Does the novel coronavirus use the ocular surface as an entrance into the body or as an infection site?

Background: The novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) infection has caused the global emergence of coronavirus in humans during the last 12 months. Till May 11, 2021, the confirmed global COVID-19 cases and deaths reached 158551526 and 3296855, respectively. Methods: Goblet cells and ciliated cells in the nose act as the initial infection site of SARS-CoV-2. Thus, mucus immunity is important to protect from infection. The outburst of SARS-CoV-2 infection can be halted only when an effective vaccine will be developed. Results: Globally, over 100 different vaccines are under investigation, including DNA vaccines, RNA vaccines, inactivated virus vaccines, adenovirus-based vaccines, recombinant/ subunit protein vaccines, peptide vaccines, and virus-like particles etc. Inactivated virus vaccines and mRNA, and adenovirus-based vaccines have moved fast into clinical trials. Conclusion: : Vaccines containing spike protein of SARS-CoV as subunit could effectively prevent binding of coronavirus to the host cell and membrane fusion. Thus, spike protein can be used as a major target for subunit vaccine preparation.

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Respiratory Care in Corona

Psychology and Education Journal ◽

10.17762/pae.v58i2.1890 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 58 (2) ◽

pp. 613-620

Author(s):

Mustafa Amdani, Dr. Swaroopa Chakole

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Human Life ◽

The Body ◽

Respiratory Care ◽

The Novel ◽

Specific Therapy ◽

History Of ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Almost All ◽

The Impact

BACKGROUND The expanse of the coronavirus disease 2019 or COVID-19 is huge. The impact is multispectral and affected almost all aspects of human life. SUMMARY Respiratory impact of the COVID-19 is the most felt and widely reported impact. As the novel coronavirus maintained its history of affecting lungs as seen previously in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak. Ventilators and oxygen support system are required mostly in comorbid patients particularly amongpatientsbearing illnesses like asthma, bronchial impairment and so on. CONCLUSION More study needs to be done in order to assess the impact on the respiratory functioning of the body. Respiratory care must be including proper instruments so that more efficient result can be obtained. Research is needed to promote the invention of specific therapy for targeted action for respiratory functioning improvement.

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The Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19): A Narrative Review

International Journal of Coronaviruses ◽

10.14302/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-20-3373 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 15-52

Author(s):

Baratali Rezapour ◽

Sayed Jalil Musavi ◽

Faezeh Shirzadeh Maleki

Keyword(s):

Food Chain ◽

Signs And Symptoms ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Zoonotic Diseases ◽

The Body ◽

Behavioral Characteristics ◽

The Novel ◽

Ecological Characteristics ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Key Steps

One of the key steps in determining how to prevent the viral disease is to identify the virus. The virus lives in different ways and in different environments. It lives in the air, in the sea, on plants, animals and objects and humans. Some people put humans on the path of developing zoonotic diseases that are specific to animals but also involve people with unhealthy behaviors. In the food chain, each animal is hunted by other animals and feeds on other animals or plants and other objects. Bacteriophages are viruses that kill bacteria. And there are creatures that kill viruses and this is the biological struggle with viruses. When the virus enters the body, it performs a series of activities that lead to a series of symptoms in the patient. These symptoms include the behavior of viruses. These are among the ecological and behavioral characteristics of viruses that need to be fully understood in order to limit viruses and deal with epidemics and pandemics. In this study, we try to reach a conclusion by reviewing the articles that have information about the behavioral (signs and symptoms) and ecological characteristics of viruses and use these findings in order to combat viruses.

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Management of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus and COVID-19

Doctor Ru ◽

10.31550/1727-2378-2021-20-2-11-20 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 11-20

Author(s):

A.V. Andreeva ◽

◽

T.N. Markova ◽

M.B. Antsiferov ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Glucose Monitoring ◽

Primary Objective ◽

The Body ◽

Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽

The Novel ◽

Antihyperglycemic Therapy ◽

Coronavirus Infection ◽

Novel Coronavirus

Objective of the Review: To systematise the information on the incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in patients who had the novel coronavirus infection; on the features of virus mechanism activation and pathological cascades in the body; on potential ways to control blood glucose during COVID-19. Key Points. During the novel coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) associated with high death toll in all countries, specific groups of patients were identified, where the death rate was higher than the mean figures. These groups include DM patients. DM is associated with a high risk of severe coronavirus infection and is the second common comorbidity during COVID-19. DM, degree of its compensation and complications progression impact prognosis, coronavirus infection clinical course and survival. Therefore, effective teamwork of the healthcare professionals and patient is essential. The primary objective of coordination is creation of a clear algorithm of DM management during COVID-19: strict blood glucose monitoring and prompt intensification both of antihyperglycemic therapy and specific ethiopathogenetic management of COVID-19. Conclusion. DM patients require special attention and timely adequate assistance both in outpatient and inpatient settings. Long-term follow-up of DM patients after COVID-19 to minimise the risk of DM complications is also very important. Keywords: COVID-19, diabetes mellitus, novel coronavirus infection.

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Review of the efficacy of HEPA filtered air to control coronavirus risks in cleanrooms

EJPPS EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PARENTERAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES ◽

10.37521/25203 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Tim Sandle

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Respiratory Disease ◽

Large Family ◽

High Energy ◽

Viral Transmission ◽

The Body ◽

The Novel ◽

Enveloped Viruses ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Outer Coating

The risk of viral transmission in the built environment is a matter of concern in the era of the novel coronavirus pandemic, for most of society, given that humans spent the majority of their time indoors. For pharmaceuticals and healthcare, there is an additional concern about working in cleanrooms and the degree to which protective measures are appropriate. With cleanrooms, an important concern is with the efficacy of HEPA filters. This article looks at the risks stemming from SARS-CoV-2 and applies these to the cleanroom context. The article concludes that the cleanroom environment does not contribute to the risk of viral transmission, and certain design aspects can, in fact, reduce the risk compared with other built environments. Characteristics of the novel coronavirus Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV). Coronaviruses are zoonotic, meaning they can be transmitted between animals and people ¹. Coronaviruses are classified as RNA ‘enveloped’ viruses, whereas viruses such as rotavirus, or poliovirus are termed non-enveloped. Enveloped viruses have an envelope or outer coating which is needed by the virus to help it attach to the host cell. If this outer coating is destroyed, for example by a disinfectant, the virus cannot survive. The mode of transmission for enveloped viruses is characterized by the specific virus; however, the most common routes are via indirect or direct contact of infectious virus particles, contact with or inhalation of respiratory droplets ². The specific coronavirus of concern is SARS-CoV-2, with SARS standing for ‘severe acute respiratory syndrome’ and CoV representing ‘coronavirus’. The associated respiratory disease is termed COVID-19 (to represent ‘coronavirus disease 2019). This particular virus can cause severe respiratory disease because cells in the lung are damaged and no longer able to transport oxygen into the bloodstream. Some symptoms of disease such as fever and fatigue result from the activities of the immune system trying to eliminate the infection from the body. Heat (fever) inactivates viruses and fatigue results from the high energy demands of the immune system fighting the virus ³.

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Concept of emergence of a new coronavirus infection

Педиатрическая фармакология ◽

10.15690/pf.v17i6.2203 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (6) ◽

pp. 547-551

Author(s):

Valentina G. Dorofeychouck ◽

Stella A. Sher

Keyword(s):

The Body ◽

The Novel ◽

Review Of Literature ◽

Protective Mechanisms ◽

Functional Connection ◽

Planetary Scale ◽

Treatment And Prevention ◽

Coronavirus Infection ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Genetically Determined

This report presents a brief review of literature and the authors’ concept of the emergence of the novel coronavirus 19 infection. The purpose of the work is to show the significance of lysozyme deficiency in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 based on data from literature sources and the results of the authors’ past studies. The relevance of the study is due to the planetary scale of the spread of coronavirus infection, the appearance of SARS-CoV-2 with new aggressive signs, the difficulties of their treatment and prevention. Anatomo-functional connection of protective mechanisms of lysozyme, mucopolysaccharides of histohaematic barriers with preservation of immune, biochemical and tissue homeostasis is established. The loss of lysozyme, which has genetically determined enzymatic specificity, contributes to the development of damaging processes of immune, biochemical and tissue nature with manifestation in all organs and systems of the body. Inclusion of exogenous lysozyme in basic therapy and prophylaxis COVID-19 is proposed.

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Evaluation of the clinical characteristics of suspected or confirmed cases of COVID-19 during home care with isolation: A new retrospective analysis based on O2O

10.1101/2020.02.26.20028084 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hui Xu ◽

Sufang Huang ◽

Shangkun Liu ◽

Juan Deng ◽

Bo Jiao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Medical Staff ◽

Muscle Soreness ◽

Laboratory Data ◽

Hospitalized Patients ◽

The Body ◽

The Novel ◽

Observation Scale ◽

Medical Observation ◽

New Treatment ◽

Novel Coronavirus

SummaryBackgroundThe recent outbreak of the novel coronavirus in December 2019 (COVID-19) has activated top-level response nationwide. We developed a new treatment model based on the online-to-offline (O2O) model for the home isolated patients, because in the early stages the medical staff were insufficient to cope with so many patients.MethodsIn this single-centered, retrospective study, we enrolled 48 confirmed/suspected COVID-19 patients who underwent home isolation in Wuhan between January 6 and January 31, 2020. By WeChat and online document editing all patients were treated with medical observation scale. The clinical indications such as Fever, Muscle soreness, Dyspnea and Lack of strength were collected with this system led by medical staff in management, medicine, nursing, rehabilitation and psychology.FindingsThe mean age of 48 patients was 39·08±13·88 years, 35(72·9%) were women. Compared with non-hospitalized patients, inpatients were older(≥70years, 2·4% vs 33·3%, P<0·04). All inpatients had fever, 50% inpatients had coughs and showed infiltration in both lungs at the time of diagnosis. 33·3% inpatients exhibited negative changes in their CT results at initial diagnosis. The body temperature of non-hospitalized patients with mild symptoms returned to normal by day 4-5. While dyspnea peaked on day 6 for non-hospitalized patients with mild symptoms, it persisted in hospitalized patients and exacerbated over time. The lack of strength and muscle soreness were both back to normal by day 4 for non-hospitalized patients.InterpretationMonitoring the trends of symptoms is more important for identifying severe cases. Excessive laboratory data and physical examination are not necessary for the evaluation of patients with mild symptoms. The system we developed is the first to convert the subjective symptoms of patients into objective scores. This type of O2O, subjective-to-objective strategy may be used in regions with similar highly infectious diseases to minimize the possibility of infection among medical staff.

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Hyperbaric oxygenation in the implementation of rehabilitation measures after COVID-19 pneumonia

Medsestra (Nurse) ◽

10.33920/med-05-2105-01 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 7-11

Author(s):

Tatyana Nikolaevna Kondratyeva ◽

Natalya Alekseevna Kutalova

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Hyperbaric Oxygenation ◽

The Body ◽

The Novel ◽

Complex Treatment ◽

Coronavirus Infection ◽

Rehabilitation Measures ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

The Impact

The aim of the study was to research the hyperbaric oxygenation effect on the condition of patients in the course of complex treatment aimed at rehabilitation after suffering from COVID-19 pneumonia. Results: the impact of hyperbaric oxygenation on the body of patients who have suffered from the novel coronavirus infection provides a positive dynamics and improves their quality of life. Conclusion: in the process of rehabilitating patients who have undergone the new coronavirus infection, it is necessary to use various physiotherapeutic measures, including hyperbaric oxygenation.

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Cytokine Storm in COVID-19 Patients, their Impact on Organs and the Potential Treatment by QTY Code-Designed Detergent-Free Chemokine Receptors

10.21467/preprints.139 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mujahed I Mustafa ◽

Abdelrahman H Abdelmoneim ◽

Eiman M Mahmoud ◽

Abdelrafie M Makhawi

Keyword(s):

Chemokine Receptors ◽

Protein Modification ◽

The Body ◽

The Novel ◽

Potential Treatment ◽

Cytokine Storm ◽

Respiratory Problems ◽

Human Lungs ◽

Synthetic Proteins ◽

Novel Coronavirus

The novel coronavirus in not only causing respiratory problems, it may also damage the heart, kidneys, liver and other organs; in Wuhan 14 to 30% of COVID-19 patients have lost their kidney function and now require either dialysis or kidney transplants. The novel coronavirus gains entry into humans by targeting ACE2 receptor that found on lung cells, which destroy human lungs through cytokine storms, this leads to hyper-inflammation, forcing the immune cells to destroy healthy cells. This is why some COVID-19 patients need intensive care. The inflammatory chemicals released during COVID-19 infection cause the liver to produce proteins that defend the body from infections. However, these proteins can cause blood clotting, which can clog blood vessels in the heart and other organs; as a result, the organs are deprived from oxygen and nutrients which could ultimately lead to multi-organ failure and subsequent progression to acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome and often death. However, a novel protein modification tool called the QTY code, that are similar in their structure to antibodies, which could provide a solution to excess cytokines, these synthetic proteins can be injected into the body to blind the excess cytokines generated by the cytokine storm; this will eventually remove the excessive cytokines and inhibit the severe symptoms caused by the COVID-19 infection. In this review we will focuses on cytokine storm in COVID-19 patients, their impact on the organs and the potential treatment by QTY code-designed detergent-free chemokine receptors.

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Clinical Characterization of COVID-19

European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences ◽

10.24018/ejmed.2020.2.2.194 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Hassan S. Naji

Keyword(s):

White Blood Cells ◽

Ground Glass Opacity ◽

The Body ◽

World Health ◽

The Novel ◽

The World ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization ◽

Cellular Immune

The world is on the brink of a pandemic due to the Novel coronavirus-19. The World Health Organization (WHO) urged countries all over the world to take necessary measures to control then new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and further limit the overwhelmingly number of people infected and falling ill to the disease. It is widely known that COVID-19 affects the lung causing pneumonia with characteristic ground-glass opacity. Few research studies outlines the effect of the Novel coronavirus on other parts of the body such as stomach, liver, and kidneys. Interestingly, COVID-19 causes a cytokine storm that overwhelms the body leading to inhibition of body’s cellular immune responses by the virus through lowering the white blood cells count specifically lymphocytes, and platelets count. This paper summarizes the effect of COVID-19 on various body organs.

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