scholarly journals The importance of improving free trade in developing countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (17) ◽  
pp. 28-44
Author(s):  
Husnija Tahirović

The subject of this research is a scientific contribution to the promotion of free trade in underdeveloped countries and developing countries, both in theoretical and practical terms. Bearing in mind that the world trade is a young scientific area that has evolved from skill through the methodology of dealing with people in organizations to forms as professions and scientific discipline. Experience shows that developing countries that have understood this and started using scientific achievements in the field of international trade business and free trade, have in practice achieved far faster development than other underdeveloped countries. The promotion of free trade in developing countries is more decades in the circles of interest for numerous economic theorists and practitioners, bearing in mind the fact that free trade is the first-rate factors of the economic development of each country. This paper presents a contribution to the analysis of the competitiveness of free trade in developing countries and persistent analysis compared to developed countries. The paper points to the importance of membership in the World Trade Organization, which entails access to the market, benefits, relief and exemption from customs duties. The starting assumption is that the competitiveness of the economy of countries that are underdeveloped or in development is at a very low level. Therefore, an increase in competition between undeveloped countries would be conditional on an increase in exports and thus developed a more favorable environment for attracting foreign direct investments. This is why the basic message of this scientific research paper is that, with cooperation with international monetary, financial and trade institutions, allow developing countries to open their markets and seize the benefits of engaging in international trade flows . Therefore, on the work of the paper a special emphasis is placed on cooperation with the World Trade Organization, the WTO. The theoretical and empirical foundation of this scientific and research work stems from the realization that investments in the development of free trade are an increasingly significant factor of growth and development of each economy. The experience shows that countries that save on these activities are the ones who are working too little for their present and not for their future. The lack of investment in the promotion of free trade is reduced in the final instance to poverty in the quality of economic development. And the quality of planting and future economic growth is based on programmed production, redistribution and allocation of quality scientific programs with calculated effects on labour productivity, savings and prosperity. Investing in improvement and cooperation with international trade institutions of the current and future leaders of undeveloped countries provides answers to evolving challenges. Improving foreign trade is one of the most cost-effective investments of an underdeveloped state. Knowledge and expertise in the field of foreign trade are the fundamental determiners of the development of the most solemn, the vreiority and the quality of human life in these countries. The entire future of one country is based on science, education and knowledge that liberate the social, economic and cultural difference.Chinese foreign direct investment in the world has long and successful tradition. Over the past decade, China has become one of the largest exporters of foreign investment in the world, including European countries. China's investment in Europe brings a number of benefits in terms of technology, know-how, improving the reputation of existing brands, establishing a logistical market in the European market. Looking from the viewpoint of the host countries, the inflow of Chinese investments brought new economic opportunities, especially in those European countries that had poor economic growth, faced with high unemployment after the Euro crisis. This paper presents global trends of Chinese foreign direct investment, the motives that have prompted Chinese investors to invest in European countries, the needs of the EU for Chinese investment, and good example of attracting Chinese investments in Serbia.

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-384
Author(s):  
Predrag Bjelic ◽  
Ivana Popovic-Petrovic

The development of international trade was very impressive in the second half of 20th century. But even with these great development opportunities that growth of international trade can bring the small number of developed economies had succeeded to ripe benefits from it in order to develop their economies and reduce poverty. Even with the establishment of the World Trade Organization it was apparent that developing countries need assistance in order to integrate fully in international trade system. The Aid for Trade, which is a part of Official Development Assistance focusing on trade, has an aim to help developing countries build their trade capacity and the transport infrastructure so they can use trade as a powerful engine for economic growth. This paper set out to describe this new programme of trade aid developed under the auspices of WTO, as a multilateral project, to point out the readiness of donor countries and aims of beneficiary countries. But we will explore the linkages of Aid for Trade programme with bilateral and regional aid initiatives in the area of trade.


2021 ◽  
pp. 775-812
Author(s):  
Alan Boyle ◽  
Catherine Redgwell

This chapter looks at the relationship between the World Trade Organization (WTO) and international trade in terms of international environmental law. Twenty-five years after the WTO system came into operation it appears that neither trade law nor environmental law have trumped each other. Rather, there has been a process of accommodation which is still ongoing. The chapter ends by making some conclusions on the arguments presented in this book and the issues currently being faced. The current policy of encouraging free trade cannot always be made environmentally friendly and this will always be the case. The problem becomes clear if we consider climate change. Free trade and globalisation by nature exacerbates the difficulties of regulating environmental issues. In addition, one of the key problems with sustainable development as a concept is that there has been too much emphasis on development, and not nearly enough on sustainability, then a policy of promoting free trade is part of that problem.


Upravlenie ◽  
10.12737/8791 ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-79
Author(s):  
Данг ◽  
May An Dang

Foreign investment, especially FDI plays a role more and more important for economic growth and international integration. However, the flux of FDI in the world is influenced by many determinants such as the population, GDP, the education level, the law on intellectual property right… Analyzing these determinants of FDI could contribute to find out the trend of global FDI and the solutions for developing countries to attract more FDI for economic growth.


2004 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 95-111
Author(s):  
Jose L. Tongzon

The World Trade Organization (WTO) (formerly GATT) was established primarily to achieve free trade across the globe based on the principle of non-discrimination and the process of multilateral trade negotiations. The fact that most countries are members of WTO reflects the worldwide belief in the benefits of a global free trade. Despite its achievements since the first round of multilateral trade negotiations was held, the effectiveness of the process has been called into question. Most WTO members are now proposing new regional trading arrangements (RTAs), such as free trade agreements (FTAs). What implication does these RTAs have for the WTO and ASEAN countries? Should ASEAN countries give regionalism priority over the WTO-based multilateral approach? To answer this questions, this paper will first summarize the motivations behind the formation of RTAs before presenting the merits and demerits of RTAs as an approach to achieve universal free trade and maximize developing countries' welfare. It is argued that despite its inherent limitations it is important for ASEAN countries to remain primarily committed to the principles of WTO and the process of multilateral trade negotiations.


2008 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-120
Author(s):  
Nasir Iqbal

International trade around the world is growing rapidly and it is very effective in improving the living standards of a nation, but still free trade faces many critics. They complain that free trade causes harmful economic adjustments, for example increase in unemployment through the closing of factories etc. The critic further object that the World Trade Organisation serves the interests of international corporations, undercuts domestic environment regulations, and erodes America’s sovereignty. Why has global trade become so controversial? Does free trade deserve its bad reputations? These are the questions which inspired the writer to work against these problems. In “Free Trade under Fire”, the author discusses the misconceptions that litter the debate over trade and gives the reader a clear understanding of the issues involved. The aim of this book is to determine the effect of economic, political and legal factors on the trade policy of the United State.


Con-texto ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Kevin J. Fandl

<p>This article brings to the attention of those public servants involved in the design and negotiation of free trade agreements between the United States and developing countries, such as Colombia, the potential benefits and drawbacks of negotiating in a bilateral forum. Rather than critiquing the free trade agreement for its particular provisions, this article examines the U.S. policy of negotiating bilaterally with developing countries as opposed to multilaterally in the world trade system and what effects such an approach might have on the economic development of the latter. Using an incremental policy analysis, the article critiques the bilateral approach in terms of economic development and fair trade negotiations using the recent Colombia-U.S. trade agreement as a case study. The article concludes that a bilateral approach that is disconnected from a broader multilateral context may be detrimental to developing countries and recommends increased oversight of such agreements by the World Trade Organization to ensure a higher degree of fairness.</p>


2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (Sspecial Edition) ◽  
pp. 59-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew McCartney

Pakistan and India were part of that wave of economic liberalization among developing countries from the late 1980s. This paper is about one aspect of that failure to ‘produce the economic magic’, in Pakistan. Pakistan substantially liberalized its international trade after the late 1980s, and contrary to some views managed its exchange rate in an exceptionally clear sighted and prudent manner. In response, Pakistan never experienced sustained and rapid export led-growth. In fact so disappointing was the performance of exports that Pakistan’s degree of integration with the world economy was little higher in 2015 than it had been in 1990. This paper first examines the exciting promise followed by the lackluster performance of trade liberalization. It establishes evidence that the exchange rate was managed in a way that should have helped a more liberalized trading regime contribute to economic growth. The paper explores wider evidence linking trade liberalization to economic growth and argues that the positive relationship is at best only a contingent one. Those contingent factors that have failed to support the positive link between trade liberalization and economic growth in Pakistan are investment, tax revenue, and upgrading/learning.


2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-236
Author(s):  
Sekar Wiji Rahayu ◽  
Fajar Sugianto

AbstractThe creation of free trade provides a large advantage and role in driving the economic growth of a country, especially for developing countries that have abundant natural resources. One of the systems in free trade carried out by countries in the world in buying and selling produce is known as an export-import system. Where the seller is usually referred to as an exporter and the buyer is referred to as an importer. Like the general trading system, in international trade there are also obstacles that can be detrimental to one party and / or several parties in conducting international trade. These obstacles can be in the form of tariff barriers and / or non-tariff barriers. Non-tariff barriers can take the form of certain discriminations imposed by a particular country, both to protect the value of its production and to redevelop the product into something of even higher value. Both are pursed on one thing, hedging. Discrimination is also imposed by the European Union against the ban on imports of Palm Oil from Indonesia on the grounds that Palm Oil has a negative impact on the environment. Bearing in mind the European Union is one of the countries active in Environmental Health campaigns. Discrimination is also carried out by Indonesia to stop all exports of Nickel Ore and / or other minerals to the European Union with the consideration to hedge minerals that have not been downstreamed. Based on the discrimination actions, the two countries plan to submit complaints and complaints to the World Trade Organization (WTO) as a form of the two countries' objections to the policies taken.Keywords: international trade; mineral downstreaming; oil palmAbstrakTerciptanya perdagangan bebas memberikan keuntungan serta peran yang besar dalam mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi suatu negara, khususnya bagi negara-negara berkembang yang memiliki Sumber Daya Alam (SDA) yang melimpah. Salah satu sistem dalam perdagangan bebas yang dilakukan oleh negara-negara di dunia dalam melakukan jual-beli hasil produksi dikenal sebagai sistem ekspor-impor. Dimana pihak penjual lazimnya disebut sebagai eksportir dan pihak pembeli disebut sebagai importir. Selayaknya sistem perdagangan pada umumnya, di dalam perdagangan internasional juga terdapat hambatan-hambatan yang dapat merugikan satu pihak dan/atau beberapa pihak dalam yang melakukan perdagangan internasional. Hambatan tersebut dapat berupa hambatan tarif dan/atau hambatan non tarif. Hambatan non tarif dapat berupa diskriminasi-diskriminasi tertentu yang diberlakukan oleh suatu negara tertentu, baik untuk melindungi nilai produksinya maupun untuk mengembangkan kembali produk tersebut menjadi sesuatu yang lebih tinggi lagi nilainya. Keduanya mengerucut pada satu hal, yakni lindung nilai. Diskriminasi tersebut juga diberlakukan oleh Uni Eropa terhadap pelarangan impor Kelapa Sawit dari Indonesia dengan alasan bahwa Minyak Kelapa Sawit menimbulkan dampak yang buruk terhadap lingkungan. Mengingat Uni Eropa merupakan salah satu negara yang aktif dalam kampanye-kampanye kesehatan lingkungan. Aksi diskriminasi juga diberlakukan oleh Indonesia untuk menghentikan seluruh ekspor Bijih Nikel dan/atau mineral lainnya kepada Uni Eropa dengan pertimbangan untuk melakukan lindung nilai terhadap mineral-mineral yang belum di hilirisasi. Atas tindakan-tindakan diskiriminasi tersebut, kedua negara berencana untuk mengajukan keluhan dan gugatan ke World Trade Organization (WTO) sebagai bentuk keberatan kedua negara terhadap kebijakan-kebijakan yang diambil.Kata kunci: hilirisasi mineral; kelapa sawit; perdagangan internasional


2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsuo Matsushita ◽  
Y.S. Lee

In recent decades, free trade agreements have been proliferated and have become a major part of the global trading system, along with the multilateral framework represented by the World Trade Organizations. This article discusses some of the major issues with FTA in relation to the WTO disciplines and also examines their implications for developing countries from the perspective of economic development. A global FTA network is proposed as a means to coordinate different, often conflicting rules among different FTAs and to promote common interests and concerns of developing countries.


Author(s):  
Rafael Rosa Cedro

This article explores three distinct analytical approaches that offer insights for reflection on the issue of international trade – comparative advantages, dependency theory and GCC/GVC analyses – as a way of providing a critique of the functioning of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its alleged defense of free trade as an engine for development.


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