scholarly journals Review of the efficacy of HEPA filtered air to control coronavirus risks in cleanrooms

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Sandle
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Large Family ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Viral Transmission ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Enveloped Viruses ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Outer Coating

The risk of viral transmission in the built environment is a matter of concern in the era of the novel coronavirus pandemic, for most of society, given that humans spent the majority of their time indoors. For pharmaceuticals and healthcare, there is an additional concern about working in cleanrooms and the degree to which protective measures are appropriate. With cleanrooms, an important concern is with the efficacy of HEPA filters. This article looks at the risks stemming from SARS-CoV-2 and applies these to the cleanroom context. The article concludes that the cleanroom environment does not contribute to the risk of viral transmission, and certain design aspects can, in fact, reduce the risk compared with other built environments. Characteristics of the novel coronavirus Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV). Coronaviruses are zoonotic, meaning they can be transmitted between animals and people ¹. Coronaviruses are classified as RNA ‘enveloped’ viruses, whereas viruses such as rotavirus, or poliovirus are termed non-enveloped. Enveloped viruses have an envelope or outer coating which is needed by the virus to help it attach to the host cell. If this outer coating is destroyed, for example by a disinfectant, the virus cannot survive. The mode of transmission for enveloped viruses is characterized by the specific virus; however, the most common routes are via indirect or direct contact of infectious virus particles, contact with or inhalation of respiratory droplets ². The specific coronavirus of concern is SARS-CoV-2, with SARS standing for ‘severe acute respiratory syndrome’ and CoV representing ‘coronavirus’. The associated respiratory disease is termed COVID-19 (to represent ‘coronavirus disease 2019). This particular virus can cause severe respiratory disease because cells in the lung are damaged and no longer able to transport oxygen into the bloodstream. Some symptoms of disease such as fever and fatigue result from the activities of the immune system trying to eliminate the infection from the body. Heat (fever) inactivates viruses and fatigue results from the high energy demands of the immune system fighting the virus ³.

Study of immune-mediated mechanisms in patients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2: phenotypic and functional analysis of monocytes and NK cells in the blood of subjects affected by COVID 19 (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Ietto ◽  
Lorenzo Mortara ◽  
Domenico Iovino ◽  
Daniela Dalla Gasperina ◽  
Andreina Baj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Risk Score ◽  
Bystander Effect ◽  
Clinical Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Novel ◽  
External Stimulation ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
Vaccination History ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

UNSTRUCTURED The novel coronavirus has a high mortality rate (over 1% for patients older than 50). This could be only partially ascribed to other comorbidities. Possible explanation could be something which assures the ability to prompt response to SARS-CoV-2 in younger people independently from the novelty of the virus itself. Something stimulated the immune system and it scattered immunity against more antigens. The only external stimulation, which healthy people receive, is vaccination (i.e. diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTP) vaccine). One hypothesis is that vaccination develops the specific immunity but generates a sprouting immunity against antigens in transit. The underlying immunological phenomena are “bystander effect” and “trained immunity”. The developed immunity gives protection for years until the natural fade out. After the fifth decade a viral infection will find immune system almost incompetent and the novel coronavirus bursts into the body, developing an ARDS. The first study’s aim is to demonstrate that monocytes, NK, CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, in patients with severe infection to SARS-CoV-2, show an overpowering hyperactivity. The secondary objectives are to correlate clinical data and vaccination history with laboratory immune pattern, to identify protective factors. Four categories of 30 patients will be analyzed: A) Asymptomatic patients; B) Mildly symptomatic patients: with fever, tiredness, dry cough, diarrhea, ect; C) Patients with diagnosis of pneumonia with “low risk” score; D) Patients with diagnosis of pneumonia with “moderate/high” risk score. Data will be collected using 3 approaches: An experimental analysis to study the innate immune response and to identify the genetic profiles; An epidemiological analysis to identify the patients’ vaccination history; A clinical analysis to detect the immunological profile. We suppose to recognize different populations of patients, each one with a specific immunological pattern in terms of cytokines, soluble factors serum level and immune cells activity. Anamnestic data such as preceding vaccinations and comorbidities, biochemical data findings as lymphocyte immunophenotyping and pre-existing persistent cytomegalovirus infection allow depicting the risk profile of severe COVID-19. The proof of a role of these immunological phenomena on the development of COVID-19 are bases for implementation of therapeutic immunomodulatory treatments.

scholarly journals An outline of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and the complement cascade of immune system

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Padmalochan Hembram
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Main Body ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Transmission Chain ◽  
The World ◽  
Therapeutic Molecules ◽  
Rapid Transmission ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Near Future

Abstract Background Coronavirus disease 19 is a viral infection caused by a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. It was first notified in Wuhan, China, is now spread into numerous part of the world. Thus, the world needs urgent support and encouragement to develop a vaccine or antiviral treatments to combat the atrocious outbreak. Main body of the abstract The origin of this virus is yet unknown; however, rapid transmission from human-to-human “Anthroponosis” has widely confirmed. The world is witnessing a continuous hike in SARS-CoV-2 infection. In light of the outbreak of coronavirus disease 19, we have aimed to highlight the basic and vital information about the novel coronavirus. We provide an overview of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, timeline and its pathophysiological properties which would be an aid for the development of therapeutic molecules and antiviral drugs. Immune system plays a crucial role in virus infection in order to control but may have dark side when becomes uncontrollable. The host and SARS-CoV-2 interaction describe how the virus exploits host machinery and how overactive host immune response can cause disease severity also addressed in this review. Short conclusion Safe and effective vaccines may be the game-changing tools, but in the near future wearing mask, washing hands at regular intervals, avoiding crowed, maintaining physical distancing and hygienic surrounding, must be good practices to reduce and break the transmission chain. Still, research is ongoing not only on how vaccines protect against disease, but also against infection and transmission.

scholarly journals Respiratory Care in Corona

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 613-620
Author(s):  
Mustafa Amdani, Dr. Swaroopa Chakole
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The Body ◽  
Respiratory Care ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Specific Therapy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND The expanse of the coronavirus disease 2019 or COVID-19 is huge. The impact is multispectral and affected almost all aspects of human life. SUMMARY Respiratory impact of the COVID-19 is the most felt and widely reported impact. As the novel coronavirus maintained its history of affecting lungs as seen previously in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak. Ventilators and oxygen support system are required mostly in comorbid patients particularly amongpatientsbearing illnesses like asthma, bronchial impairment and so on. CONCLUSION More study needs to be done in order to assess the impact on the respiratory functioning of the body. Respiratory care must be including proper instruments so that more efficient result can be obtained. Research is needed to promote the invention of specific therapy for targeted action for respiratory functioning improvement.

scholarly journals The Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19): A Narrative Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-52
Author(s):  
Baratali Rezapour ◽  
Sayed Jalil Musavi ◽  
Faezeh Shirzadeh Maleki
Keyword(s):  
Food Chain ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Zoonotic Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Behavioral Characteristics ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Ecological Characteristics ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Key Steps

One of the key steps in determining how to prevent the viral disease is to identify the virus. The virus lives in different ways and in different environments. It lives in the air, in the sea, on plants, animals and objects and humans. Some people put humans on the path of developing zoonotic diseases that are specific to animals but also involve people with unhealthy behaviors. In the food chain, each animal is hunted by other animals and feeds on other animals or plants and other objects. Bacteriophages are viruses that kill bacteria. And there are creatures that kill viruses and this is the biological struggle with viruses. When the virus enters the body, it performs a series of activities that lead to a series of symptoms in the patient. These symptoms include the behavior of viruses. These are among the ecological and behavioral characteristics of viruses that need to be fully understood in order to limit viruses and deal with epidemics and pandemics. In this study, we try to reach a conclusion by reviewing the articles that have information about the behavioral (signs and symptoms) and ecological characteristics of viruses and use these findings in order to combat viruses.

scholarly journals Why Companion Animals Are Beneficial During COVID-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 430-432
Author(s):  
Unnati G Hunjan ◽  
Jayasankara Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Psychological Benefits ◽  
The Status ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health And Well Being

Companion animals and pets can be helpful during the novel coronavirus-19 pandemic. Interactions with them and positive physical contact lead to a variety of physiological and psychological benefits. It also releases biochemicals which can further boost the immune system and enhance health and well-being. This perspective discusses the benefits of these interactions, the modes of interactions and the activities that can be used. It also highlights the individuals that should avoid this approach and the status of the animal’s health before engaging with them.

scholarly journals The Role of Micronutrients to Support Immunity for COVID-19 Prevention

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukhtar H. Ahmed ◽  
Arez Hassan ◽  
Judit Molnár
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
The Body ◽  
World Health ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe World Health Organization declared the novel coronavirus, named as SARS-CoV-2, as a global pandemic in early 2020 after the disease spread to more than 180 countries leading to tens of thousands of cases and many deaths within a couple of months. Consequently, this paper aims to summarize the evidence for the relationships between nutrition and the boosting of the immune system in the fight against the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. This review, in particular, assesses the impact of vitamin and mineral supplements on the body’s defence mechanisms against SARS-CoV-2. The results revealed that there is a strong relationship between the ingestion of biological ingredients like vitamins C–E, and minerals such as zinc, and a reduction in the effects of coronavirus infection. These can be received from either nutrition rich food sources or from vitamin supplements. Furthermore, these macromolecules might have roles to play in boosting the immune response, in the healing process and the recovery time. Hence, we recommend that eating healthy foods rich in vitamins C–E with zinc and flavonoids could boost the immune system and consequently protect the body from serious infections. Graphical Abstract

scholarly journals Exploring the role and mechanism of COVID-19 apps in fighting the current pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Karthikeyan P. Iyengar ◽  
Rachit Jain ◽  
David Ananth Samy ◽  
Vijay Kumar Jain ◽  
Raju Vaishya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Privacy ◽  
Viral Transmission ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Test Track ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
And Control ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
Transmission Test

As COVID-19 pandemic spread worldwide, policies have been developed to contain the disease and prevent viral transmission. One of the key strategies has been the principle of “‘test, track, and trace” to minimize spread of the virus. Numerous COVID-19 contact tracing applications have been rolled around the world to monitor and control the spread of the disease. We explore the characteristics of various COVID-19 applications and especially the Aarogya Setu COVID-19 app from India in its role in fighting the current pandemic. We assessed the current literature available to us using conventional search engines, including but not limited to PubMed, Google Scholar, and Research Gate in May 2020 till the time of submission of this article. The search criteria used MeSH keywords such as “COVID-19,” “pandemics,” “contact tracing,” and “mobile applications.” A variable uptake of different COVID-19 applications has been noted with increasing enrolment around the world. Security concerns about data privacy remain. The various COVID-19 applications will complement manual contact tracing system to assess and prevent viral transmission. Test, track, trace, and support policy will play a key role in avoidance of a “second wave” of the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 outbreak.

scholarly journals Management of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus and COVID-19

Doctor Ru ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
A.V. Andreeva ◽  
◽  
T.N. Markova ◽  
M.B. Antsiferov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
The Body ◽  
Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Antihyperglycemic Therapy ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Objective of the Review: To systematise the information on the incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in patients who had the novel coronavirus infection; on the features of virus mechanism activation and pathological cascades in the body; on potential ways to control blood glucose during COVID-19. Key Points. During the novel coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) associated with high death toll in all countries, specific groups of patients were identified, where the death rate was higher than the mean figures. These groups include DM patients. DM is associated with a high risk of severe coronavirus infection and is the second common comorbidity during COVID-19. DM, degree of its compensation and complications progression impact prognosis, coronavirus infection clinical course and survival. Therefore, effective teamwork of the healthcare professionals and patient is essential. The primary objective of coordination is creation of a clear algorithm of DM management during COVID-19: strict blood glucose monitoring and prompt intensification both of antihyperglycemic therapy and specific ethiopathogenetic management of COVID-19. Conclusion. DM patients require special attention and timely adequate assistance both in outpatient and inpatient settings. Long-term follow-up of DM patients after COVID-19 to minimise the risk of DM complications is also very important. Keywords: COVID-19, diabetes mellitus, novel coronavirus infection.

scholarly journals Role of nutrients regulation in the immune system in preventing COVID-19 infection: A brief review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 760-765
Author(s):  
Anamika Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
The Common ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

This review aimed to focus on using foods to boost immunity against COVID-19 in all age groups. In human, coronavirus causes the common cold, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and a major threat to public health. The novel coronavirus was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization due to its rapid infectivity. COVID-19 infection is most probably reported in people with low immunity response. The nutrients, which show beneficial effects on the immune system, are called immune nutrients and diet is called immune diet. A healthy diet can reduce the risk of infection of COVID-19 and can prevent disease. Nutritional food intake is also necessary for people with chronic illness, obese persons, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cognitive dysfunction like anxiety and depression. All nutrients are essential for maintaining immunity and providing appropriate amounts of protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins, and minerals for the surveillance mode of keeping us from getting sick. The use of plenty of water, minerals such as micronutrients, zinc, copper, selenium, iron, magnesium, food rich in vitamins, and a good lifestyle can promote health and overwhelm this coronavirus infection.

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