Examining and Comparing Executive Functions in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Subjects and Healthy Subjects

Abstract Today, diabetes is a serious problem worldwide, as WHO predicts, in the year 2025, the population suffering from diabetes will be about 333 million adults (Norouzi, Ghafranipour, Heidarnia, Tahmasbi, 2010). Disease Management requires planning and problem solving capabilities which as a range of functions are categorized as executive functions. Executive functions are important structures playing a fundamental role in directing and normalizing behavior. Therefore, the study was designed with the goal of comparing and examining patients suffering from type 2 diabetes in contrast with healthy subjects. The study was conducted using a causative-comparative method in 2013-14 in Tehran. Research population were people referring to Gabric association of whom 36 volunteer patients with diabetes were chosen. The control group were chosen amongst patients’ companions with no disease records and were tested by WCST. Findings showed deficiencies in executive functions of patients with type 2 diabetes. Generally, we can say that these deficiencies can prevent proper disease management of type 2 diabetes.

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THE USE OF A VITAMIN-MINERAL COMPLEX IN THE COMBINED THERAPY OF PATIENTS WITH OBESITY AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS: A CLINICAL TRIAL

Trace Elements in Medicine (Moscow) ◽

10.19112/2413-6174-2021-22-1-60-71 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 60-71

Author(s):

I.A. Lapik ◽

◽

K.M. Gapparova ◽

A.V. Galchenko ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Combined Therapy ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Micronutrient Deficiency ◽

The Body ◽

Control Group ◽

Mineral Complex ◽

Patients With Diabetes

Low caloric diet is used in the complex treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus and obesity. However, the reduced caloric food can inadvertently lead to decreased intake of micronutrients. The main goal of the research was to assess the necessity and effectiveness of the vitamin-mineral complex in the treatment of type 2 diabetes with obesity. Methods: 80 females suffering from type 2 diabetes and obesity, ranging from 40 to 65 years old participated in the study. The total patients were divided into two groups, each containing 40 patients. All patients were given a personalized diet and 1000mg of metformin every day. The experimental group, besides that, received vitamin-mineral complex. The biochemical analysis of the blood, composition of the body, and the complaint on micronutrient deficiency were taken before the experiment and after 14 days of the therapy. Results: Supplementation of the vitamin-mineral complex was associated with higher blood serum levels of vitamins B6, B12, B9, C, D, potassium, calcium, magnesium and zinc, and lower levels of glucose. Clinical manifestations, associated with micronutrient deficiency, were significantly decreased in patients who were given vitamin-mineral complex. All these changes were valid both in relation to the initial level in the study group and to the indicators after treatment in the control group. Conclusion: Micronutrient supplements may be a very important part of the combined therapy of patients with diabetes mellitus and obesity.

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Parameters of cardiac hemodynamics in patients with diabetes mellitus with impairment of renal function

HYPERTENSION ◽

10.22141/2224-1485.14.4.2021.240252 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 5-10

Author(s):

I.I. Topchiy ◽

O.N. Kirienko ◽

P.S. Semyonovykh ◽

D.O. Kirienko ◽

O.I. Tsygankov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Renal Function ◽

Structural Parameters ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Control Group ◽

Group I ◽

Patients With Diabetes

Currently, diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex global problem, which is increasing every year. So, in 2019, diabetes mellitus was detected in 463 million adults (from 20 to 79 years old) in the world. And the main cause of death in patients with diabetes mellitus is cardiovascular complications. The study was aimed investigate the features of functional and structural changes in the heart in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and nephropathy. A total of 98 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were examined, out of which 78 patients had diabetic nephropathy (DN) of varying severity. The control group consisted of 20 healthy patients. After a clinical examination, depending on the state of renal function, all patients were divided into the following groups: group I — patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without signs of nephropathy (n = 36), group II — patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and albuminuria (n = 33), group III — patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with decreased GFR and albuminuria (n = 29). To study changes in hemodynamics and structural parameters of the heart, patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography on an ULTIMA PA ultrasound machine (Radmir, Ukraine) using a sectoral phased transducer with a frequency range of 2–3 MHz according to the standard technique based on the recommendations of the American Echocardiographic Society. To determine indexing indicators, the patients underwent anthropometric measurements. Patients with DN and albuminuria and decreased GFR showed an increase in the linear dimensions of the heart in comparison with controls and patients without signs of nephropathy. With DN, patients have a significant increase in left ventricular mass and a significant increase in the detection rate of left ventricular hypertrophy up to 91.3 % in patients with albuminuria and preserved renal function and up to 100 % with a decrease in GFR.

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Postprandial Blood Pressure Decrease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Mild or Severe Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16050812 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (5) ◽

pp. 812

Author(s):

Masahiko Hashizume ◽

Saori Kinami ◽

Keiichi Sakurai ◽

Kazuhiro Izawa ◽

Hideyuki Shiotani

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Systolic Blood Pressure ◽

Autonomic Dysfunction ◽

Control Group ◽

Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

Severe Group ◽

Meal Ingestion

Background Few reports have evaluated the relationship between changes in postprandial blood pressure and the severity of autonomic dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes. This was a cross-sectional study designed to investigate postprandial blood pressure changes in individuals without type 2 diabetes and patients with type 2 diabetes and mild or severe cardiac autonomic dysfunction. Methods Forty patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 20 individuals without type 2 diabetes participated in this study. Fifty-two participants underwent a meal tolerance test. Blood pressure (brachial systolic blood pressure (bSBP) and central systolic blood pressure (cSBP)), electrocardiogram recordings, and blood samples were assessed before and after meal ingestion. Patients with diabetes were divided into two groups based on their coefficient of variation of R–R intervals (CVRR): a normal or mildly dysfunctional group (mild group, CVRR ≥ 2%; n = 20) and a severely dysfunctional group (severe group, CVRR < 2%; n = 15). Results In the control group, bSBP and cSBP did not significantly change after meal ingestion, whereas both decreased significantly at 60 min after meal ingestion in the mild and severe groups. While blood pressure recovered at 120 min after meal ingestion in the mild group, a significant decrease in blood pressure persisted at 120 min after meal ingestion in the severe group. Conclusions Based on these results, adequate clinical attention should be paid to the risk of serious events related to postprandial decreases in blood pressure, particularly in patients with diabetes and severe cardiac autonomic dysfunction.

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The risk of cardiovascular death in type 2 diabetes

Clinical Medicine (Russian Journal) ◽

10.18821/0023-2149-2016-95-1-57-59 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 95 (1) ◽

pp. 57-59

Author(s):

N. V. Zeinalova ◽

Yagub Ziyaddin Kurbanov ◽

V. A. Mirzazade ◽

R. A. Rzayeva ◽

M. S. Novruzova

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Metabolic Disorders ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Cardiovascular Death ◽

Control Group ◽

Average Risk ◽

Virtual Control ◽

Framingham Risk ◽

Patients With Diabetes

Aim. To evaluate effects of metabolic disorders on the risk of cardiovascular death in patients with type II diabetes based on Framingham risk score. We analyzed results of examination of 210 men and 210 women with type 2 diabetes who applied for medical care to the VM center of Endocrinology during 1997-2014. A virtual control group was formed matching real patients in terms of the number, sex, age, and height having ideal body mass index, total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The average risk of cardiovascular death in patients with type 2 diabetes was equal to 4,56±0,254% compared with 0,6±1,028% in the virtual control group. The differences was significant (p <0,001). The minimum risk for the patients of the two groups was estimated at 0,001% and 0,01% respectively. The maximum risk of cardiovascular death is 34,17% in patients with diabetes and 8,24% in controls. It is concluded that type 2 diabetes and related metabolic disorders significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular death.

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Cental Macular Thickness in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus without Clinical Retinopathy

Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1155/2013/767931 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-4 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mehmet Demir ◽

Burcu Dirim ◽

Zeynep Acar ◽

Murat Yılmaz ◽

Yekta Sendul

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Plasma Glucose ◽

Healthy Subjects ◽

Macular Thickness ◽

Control Group ◽

Study Group ◽

Central Macular Thickness ◽

The Mean

Objective. To compare central macular thickness (CMT) of diabetic patients with type 2 diabetes without clinical retinopathy and healthy subjects.Materials and Methods. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements were performed in 124 eyes of 62 subjects with diabetes mellitus without clinical retinopathy (study group: 39 females, 23 males; mean age: 55.06 ± 9.77 years) and in 120 eyes of 60 healthy subjects (control group: 35 females, 25 males; mean age: 55.78 ± 10.34 years). Blood biochemistry parameters were analyzed in all cases. The data for central macular thickness (at 1 mm), the levels of fasting plasma glucose, and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were compared in both groups.Results. The mean central macular thickness was 232.12 ± 24.41 µm in the study group and 227.19 ± 29.94 µm in the control group. The mean HbA1c level was 8.92 ± 2.58% in the study group and 5.07 ± 0.70% in the control group (P=0.001). No statistically significant relationship was found between CMT, HbA1c, and fasting plasma glucose level in either group (P>0.05).Conclusions. Central macular thickness was not significantly thicker in patients with type 2 diabetes without clinical retinopathy than in healthy subjects.

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Galacto-oligosaccharides ameliorate dysbiotic Bifidobacteriaceae decline in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes

Beneficial Microbes ◽

10.3920/bm2016.0230 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 705-716 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

M. Gonai ◽

A. Shigehisa ◽

I. Kigawa ◽

K. Kurasaki ◽

O. Chonan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Glucose Tolerance ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Impaired Glucose Tolerance ◽

Healthy Subjects ◽

Metabolic Diseases ◽

Healthy Individuals ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

Metabolic Endotoxemia

Gut microbiota affects the host’s metabolism, and it is suggested that there are differences in gut microbiota composition between patients with type 2 diabetes and healthy individuals. Additionally, dysbiosis may increase the concentration of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), causing metabolic endotoxemia, which induces impaired glucose tolerance. Several studies have reported relationships between metabolic diseases and the gut microbiota; and prebiotics, such as oligosaccharides, are commonly consumed to regulate gut microbiotas in healthy individuals. Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are a major prebiotic, which specifically increase Bifidobacteriaceae abundance. Recent studies have reported that Bifidobacteriaceae improved metabolic endotoxemia or impaired glucose tolerance. However, there are few studies reporting the effects of GOS on patients with type 2 diabetes. In the current study, we compared clinical parameters, faecal gut microbiota, their associated metabolic products and their components such as LPS, and LPS-binding protein (LBP) produced by the host, between patients with diabetes and healthy controls. We then assessed the effects of GOS on glycaemic control, and gut microbiotas and metabolites in patients with type 2 diabetes in a double-blind controlled manner. LBP levels were significantly higher in patients with diabetes than those of healthy subjects, which was consistent with previous reports. The abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae and the diversity of intestinal microbiota were significantly lower in patients with diabetes than in healthy subjects. Interestingly, Bifidobacteriaceae was markedly restored in patients with diabetes after consumption of GOS, whereas LBP and glucose tolerance did not improve during this short-term trial period. In the present study, we demonstrated that GOS can ameliorate dysbiosis in patients with diabetes, and continuous intake of GOS may be a promising method for managing type 2 diabetes.

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THE STUDY OF THE ACTIVATION OF MTORC1 AND ITS SUBSTRATE P70S6K INVOLVED IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS AND ONCOGENETIC PROCESSES

Eastern Ukrainian Medical Journal ◽

10.21272/eumj.2020;8(2):182-190 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 182-190

Author(s):

T. S. Vatseba ◽

L. K. Sokolova ◽

V. V. Pushkarev ◽

O. I. Kovzun ◽

V. M. Pushkarev ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Cancer Patients ◽

Control Group ◽

Protein Assay ◽

Metabolism Regulation ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

Prevention Of Cancer

Introduction. Pathogenetic factors of diabetes may affect the activity of intracellular systems of oncogenesis and metabolism regulation, one of which is PI3K/Akt/mTORC1. Macrophages and lymphocytes are involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes and cancer. Detection of excessive activation of PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 components and substrates in these cells may indicate the need for additional correction of metabolic processes in patients with type 2 diabetes from the point of prevention of cancer. The aim: to study the activation of mTORC1 by determining the phosphorylation of PRAS40 and p70S6K1 in the leukocytes of patients with type 2 diabetes and cancer. Materials and methods. The study included women from the following groups: control group, patients with type 2 diabetes, cancer patients, patients with both diseases. The content of phosphorylated PRAS40 (phospho-T246) and p70S6K1 (phospho-T389) was determined using laboratory kits ELISA KNO0421 and ELISA 85-86053 of Invitrogen (USA). The protein concentration in the lysate was determined using a BCA Novagen protein assay kit (USA). Measurements were performed on a microplate reader (Bio-tek Instruments, USA) at a wavelength of 450 nm. Results. Significantly increased the content of phosphorylated PRAS40 and p70S6K1 in leukocytes of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and cancer was detected. The number of positive phospho-PRAS40 tests in patients with diabetes was 83.3%, and in cancer patients - 66.7%. Was revealed the reduced content of phospho-PRAS40 in leukocytes of patients with a combination of diabetes and cancer. Conclusions. The increased amount of phosphorylated PRAS40 and p70S6K1 proves the activation of the studied signaling pathway by diabetes mellitus type 2. Its decrease by cancer and diabetes can be explained by the possible competing effects of the proteins that affect upstream regulators of these kinases or them directly.

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Benefit of Canagliflozin In Patients With Type 2 Diabetes After Hospitalization For Acute Heart Failure

10.21203/rs.3.rs-86427/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ernesto Martin Dorado ◽

José López-Aguilera ◽

Rafael González ◽

Manuel Anguita ◽

Guillermo Gutiérrez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Acute Heart Failure ◽

Sglt2 Inhibitors ◽

Control Group ◽

First Year ◽

Cardiovascular Morbidity And Mortality ◽

Patients With Diabetes

Abstract BACKGROUND: Heart failure (HF) is one of the mayor contributors to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have demonstrated to reduce the risk of hospitalization for HF in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We aimed to compare the incidence of readmission in patients who received canagliflozin at discharge after hospitalization of acute HF and changes in N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-ProBNP) concentration during follow-up. METHODS: We retrospectively included 102 consecutive patients with diabetes discharged for acute heart failure and without contraindications for SGLT2 inhibitors. We divided them in two groups: 45 patients with canagliflozin at discharge therapy and 57 without any SGLT2 inhibitors.RESULTS: Over a median follow-up of 22 months, 45 (44.1%) were hospitalized for HF. Most of the patients who were readmitted due to heart failure occurred during the first year (37.3%). HF readmission at first year occurred in 10 patients (22.2%) in canagliflozin group and 29 patients (49.1%) in control group (HR: 0.45; 95% CI: 0.21–0.96; p < 0.039) after multivariate adjustment. A composite outcome of hospitalization for HF or death for cardiovascular causes was lower in canagliflozin group (37.8%) than in the control group (70.2%) (HR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.27–0.95; p < 0.035). Analysis of NT-ProBNP concentration showed an interaction between canagliflozin therapy and follow-up time (p=0.002).CONCLUSIONS: Canagliflozin therapy at discharge was associated with lower risk of readmission for HF and a reduction of NT-ProBNP concentration in patients with diabetes after hospitalization for HF.

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Predictors of Early Retinal Changes in Diabetes Mellitus

Ophthalmology in Russia ◽

10.18008/1816-5095-2020-1-88-95 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 88-95

Author(s):

V. S. Kulybysheva ◽

I. A. Ronzina ◽

A. A. Gamidov ◽

V. G. Motalov ◽

V. N. Nikolenko

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Dynamic Control ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Light Sensitivity ◽

Control Group ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

Almost All

Purpose. Determining the functional state of the outer and inner retina’s layers in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) type 1 and 2 before the clinical manifestations and in the early stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR) using the methods of multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) and microperimetry (MP).Patients and methods. 91 patients were examined (182 eyes). The patients were divided into 4 groups: 1st — 23 people (46 eyes) with diabetes without DR (the duration of the disease is up to 2 years); 2nd — 22 people (44 eyes) with diabetes without DR (diabetes from 2 to 8 years); 3rd — 24 people (48 eyes) with NPDR on the background of diabetes; 4th — 22 people (44 eyes) of the control group (healthy eyes). In addition to the standard ophthalmologic examination, all patients were registered mfERG (FOK1) on the diagnostic equipment EP-1000 Multifocal (Tomey, Germany) and carried out MP using the device “MAIA” (CenterVue, Italy).Results. According to mfERG, it has been established that the components of mfERG, the biopotential density and the amplitude of P1, are most sensitive to diabetic changes. In groups with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, there is a significant decrease in the density of P1 in comparison with the control group (p < 0.005, Mann-Whitney test), as well as a decrease in the amplitude of P1 on almost all tested rings (p < 0.005). In all groups, there is an increase in the latency of P1 in the central ring (0–2.3°). According to MP data, it was found that patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes showed a decrease in the average light sensitivity in comparison with the control group, however, our data are within the reference values, regardless of the presence or absence of clinical manifestations of PD.Conclusion. As a result of the study, early functional and morphological disorders of the neurosensory apparatus of the eye in diabetes were identified. It is proved that mfER and MP allow to detect violations at the preclinical stage of DR and are necessary studies for the dynamic control of the progression of DR.

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Serum leptin concentration in patients with type 2 diabetes

Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences ◽

10.1515/cipms-2015-0078 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 236-240

Author(s):

Arleta Malecha-Jedraszek ◽

Agata Burska ◽

Beata Matyjaszek-Matuszek ◽

Helena Donica

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Healthy Subjects ◽

Control Group ◽

Early Type ◽

Anthropometric Parameters ◽

Markers Of Inflammation ◽

Gender And Age ◽

Healthy Control ◽

Positive Correlations

AbstractWith the increasing importance of early type 2 diabetes (DM2) and obesity detection, it is useful to reevaluate leptin role in these conditions. Our study aimed at investigating circulating leptin concentrations in a group of patients with DM2, and at assessing in detail whether leptin concentrations correlate with selected biochemical, clinical parameters and markers of systemic inflammation in patients with DM2 and in healthy volunteers. In our work, we analysed samples and data drawn from 71 patients aged 61.4 ± 11.7 years, who have been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, as well as from a healthy control group (HC) consisting of 51 healthy subjects with a mean age of 57.8 ± 13.7 years. Therein, the concentration of leptin in the DM2 patients was significantly higher than in the HC (p < 0.01), with median value of 16.59 (IQR 8.58-33.39) ng/ml in the DM2, vs median value of 6.66 (IQR 4.52-21.40) ng/ml in the HC. In the analysis of variance, higher leptin concentrations were revealed in the DM2 group as compared to the HC, and this figure remained significant after adjusting for gender and age (p < 0.001). Moreover, it was independent of HOMA-IR (p = 0.003). However, the differences in leptin levels between the groups disappeared when additional adjustments for anthropometric parameters (BMI, waist circumference) were applied (p = 0.088). Beyond the aforementioned, significant positive correlations were found in the DM 2 group between leptin level and CRP (r=0.256; p < 0.05) and IL-6 (r = 0.345; p < 0.01). Among the selected variables, only gender and BMI were included in the predictive model explaining the variability of leptin, and, in total, were responsible for 72.6% of the original variation of the studied adipocytokine. The results of this study have led to conclusion that leptin may participate in the complex pathogenesis of DM2 and be a predictor of the development of this disease. As higher concentrations of leptin coexist with obesity, and this situation correlates positively with markers of inflammation (CRP, IL-6), leptin level, hence, should be considered in the pathogenesis of DM2.

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