A Common Misunderstanding of Intention

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 3-4
Author(s):  
Edward J. Furton ◽  

The moral act consists of object, intention, and circumstances. The word intention, as commonly used, is often mistaken for the technical meaning of the word intention as employed by philosophers. This produces confusion in the description of moral acts. The common use of intention signifies motive, or one's reason for action. We commonly say that someone has a good intention even though what he or she does is wrong. For example, we describe someone who wants to alleviate suffering, and so euthanizes a patient, as having a good intention. To the contrary, in the Catholic moral tradition, intention means an action that is done voluntarily and knowingly. A nurse who kills a patient has a bad intention because he or she acts freely and with knowledge. Alleviating suffering is indeed a good motive for action, but motives are formulated through deliberation prior to action.

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 877-892
Author(s):  
George Duke

This article argues that the natural law common good is the best candidate value to ground a direct justification of political authority. The common good is better placed than rival values to ground a direct justification for three related reasons. First, the common good is the right kind of value to serve in a justification of political authority insofar as it is a reason for action which provides a convincing answer to the fundamental question ‘why have authority at all?’ Second, the common good allows for a justification of political authority that pertains to a complete political community rather than subjects taken individually. Third, the common good allows for a reconciliation of two apparently conflicting features of political authority: (1) its ultimate role is to promote the good of individuals and (2) it can require the subordination of the good of the individual to the good of the community.


Author(s):  
Erik Owens

Public schools are one of the quintessential civic institutions in the United States, with extraordinary reach into citizens’ lives. Public schools are entrusted with the civic responsibility to educate students with the knowledge, skills, and values required to contribute to the common good of our diverse society. This chapter connects the civic educational mission of public schools with the political and moral tradition of the common good, with a sketch of what may be called “civic education for the common good.” The first section discusses the concept of the common good and explains why religious freedom is an essential component. The second section distinguishes between civic virtue and the civic virtues, and describes which of the latter must be inculcated in schools to sustain the former. The final section argues that the common good is best served by a form of common education that is neither homogeneous nor radically pluralistic.


2021 ◽  
pp. 628
Author(s):  
Gustavo Adolfo Maldonado Martínez ◽  
Jaime Cuenca Amigo

Resumen: El presente artículo parte de la necesidad por reflexionar en torno al impacto de la mercantilización en la valoración y producción social de los espacios para el ocio. A través de distinciones y precisiones conceptuales entre espacio, lugar y ocio, este trabajo pretende analizar dos consecuencias importantes de la mercantilización en la valoración del espacio social: la producción del espacio a través de la mercantilización produce valor mercantil. El espacio en sentido social se torna entonces en un contenedor de relaciones sociales mediadas por la mercancía, y esto es apreciable en los espacios para la ocupación del tiempo de ocio. Sin embargo, pretendemos sustentar aquí que el ocio es un posible agente de emancipación y productor de valor en otros sentidos. Los espacios también han de contener valor no necesariamente en sentido mercantil, y es ahí donde es posible un punto de encuentro con el valor del ocio y los espacios para este. Así, se persigue la idea de que el ocio puede fungir como resistencia, diferenciándose del común malentendido de situarlo como actividad ligada irremediablemente al consumo. En cambio, nos inclinamos por proponerlo como experiencia formativa capaz de potenciar las capacidades humanas por medio de su desarrollo. Se busca así plantear alternativas en torno a la posibilidad de encontrar por medio de la experiencia de ocio resquicios de emancipación y resistencia para hacer frente a la mercantilización y el consumo y proponer formas de desarrollo local que sean cauce de desarrollo humano y comunitario.   Palabras clave: Espacio, lugar, tiempo de ocio, valor, mercancía.   Abstract: This article is based on the need to reflect on the impact of commodification on the valuation and social production of leisure spaces. Through conceptual distinctions and clarifications between space, place and leisure, this paper aims to analyse two important consequences of commodification on the valuation of social space: The production of space through commodification produces market value. Space in a social sense then becomes a container for commodity-mediated social relations, and this is visible in the spaces for the occupation of leisure time. However, we intend to argue here that leisure is a possible agent of emancipation and producer of value in other senses. Spaces also have to contain value not necessarily in a mercantile sense, and this is where a meeting point with the value of leisure and spaces for leisure is possible. Thus, we pursue the idea that leisure can function as resistance, as opposed to the common misunderstanding of situating it as an activity irremediably linked to consumption. Instead, we are inclined to propose it as a formative experience capable of enhancing human capacities through its development. In this way, we seek to propose alternatives around the possibility of finding, through the experience of leisure, loopholes for emancipation and resistance in order to confront commercialisation and consumption and to propose forms of local development that are a channel for human and community development.   Key words: Valuable leisure, human development, recreation, re-creation.


1978 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 389-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chr. de Vegt

AbstractReduction techniques as applied to astrometric data material tend to split up traditionally into at least two different classes according to the observational technique used, namely transit circle observations and photographic observations. Although it is not realized fully in practice at present, the application of a blockadjustment technique for all kind of catalogue reductions is suggested. The term blockadjustment shall denote in this context the common adjustment of the principal unknowns which are the positions, proper motions and certain reduction parameters modelling the systematic properties of the observational process. Especially for old epoch catalogue data we frequently meet the situation that no independent detailed information on the telescope properties and other instrumental parameters, describing for example the measuring process, is available from special calibration observations or measurements; therefore the adjustment process should be highly self-calibrating, that means: all necessary information has to be extracted from the catalogue data themselves. Successful applications of this concept have been made already in the field of aerial photogrammetry.


Author(s):  
Ben O. Spurlock ◽  
Milton J. Cormier

The phenomenon of bioluminescence has fascinated layman and scientist alike for many centuries. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries a number of observations were reported on the physiology of bioluminescence in Renilla, the common sea pansy. More recently biochemists have directed their attention to the molecular basis of luminosity in this colonial form. These studies have centered primarily on defining the chemical basis for bioluminescence and its control. It is now established that bioluminescence in Renilla arises due to the luciferase-catalyzed oxidation of luciferin. This results in the creation of a product (oxyluciferin) in an electronic excited state. The transition of oxyluciferin from its excited state to the ground state leads to light emission.


Author(s):  
Ezzatollah Keyhani

Acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) (ACHE) has been localized at cholinergic junctions both in the central nervous system and at the periphery and it functions in neurotransmission. ACHE was also found in other tissues without involvement in neurotransmission, but exhibiting the common property of transporting water and ions. This communication describes intracellular ACHE in mammalian bone marrow and its secretion into the extracellular medium.


Author(s):  
R. Hegerl ◽  
A. Feltynowski ◽  
B. Grill

Till now correlation functions have been used in electron microscopy for two purposes: a) to find the common origin of two micrographs representing the same object, b) to check the optical parameters e. g. the focus. There is a third possibility of application, if all optical parameters are constant during a series of exposures. In this case all differences between the micrographs can only be caused by different noise distributions and by modifications of the object induced by radiation.Because of the electron noise, a discrete bright field image can be considered as a stochastic series Pm,where i denotes the number of the image and m (m = 1,.., M) the image element. Assuming a stable object, the expectation value of Pm would be Ηm for all images. The electron noise can be introduced by addition of stationary, mutual independent random variables nm with zero expectation and the variance. It is possible to treat the modifications of the object as a noise, too.


Author(s):  
Anthony A. Paparo ◽  
Judith A. Murphy

The purpose of this study was to localize the red neuronal pigment in Mytilus edulis and examine its role in the control of lateral ciliary activity in the gill. The visceral ganglia (Vg) in the central nervous system show an over al red pigmentation. Most red pigments examined in squash preps and cryostat sec tions were localized in the neuronal cell bodies and proximal axon regions. Unstained cryostat sections showed highly localized patches of this pigment scattered throughout the cells in the form of dense granular masses about 5-7 um in diameter, with the individual granules ranging from 0.6-1.3 um in diame ter. Tissue stained with Gomori's method for Fe showed bright blue granular masses of about the same size and structure as previously seen in unstained cryostat sections.Thick section microanalysis (Fig.l) confirmed both the localization and presence of Fe in the nerve cell. These nerve cells of the Vg share with other pigmented photosensitive cells the common cytostructural feature of localization of absorbing molecules in intracellular organelles where they are tightly ordered in fine substructures.


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