scholarly journals Water consumption peak demand factor: Effectiveness analysis with different approaches

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. e19
Author(s):  
Kauan Polli de Oliveira ◽  
Daniela Baonazzi Sodek ◽  
Laura Maria Canno Ferreira Fais ◽  
José Gilberto Dalfré Filho ◽  
André Luís Sotero Salustiano Martim
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
Design Flow ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Empirical Equations ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Consumption Data

The design of the water distribution networks in a given region must guarantee 24-hour supply, meeting the times of greatest demand, defined as factors of peak consumption. Thus, it is important that water reaches users effectively, ensuring adequate quantity and quality for carrying out daily activities. The premise then is the average flow demanded by the population, and the fluctuations that may occur from this value, weighted from the dimensionless peak coefficients K1 (coefficient of the day of greatest consumption) and K2 (coefficient of the hour of greatest consumption). In this paper, these coefficients are calculated from both water consumption data and from the application of empirical equations. These values were compared with those suggested by the NBR 12218/2017 standard, which suggests K1 = 1.2 and K2 = 1.5 in the absence of water consumption data. However, some surveys that assessed water consumption in three regions based on water consumption data for three to four years indicated that the peak coefficients recommended by the standard may lead to undersizing of the supply network. In one of the cases assessed, the values of K1 and K2 respectively corresponded to 2.19 and 4.95. Results of two studies previously developed at the Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism of the State University of Campinas (FEC-UNICAMP) were used for the calculation based on water consumption data. These studies defined the peak water consumption coefficients for the same three regions examined by the present research: Parque Jambeiro and Parque Oziel, located in the city of Campinas (third most populous city in the State of São Paulo, with an estimated 1,204,703 inhabitants in 2019), and Jardim América II, located in the municipality of Várzea Paulista, in the interior of the State of São Paulo, based on data provided by the water provider. The analyses carried out considered that the peak water consumption factor Cp is given by the product of K1 and K2. Seven empirical equations, available in the specific literature and developed in different locations, were used. As the empirical equations were developed in different regions, the average of the results obtained through these equations was used in order to reduce the existing uncertainties, related, for example, to the socioeconomic profile and climate, parameters that vary according to the region of study. As a result, this research shows that in all the neighborhoods observed, the normative suggestion for the Cp value was below those obtained by applying the empirical equations in all the years used to calculate the coefficient. So, there was no year in which the normative reference was sufficiently adequate to describe water consumption. Furthermore, the evaluation using water consumption data resulted in a peak coefficient equivalent to 240% of the normative suggestion (2.4 times higher) whereas the empirical equations suggest the adoption of a value corresponding to 200% of the indicated value by the standard (twice as high). It was also found that the computation of Cp through empirical equations resulted in values 1.55 times higher than those obtained from the water consumption data. As the calculation of the design flow depends directly on the peak consumption coefficient, the use of smaller values leads to lower design flow and, consequently, to undersized network diameters. As a direct consequence, there are greater head losses at times of higher flow. This situation should result in a lack of water in peak consumption days and times, so as not to serve the population continuously, which is a premise of the public supply system. Future research may focus on expanding the number of regions evaluated in the comparison between different ways to calculate the peak water consumption coefficients, and it is also possible to explore the evaluation of water consumption data to determine the Cp value and the subsequent correlation with local factors such as resident population, supplied area, typical climate, among other factors, adding value to the results already existing in the specific literature, and also expanding the knowledge related to the dimensioning of water distribution networks.

Evaluation of statistical sampling for the assessment of residential consumption totals in water distribution networks

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fortunato ◽  
C. Arena ◽  
M. R. Mazzola
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Statistical Technique ◽  
Sampling Plan ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Total Water Consumption ◽  
Consumption Data

The paper provides insights into stratified sampling, a standard statistical technique that may be employed to assess domestic water use in water distribution networks. The basic idea is to use only a few meters to provide inference on the total water consumption of a network or of a district metered area through the knowledge of some additional stratification variables, such as household typology, size and occupants number. Since any sampling procedure assumes that the variance of the variable at stake is known, either a suitable amount of past consumption data is necessary, or a specific preliminary survey must be carried out, in order to define the sampling plan. An application with real consumption data from a small municipality in Sicily (Italy) shows that number of occupants for each household is sufficient to design an effective sampling plan and that the methodology can be successfully applied in the technical practice, thus allowing a dramatic reduction of the number of customer meters to be read in order to quantify total water consumption compared to standard practice based on the reading of all meters.

scholarly journals Losses in water distribution networks – a bibliometric review: general aspects and optimization

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. e407101220659
Author(s):  
Emerson Pessanha de Almeida ◽  
Fernando das Graças Braga da Silva ◽  
Victor Eduardo de Mello Valerio
Keyword(s):  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
The State ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
General Aspects

The research carried out in the water distribution networks is of great importance, given the social, environmental and economic impacts that have occurred due to the scarcity of water resources. Therefore, any scientific effort shown in research that studies water distribution systems is of great relevance. Techniques such as mathematical modeling, computer simulation and statistical methods are widely used in order to obtain more reliable answers, whether for the identification of the current situation of the network, as well as for the prediction of scenarios, failure events, increased demand, etc. The objective of this work is to carry out a bibliometric analysis to identify the state of the art of research that addresses the theme of water distribution networks for the control and reduction of the volume of water losses, which will serve as a guide for future works to to structure itself in the most relevant researches that study the theme. The developed methodology was able to analyze a metadata composed of 4188 documents taken from the Web of Science journals database. As a result, a geographical view of the theme was obtained, pointing out the main countries, affiliations, journals and researchers, as well as pointing out the main documents and relevance of the theme. It can be concluded after the results obtained that bibliometric analysis is an important tool for obtaining the state of the art. With it is possible to have a better understanding of the current situation in the development of research, familiarizing researchers with what is most current and relevant.

The Daily Routine of Students in the Classroom

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-163
Author(s):  
Lilian Marques Silva
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Public School ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Technological Advances

The almost instantaneous access to information provided by technological advances has revolutionized the behavior of people and of the classrooms too. Teachers had to adapt themselves to new technologies to maintain students interested and attentive to the discipline being taught. In this work, the behavior of the students of the 6th grade of elementary school II during class was observed. The school chosen is a public school in the State of São Paulo (Brazil). The research was based on data collection. The students were observed by being filmed during six months. The results showed that the students were interested in the classes and committed to the activities. The place that the student chooses to sit in the classroom influences the behavior of the teacher, because the more distant the teacher, the less he participates in the class.

Sound-Politics in São Paulo

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Cardoso
Keyword(s):  
Crime Control ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Cultural Rights ◽  
Point Of Entry ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Analytical Category

This book is an ethnographic study of controversial sounds and noise control debates in Latin America’s most populous city. It discusses the politics of collective living by following several threads linking sound-making practices to governance issues. Rather than discussing sound within a self-enclosed “cultural” field, I examine it as a point of entry for analyzing the state. At the same time, rather than portraying the state as a self-enclosed “apparatus” with seemingly inexhaustible homogeneous power, I describe it as a collection of unstable (and often contradictory) sectors, personnel, strategies, discourses, documents, and agencies. My goal is to approach sound as an analytical category that allows us to access citizenship issues. As I show, environmental noise in São Paulo has been entangled in a wide range of debates, including public health, religious intolerance, crime control, urban planning, cultural rights, and economic growth. The book’s guiding question can be summarized as follows: how do sounds enter and leave the sphere of state control? I answer this question by examining a multifaceted process I define as “sound-politics.” The term refers to sounds as objects that are susceptible to state intervention through specific regulatory, disciplinary, and punishment mechanisms. Both “sound” and “politics” in “sound-politics” are nouns, with the hyphen serving as a bridge that expresses the instability that each concept inserts into the other.

scholarly journals Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea Latreille, 1802: new continent record and distribution extension in Brazil

Check List ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Juventina Magrini ◽  
Paula Beatriz Araujo ◽  
Marcio Uehara-Prado
Keyword(s):  
Rio Grande ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Pitfall Traps ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Undescribed Species ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Serra Do Mar ◽  
First Time

Terrestrial Isopods were sampled in four protected Atlantic Forest areas located in Serra do Mar, state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. A total of 2,217 individuals of six species (Atlantoscia sp., Benthana werneri, Pseudodiploexochus tabularis, Pudeoniscus obscurus, Styloniscus spinosus and Trichorhina sp.) were captured in pitfall traps. The exotic species S. spinosus is recorded for the first time for the Americas. Another introduced species, P. tabularis, previously recorded only from the state of Rio Grande do Sul, had its geographic distribution extended to the state of São Paulo. The most abundant isopods in this study belong to an undescribed species of Atlantoscia.

scholarly journals Towards Providing Effective Data-Driven Responses to Predict the Covid-19 in São Paulo and Brazil

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 540
Author(s):  
Fabio Amaral ◽  
Wallace Casaca ◽  
Cassio M. Oishi ◽  
José A. Cuminato
Keyword(s):  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Series Data ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Unified Framework ◽  
Infected People

São Paulo is the most populous state in Brazil, home to around 22% of the country’s population. The total number of Covid-19-infected people in São Paulo has reached more than 1 million, while its total death toll stands at 25% of all the country’s fatalities. Joining the Brazilian academia efforts in the fight against Covid-19, in this paper we describe a unified framework for monitoring and forecasting the Covid-19 progress in the state of São Paulo. More specifically, a freely available, online platform to collect and exploit Covid-19 time-series data is presented, supporting decision-makers while still allowing the general public to interact with data from different regions of the state. Moreover, a novel forecasting data-driven method has also been proposed, by combining the so-called Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered-Deceased model with machine learning strategies to better fit the mathematical model’s coefficients for predicting Infections, Recoveries, Deaths, and Viral Reproduction Numbers. We show that the obtained predictor is capable of dealing with badly conditioned data samples while still delivering accurate 10-day predictions. Our integrated computational system can be used for guiding government actions mainly in two basic aspects: real-time data assessment and dynamic predictions of Covid-19 curves for different regions of the state. We extend our analysis and investigation to inspect the virus spreading in Brazil in its regions. Finally, experiments involving the Covid-19 advance in other countries are also given.

scholarly journals Modelling the impact of delaying vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 assuming unlimited vaccine supply

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Amaku ◽  
Dimas Tadeu Covas ◽  
Francisco Antonio Bezerra Coutinho ◽  
Raymundo Soares Azevedo ◽  
Eduardo Massad
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
The World ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background At the moment we have more than 177 million cases and 3.8 million deaths (as of June 2021) around the world and vaccination represents the only hope to control the pandemic. Imperfections in planning vaccine acquisition and difficulties in implementing distribution among the population, however, have hampered the control of the virus so far. Methods We propose a new mathematical model to estimate the impact of vaccination delay against the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on the number of cases and deaths due to the disease in Brazil. We apply the model to Brazil as a whole and to the State of Sao Paulo, the most affected by COVID-19 in Brazil. We simulated the model for the populations of the State of Sao Paulo and Brazil as a whole, varying the scenarios related to vaccine efficacy and compliance from the populations. Results The model projects that, in the absence of vaccination, almost 170 thousand deaths and more than 350 thousand deaths will occur by the end of 2021 for Sao Paulo and Brazil, respectively. If in contrast, Sao Paulo and Brazil had enough vaccine supply and so started a vaccination campaign in January with the maximum vaccination rate, compliance and efficacy, they could have averted more than 112 thousand deaths and 127 thousand deaths, respectively. In addition, for each month of delay the number of deaths increases monotonically in a logarithmic fashion, for both the State of Sao Paulo and Brazil as a whole. Conclusions Our model shows that the current delay in the vaccination schedules that is observed in many countries has serious consequences in terms of mortality by the disease and should serve as an alert to health authorities to speed the process up such that the highest number of people to be immunized is reached in the shortest period of time.

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