and elaborates on the various types of migration since Indian Independence. The final section considers contemporary political negotiations of migration in the islands.

Neanderthal and the fossilization of the Third World

2020 ◽  
pp. 030631272098346
Author(s):  
Ryan Higgitt1
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Third World ◽  
Caste System ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Investment Bankers ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Face ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Third World

Neanderthal is the quintessential scientific Other. In the late nineteenth century gentlemen-scientists, including business magnates, investment bankers and lawmakers with interest in questions of human and human societal development, framed Europe’s Neanderthal and South Asia’s indigenous Negritos as close evolutionary kin. Simultaneously, they explained Neanderthal’s extinction as the consequence of an inherent backwardness in the face of fair-skinned, steadily-progressing newcomers to ancient Europe who behaved in ways associated with capitalism. This racialization and economization of Neanderthal helped bring meaning and actual legal reality to Negritos via the British Raj’s official ‘schedules of backward castes and tribes’. It also helped justify the Raj’s initiation of market-oriented reforms in order to break a developmental equilibrium deemed created when fair-skinned newcomers to ancient South Asia enslaved Negritos in an enduring caste system. Neanderthal was integral to the scientism behind the British construction of caste, and contributed to India’s becoming a principal ‘Third World’ target of Western structural adjustment policies as continuation of South Asia’s ‘evolution assistance’.

scholarly journals Art Criticism and the State of Feminist Art Criticism

Arts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Katy Deepwell
Keyword(s):  
Women Artists ◽  
Art Criticism ◽  
The State ◽  
Art World ◽  
Feminist Art ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
The Third ◽  
Fourth Part ◽  
State Of Art ◽  
First Offers

This essay is in four parts. The first offers a critique of James Elkins and Michael Newman’s book The State of Art Criticism (Routledge, 2008) for what it tells us about art criticism in academia and journalism and feminism; the second considers how a gendered analysis measures the “state” of art and art criticism as a feminist intervention; and the third, how neo-liberal mis-readings of Linda Nochlin and Laura Mulvey in the art world represent feminism in ideas about “greatness” and the “gaze”, whilst avoiding feminist arguments about women artists or their work, particularly on “motherhood”. In the fourth part, against the limits of the first three, the state of feminist art criticism across the last fifty years is reconsidered by highlighting the plurality of feminisms in transnational, transgenerational and progressive alliances.

Grace and Nation: Coleridge's On the Constitution of Church and State

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-208
Author(s):  
Alan Gregory
Keyword(s):  
Church Of England ◽  
Church And State ◽  
The State ◽  
Christian Church ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Classic Work ◽  
Christ Church ◽  
National Life ◽  
The Church

ABSTRACTUnderstanding Coleridge's classic work On the Constitution of Church and State requires paying close attention to the system of distinctions and relations he sets up between the state, the ‘national church’, and the ‘Christian church’. The intelligibility of these relations depends finally on Coleridge's Trinitarianism, his doctrine of ‘divine ideas’, and the subtle analogy he draws between the Church of England as both an ‘established’ church of the nation and as a Christian church and the distinction and union of divinity and humanity in Christ. Church and State opens up, in these ‘saving’ distinctions and connections, important considerations for the integrity and role of the Christian church within a religiously plural national life.

Mercantilism Revisited

1980 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 773-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Economic Policy ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Extreme Case ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
The Status

The intention of this paper is to look at some of the problems which arise in attempts to provide ‘explanations’ of mercantilism and especially its English manifestations. By ‘explanations’ I mean the efforts which some writers have made causally to relate the historical appearance of sets of economic notions or general recommendations on economic policy or even acts of economic policy by the state to particular long-term phenomena of, or trends in, economic history. Historians of economic thought have not generally made such attempts. With a few exceptions they have normally concerned themselves with tracing and analysing the contributions to economic theory made by those labelled as mercantilists. The most extreme case of non-explanation is provided by Eli Heckscher's reiterated contention in his two massive volumes that mercantilism was not to be explained by reference to the economic circumstances of the time; mercantilist policy was not to be seen as ‘the outcome of the economic situation’; mercantilist writers did not construct their system ‘out of any knowledge of reality however derived’. So strongly held an antideterminist fortress, however congenial a haven for some historians of ideas, has given no comfort to other historians – economic or political, Marxist or non-Marxist – who obstinately exhibit empiricist tendencies. Some forays against the fortress have been made. Barry Supple's analysis of English commerce in the early seventeenth century and the resulting presentation of mercantilist thought and policy as ‘the economics of depression’ has passed into the textbooks and achieved the status of an orthodoxy.

The Judicial Council of the State of New York; Its Objectives, Methods, and Accomnlishments. I

1941 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 933-940
Author(s):  
Leonard S. Saxe
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York State ◽  
The State ◽  
York State ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Law ◽  
Substantive Law

The Judicial Council and Its Objectives. My assignment is to implement Professor Sunderland's brilliant primer on judicial councils by a more specific presentation utilizing the experiences of the New York State Judicial Council. Of the three elements that enter into a consideration of the judicial branch of government, the first—the substantive law, the law of rights and duties—is not within the province of the judicial council either in New York or elsewhere. The second element—the machinery of justice—is the principal field of the judicial council. If the council does its work well in that field, attention cannot fail to be focused upon the third and most important element—also part of a judicial council's problems—the judicial personnel.

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