scholarly journals Greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption in asphalt plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. e7
Author(s):  
Maicon Basso dos Santos ◽  
Jefferson Candido ◽  
Sofia De Souza Baulé ◽  
Yuri Mello Müller de Oliveira ◽  
Liseane Padilha Thives
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Batch Type ◽  
Measurement Protocol

Hot-mix asphalt used in pavement layers is produced by asphalt plants. In Brazil, despite the fact that these industrial units produce greenhouse gases, no control or measurement protocol has yet been established. This study aims to quantify emissions in different asphalt plants, in terms of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq) and energy consumption. Asphalt plants were selected according to their type (batch or drum mix); production capacity (80 to 340 t/h), and whether mobile or fixed. In each plant, emissions were quantified and the energy consumption spent on drying and heating aggregates in the dryer drum was evaluated. The fuels used in the drier drum such as low pour point (LPP) oil, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and natural gas (NG) were evaluated and compared. The methodology consisted of surveying the thermal power of the dryer drum specified on the suppliers' catalog to calculate the volume of fuel required per ton of asphalt mixture produced. Based on the criterion of the lower calorific value of each fuel, the volume of fuel used was calculated according to the production of the asphalt plants. Through the GHC protocol tool, the quantification of emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) gases was obtained, and then transformed into CO2eq emissions. As a result, lower energy consumption was observed in the mobile batch plants and higher consumption in the mobile counterflow drum mix plants. On average, 27.69% less energy per ton of processed aggregate was needed compared to the mobile counterflow plants. The use of natural gas in the dryer drum and for all plant models was the least emissive fuel. The results showed that for the mobile batch type with a capacity of 140 t/h, the emission was 13.62 kg of CO2eq / t. On the other hand, with the mobile counterflow type with a capacity of 200 t/h, 13.64 kg of CO2eq/t was produced. Finally, with the fixed counterflow type with a production capacity of 240 t/h and 300 t/h, emissions of 13.67 kg of CO2eq/t were obtained. Through this study, the mobile batch plant with a capacity of 140 t/h using natural gas showed the least environmental impact. When natural gas was used, this model obtained energy consumption and emissions 54.5% lower than the mobile counterflow model with a capacity of 50 t/h which showed the worst environmental performance.

scholarly journals Research on PHEV comprehensive fuel consumption based on fuel-electricity conversion

2021 ◽  
Vol 268 ◽  
pp. 01031
Author(s):  
Luowei Zhang ◽  
Zhicheng Ma ◽  
Zhihai Niu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Power Generation ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Fuel Saving ◽  
Thermal Power Generation ◽  
Saving Effect

In order to show the fuel-saving effect of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) [1]more intuitively, three conversion methods of fuel and electricity were introduced considering different aspects, namely conversion method of simple calorific value, comprehensive calorific value and carbon dioxide emission. Firstly, the energy consumption of two mainstream PHEVs according to the current domestic (China) energy consumption test regulation were tested [2], then the tested values were converted by the three conversion methods to get the equivalent fuel consumption. What’s more, by the introduction of pure electricity Utilization Factor (UF) [3], the fuel consumption of PHEV at two stages (pure electric driving and pure fuel driving) were weighted to obtain the comprehensive fuel consumption. The effects of different conversion methods on fuel consumption were analyzed, and the results were compared horizontally with that of traditional fuel vehicles. The result shows that the comprehensive fuel consumption of PHEV converted by the method of carbon dioxide emission is the highest. Secondly, from the perspective of comprehensive calorific value, PHEV has obvious fuel-saving effect and a better development prospect comparing with traditional fuel vehicle. Last but not the least, PHEV has a significant fuel-saving advantage over traditional fuel vehicle in areas where the proportion of thermal power generation is relatively low, and with the continuous decrease of the overall proportion of thermal power generation, the fuel-saving effect of PHEV will become more and more obvious.

Analysis of energy consumption in the production of hot mix asphalt (batch mix plant)

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 1044-1051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivica Androjić ◽  
Zlata Dolaček Alduk
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Hot Mix Asphalt ◽  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Daily Production ◽  
Mineral Mixture ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Production Period ◽  
Mixture Samples

This paper describes tests in which influencing factors that affect energy consumption in the rotary drum were monitored. The monitored influencing factors are moisture, delays in daily production, hourly production capacity, and temperature of produced hot mix asphalt (HMA). The tests include the production of 88 079 t of HMA of continuous and discontinuous gradation on a cyclic asphalt plant in the Republic of Croatia. In 2014, 182 production terms were monitored (155 observed), whereas the moisture content was tested using the same number of input mineral mixture samples. The temperature of the produced asphalt mixture was measured using approximately 67 753 samples during the entire production period. Delays in work and hourly production capacity were measured during production by recording the duration of working time and delays. The final result of this study is the creation of a regression model of the correlation between energy consumption and temperature of the asphalt mixture and the hourly capacity and moisture in the mineral aggregate.

Advanced Gas Turbine Technology for Sendai Thermal Power Station, Unit No. 4

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadahiro Ohno ◽  
Hiroyuki Yamazaki ◽  
Naoki Hagi ◽  
Hidehiko Nishimura
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Thermal Power Station ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Power Station ◽  
Advanced Technologies ◽  
Station Unit

Worldwide environmental concerns are placing center focus on effective utilization of energy and carbon dioxide emission reductions. The power generation industry has engaged in the replacement of existing aged thermal power plants with state-of-the-art natural gas fired power plants capable of achieving considerable reductions in energy consumption and emissions of green house gases. The replacement of three exiting 175MW heavy oil and coal-firing power plants with a highly effective 446MW gas-firing combined cycle power plant owned and operated by Tohoku Electric Power Company is one example of this effort. The construction of the new Sendai thermal power station, Unit No.4 started in November, 2007 achieving commercial operation in July, 2010. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries most recent 50Hz F class gas turbine upgrade, the M701F4 was adopted for this project. This engine is based on the successful M701F3 gas turbine with a 6% air flow increase and a slight bump of the turbine inlet temperature in order to achieve better thermal efficiency and more power output. The application of these advanced technologies resulted in a plant thermal efficiency of approximately 58% LHV of the new unit from the original 43% of the previous coal-firing units. The application of these advanced technologies and the use of natural gas resulted in a 2/3 carbon-dioxide emissions reduction.

scholarly journals Defining of criteria for flue gas decarbonization efficiency in methanation reactors with membrane technology

2021 ◽  
Vol 286 ◽  
pp. 02014
Author(s):  
Gheorghe Lăzăroiu ◽  
Lucian Mihăescu ◽  
Dana-Alexandra Ciupăgeanu ◽  
Rodica-Manuela Grigoriu ◽  
Dana-Andreya Bondrea
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Flue Gases ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Practical Applications

The paper presents an investigation on the conditions for implementing a methanation membrane decarbonator coupled to an energy installation that generates flue gases. The retention of the carbon dioxide content in the flue gases and its conversion to methane is envisaged. For start, low thermal power installations, employing natural gas as main fuel supply, are considered. Internal combustion engines (also working with natural gas fuel) are taken into account for the testing of the carbon dioxide retention process. For this, a classification of the flue gas composition by fuel categories is initially carried out. The decarbonation efficiency is defined and clarifications are made withal regarding the connection between the decarbonation installation and the energy plant. The first practical achievements are also presented, resulting from a decarbonator with a volume of 940 cm3 (having the inner diameter of 12 cm and a height of 50 cm). The results prove that the proposed solution has great potential for practical applications, further research being however necessary. In terms of operating costs (including hydrogen consumption), it is remarked that they can be reduced by exploiting the methane production and eliminating the carbon tax, extending the integration perspective form economic point of view.

scholarly journals Centrifugal separation of liquid carbon dioxide from natural gas

2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-148
Author(s):  
Veselin Batalovic ◽  
Dusan Danilovic ◽  
Marija Zivkovic
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Centrifugal Separation ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Liquid Carbon ◽  
Global Energy ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
Global Energy Consumption

Natural gas is becoming more and more a commodity in the global energy consumption. New technologies like the conversion from gas to liquid, contribute to this. But more than 16 % of the currently known global gas reserves cannot be produced due to severe CO2 and/or H2S contamination: (CO2 > 10% and H2S> 5%). The traditional technology of amine treatment is not able to economically remove these contaminants. The objective of this article is to investigate the possibilities of centrifugal separation to resolve the problem. After analyzing the existing situation, in the centrifugal separation of natural gas, some innovations in separators design and theory are suggested. The aim of the presented theoretical considerations is that the complex theory of separation to adapt to the needs of engineers engaged on the design, development and operation of these devices.

Non-Catalytic Plasma-Arc Reforming of Natural Gas With Carbon Dioxide as the Oxidizing Agent for the Production of Synthesis Gas or Hydrogen

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gert W. Basson ◽  
P. W. E. Blom
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Synthesis Gas ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Plasma Arc ◽  
Oxidizing Agent ◽  
Petrochemical Process ◽  
The World ◽  
Negative Effect

The world’s energy consumption is increasing constantly due to the growing population of the world. The increasing energy consumption has a negative effect on the fossil fuel reserves of the world. Hydrogen has the potential to provide energy for all our needs by making use of fossil fuel such as natural gas and nuclear-based electricity. Hydrogen can be produced by reforming methane with carbon dioxide as the oxidizing agent. Hydrogen can be produced in a Plasma-arc reforming unit making use of the heat energy generated by a 500 MWt Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR). The reaction in the unit takes place stoichiometrically in the absence of a catalyst. Steam can be added to the feed stream together with the Carbon Dioxide, which make it possible to control the H2/CO ratio in the synthesis gas between 1/1 and 3/1. This ratio of H2/CO in the synthesis gas is suitable to be used as feed gas to almost any chemical and petrochemical process. To increase the hydrogen production further, the Water-Gas Shift Reaction can be applied. A techno-economic analysis was performed on the non-catalytic plasma-arc reforming process. The capital cost of the plant is estimated at $463 million for the production of 1132 million Nm3/year of hydrogen. The production cost of hydrogen is in the order of $12.81 per GJ depending on the natural gas cost and the price of electricity.

scholarly journals An Overview of Household Energy Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Iran

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 994
Author(s):  
Omeid Rahmani ◽  
Shahabaldin Rezania ◽  
Amin Beiranvand Pour ◽  
Shahram M. Aminpour ◽  
Mohammad Soltani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Household Energy ◽  
Household Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Efficiency Improvement

This review tends to obtain a deeper understanding of the methods used in household energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Iran. Issues relating to energy consumption and CO2 emissions are very complex. This complexity arises from the fact that energy demand and energy consumption in Iran are influenced by many factors, such as income, household size, age, and gender. In Iran, the relevant energy sources mostly include liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and electricity, which are used for different sectors, such as transportation, industry, and residential. This overview looks at both the theories and empirical studies of household energy consumption and CO2 emissions in Iran. Since energy consumption typically results in air pollution, it is often used as an indicator of environmental degradation. Although Iran is recently faced to energy efficiency improvement from all sectors, household energy requirements have been significantly increased. In Iran, a prime motivator had been improving living standards. As Iran gradually turns into a consumer society, households have an enormous influence on the direct use of energy and related CO2 emissions as well as through indirect use, as embodied in goods and services. The findings of this study can help policymakers to focus on renewable energy projects in order to reduce energy consumption and mitigate CO2 emissions.

Current Status and Future Applications of Supercritical Pressures in Power Engineering

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasiia Zvorykina ◽  
Sahil Gupta ◽  
Wargha Peiman ◽  
Igor Pioro ◽  
Natalia Fialko
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Electrical Generation

It is well known that the electrical-power generation is the key factor for advances in any other industries, agriculture and level of living. In general, electrical energy can be produced by: 1) non-renewable sources such as coal, natural gas, oil, and nuclear; and 2) renewable sources such as hydro, wind, solar, biomass, geothermal and marine. However, the main sources for electrical-energy production are: 1) thermal - primary coal and secondary natural gas; 2) nuclear and 3) hydro. The rest of the sources might have visible impact just in some countries. Therefore, thermal and nuclear electrical-energy production as the major source is considered in the paper. From thermodynamics it is well known that higher thermal efficiencies correspond to higher temperatures and pressures. Therefore, modern SuperCritical (SC)-pressure coal-fired power plants have thermal efficiencies within 43–50% and even slightly above. Steam-generator outlet temperatures or steam-turbine inlet temperatures have reached a level of about 625°C (and even higher) at pressures of 25–30 (35–38) MPa. This is the largest application of SC pressures in industry. In spite of advances in coal-fired power-plants they are still considered as not environmental friendly due to producing a lot of carbon-dioxide emissions as a result of combustion process plus ash, slag and even acid rains. The most efficient modern thermal-power plants with thermal efficiencies within a range of 50–60%, are so-called, combined-cycle power plants, which use natural gas as a fuel. Natural gas is considered as a clean fossil fuel compared to coal and oil, but still due to combustion process emits a lot of carbon dioxide when it used for electrical generation. Therefore, a new reliable and environmental friendly source for the electrical-energy generation should be considered. Nuclear power is also a non-renewable source as the fossil fuels, but nuclear resources can be used for significantly longer time than some fossil fuels plus nuclear power does not emit carbon dioxide into atmosphere. Currently, this source of energy is considered as the most viable one for electrical generation for the next 50–100 years. Current, i.e., Generation II and III, Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) consist of water-cooled reactors NPPs with the thermal efficiency of 30–35% (vast majority of reactors); subcritical carbon-dioxide-cooled reactors NPPs with the thermal efficiency up to 42% and liquid-sodium-cooled reactor NPP with the thermal efficiency of 40%. Therefore, the current fleet of NPPs, especially, water-cooled NPPs, are not very competitive compared to modern thermal power plants. Therefore, next generation or Generation-IV reactors with new parameters (NPPs with the thermal efficiency of 43–50% and even higher for all types of reactors) are currently under development worldwide. Generation-IV nuclear-reactor concept such as SuperCritical Water-cooled Reactor (SCWR) is intended to operate with direct or in-direct SC-“steam” Rankine cycle. Lead-cooled Fast Reactor (LFR) can be connected to SC-“steam” Rankine cycle or SC CO2 Brayton cycle through heat exchangers. In general, other Generation IV reactor concepts can be connected to either one or another cycle through heat exchangers. Therefore, this paper discusses various aspects of application of SC fluids in power engineering.

scholarly journals Smart Monitoring System for Home Energy Consumption (SMEC)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuf Ibrahim Khabbush ◽  
Ahmed Abdulsalam ◽  
Mazen Al-Makhzumi ◽  
Rasha Sh. AbdulWahhab
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Energy Detection ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Power Meter ◽  
Enormous Amount

The issue of environmental protection and related issues has become a major concern for many people. Despite this concern, electricity consumption continues to pose several environmental pollutions. Electricity consumption leads to the need for natural gas, which in turn leads to many devastating consequences for the environment. Electricity, in itself, does not necessarily pose environmental damage, but on the contrary, it offers many benefits, such as lighting and the operation of many devices; but the problem with power consumption is the gas needed to produce it, which can be damaging to the environment. Indeed, natural gas is currently the most important sources of energy used to produce electricity, which is, create an enormous amount of carbon dioxide, which the environment cannot tolerate. Regardless of the method used to generate electricity, environmental issues related to the use of electricity will help to ensure that the method used is best suited to the environment as a whole. The best way to reduce environmental problems from electricity consumption is to minimize this use. In this research, we will try to solve this problem by developing a new application titled Smart Monitoring System for Energy Consumption (SMEC). SMEC will provide a management of power‘s consumption within the building anywhere and anytime in which users can see how much of electricity they use while  power’s consumption report would be provided automatically. The main advantages of SMEC is to avoid some problems like decrease consumption of electricity, help to detect abnormal use and controlling unneeded devices, save effort and time for monitoring and reading the amount of uses and finally such a new application will be more reliable and good for employee to check meter’s reading online. All this will be displayed in a friendly interface, which will have graphs and text to make the use of such application more efficient and simple to use. SMEC application will be developed using different languages such as C++, Java script, PHP, html and MySQL. Moreover, the proposed energy detection device uses Arduino UNO with some sensors such as ACS712, electric meter, GPS, LED and Wi-Fi adapter. The information is received by reading the power meter consumption and then handled through the Arduino device to perform the objectives of the research. By reading electricity’s consumption online, SMEC can analyze collected data that will help to make better decisions using Internet of Things.

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