Parameterization of Directional Spectra and Its Influence on Ship Motion Predictions

1993 ◽  
Vol 37 (02) ◽  
pp. 138-147
Author(s):  
Ross Graham ◽  
Barbara-Ann Juszko
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Data ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Ship Motion ◽  
Flight Operations ◽  
Modeling Accuracy ◽  
Directional Wave ◽  
Made In

An approach to parameterizing directional spectra proposed by Hogben & Cobb based on a combination of the Ochi & Hubble 6-parameter spectrum and the Longuet-Higgins et al cos2p model is adopted for a study of directional parameterizations and their influence on ship motion predictions. Two schemes for evaluating the directional spreading parameters are assessed in terms of their ability to reproduce highly resolved measured directional spectra, and the best approach, termed the 10-parameter spectrum, is adopted. The applicability of the 10-parameter spectrum to hindcast spectra is investigated, and acceptable fits obtained for 93% of the spectra considered. An evaluation of the ability of the hindcast model to reproduce the measured spectral data is also made. In general, it is found that the differences between the hindcast spectra and associated 10-parameter fits are significantly smaller than the differences between the hindcast spectra and the field data, and it is concluded that the 10-parameter spectrum is a suitable basis for developing statistical descriptions of directional wave climates. The effects of directional parameterization on ship motion predictions are investigated by computing the ship responses as a function of heading for sample hindcast spectra, and the associated 10-parameter and Bretschneider 2-parameter spectra. The responses calculated using the 10-parameter spectrum are found to be in better agreement with the hindcast results than those obtained with the Bretschneider 2-parameter spectrum, with a significant improvement in modeling accuracy in the case of bi-modal spectra. The potential advantages of incorporating the 10-parameter spectrum in future operability analyses of flight operations is examined by comparing the head-to-wind roll response computed using hindcast spectra with that predicted using 10-parameter and Bretschneider spectra.

On the Early Cambrian age of two late orogenic granites from. west-central Ahaggar (Algerian Sahara)

1969 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Boissonnas ◽  
S. Borsi ◽  
G. Ferrara ◽  
J. Fabre ◽  
J. Fabries ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Early Cambrian ◽  
Basement Complex ◽  
West Central ◽  
Algerian Sahara ◽  
Igneous Activity ◽  
Made In

The Pharusian belt of west-central Ahaggar belongs to the 'basement complex' underlying the Paleozoic and later sediments of the Sahara. This paper reports and discusses the Rb–Sr ages obtained on total rocks and minerals from two granitic stocks of the belt: the Tioueiine and Iskel intrusions.Both plutons gave good whole-rock isochrons, which show that the systems were closed 560 ± 40 m.y. ago with respect to Rb and Sr. This is, most probably, the age of crystallization. Three of the four values obtained on biotites are somewhat lower and scattered in the range 502–526 m.y. The discrepancies are probably due to deuteric reactions or incipient weathering. They can be ascribed neither to the loss of 87Sr during the cooling down of the granites, nor to rejuvenation by some later thermal or tectonic event.These studies confirm previous results of random sampling in Ahaggar and prove that large-scale igneous activity took place during the Early Cambrian Epoch. Knowing from field data that the Tioueiine and Iskel are late orogenic granites, it must be concluded that the Pharusian orogeny came to an end at that time.Such a result contradicts early assumptions, made in the field, of a middle Precambrian age for the Pharusian orogeny. It gives further weight to modern ideas concerning the 700–500 m.y. events in Africa, and it leaves time for erosion to create the Saharian platform before the deposition of the first Paleozoic sandstones.

scholarly journals HARBOR STUDY FOR SAN NICOLAS BAY, PERU

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (12) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
James M. Keith ◽  
Emmett J. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Particle Velocity ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Wave Action ◽  
Ship Motion ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Wave Property ◽  
Directional Wave ◽  
Detailed Interpretation ◽  
Wave Phenomena ◽  
Insight Into

A pair of ducted impeller current meters, one mounted vertically and the other horizontally, were used to measure wave action at San Nicolas Harbor, Peru The horizontal water velocity records are superior to conventional wave records because they measure directly the wave property which induces adverse horizontal ship motion, and provide directional wave data Spectral analysis methods proved well-suited to detailed interpretation of the particle velocity records, while considerable insight into the wave phenomena was gained by simple, rational inspections and interpretations of the records Time-lapse movies of a moored ship, when correlated with simultaneous water particle velocity records, provided an exceptionally clear picture of ship response to wave action, and led to the rather surprising observation that long-period ship motion is not necessarily caused by long-period waves The foregoing ship response was duplicated in hydrau1ic model tests.

Real-Time Estimation of Directional Wave Spectra Using Non-Stationary Ship Motion Data

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshio Iseki
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Processes ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Ship Motion ◽  
Wave Spectra ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Motion Data ◽  
Stationary Stochastic Processes ◽  
Real Time Estimation ◽  
Directional Wave

The Bayesian modeling procedure is modified for real-time estimation of directional wave spectra using non-stationary ship motion data. The assumption of stationary stochastic processes is applied to the seaway, but not to ship response because it also depends on ship maneuvers. Ship response is strongly affected by changes in the encounter angle and frequency of waves. Therefore, it is need to be a real-time algorithm that can deal with non-stationary stochastic processes and estimate the directional wave spectra. In the proposed algorithm, the iterative calculations of the non-linear equations were optimized and the convergence was not achieved at every time step, but was achieved gradually over several time steps. In order to examine the reliability of the proposed method, real-time estimation was conducted by using the data of onboard experiments. Comparisons between the results of the proposed algorithm and a wave monitoring radar system show good agreements.

scholarly journals Possibilities of developing sheep which suckle from several teats

1988 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 608-619
Author(s):  
K. Maijala ◽  
B. Kyle
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Average Distance ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Systematic Experiment ◽  
Teat Number ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Finnish Study ◽  
Made In ◽  
Daily Milk

Because of the increasing need for ewes which can rear more than two lambs adequately and without shepherding, studies were made in Finland (F), New Zealand (N. Z.) and Ireland on criteria relating the development of such ewes. The Finnish study was based on small trials in 1963—66 and in 1985—88 and on field data from the 1980’s. Data of Vainikainen (1945) was also used. In N.Z., a more systematic experiment has been carried out since 1984, while in Ireland a small study of teat parameters was made in 1985. The frequency of ewes with supernumerary teats (ST) in Finnsheep and Coopworth was ca. 20 %. The frequency of six-teated animals increased with selection for teat number. In Finland, about ½ of the 4-teated ewes had milk-yielding STs. Six-teated ewes in N.Z. gave 30—40 % of their daily milk from the STs. The N.Z. Coopworths seemed to have a »multiple lamb image»; multiple lambs tended to be closely bonded and sucked together, leading to higher success rates than when sucking individually. Heritability of teat number in N.Z. was 0.6. The lengths of STs were more variable than those of main teats, and their mean length ca. half of that of main teats. The average distance of STs from the main teats in Finnish trials was ca. 20 mm (range 1—50mm); the length and separation of teat pairs were correlated, although this was not the case in several flocks studied in Ireland.

The use of station and field tests for the improvement of milking performance in dairy cattle. I. Variation in milk yield and butterfat in test station records

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. M. Hinks
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Specific Object ◽  
Heritability Estimates ◽  
Made In

A study of variation in milk yield and butterfat has been undertaken, using the test station records of almost 5 000 first-calf cows of three dairy breeds.The general object of the investigation was to provide a background for a more comprehensive examination of the important productive characteristics of dairy cattle, and of the use of different sire-testing procedures for their improvement; the specific object was to consider the possible causes of large sire components and heritability estimates that have been observed in all analyses of test station production data, and the reasons why the station and field tests of a bull do not always correspond.Large heritability estimates for milk yield, fat yield and fat percentage were obtained in the Danish Red and Black Pied breeds, but the corresponding estimates in the Jerseys (0·31, 0·48 and 0·58 respectively) were similar in size to the values normally obtained for these traits in field data.The pre-selection of heifer recruits to the stations, and breed differences in the intensity of selection applied to the productive characteristics, were considered and dismissed as causes of abnormal sire components, in the light of results obtained from field data which indicated that the heritability of milk yield in the Jerseys was not lower than in the other two breeds (0·26, 0·37 and 0·36 in Danish Reds, Black Pied and Jersey).It was suggested that differences between records made in test stations and records made in farmers' herds may be caused by differences in milking efficiency, by differences in culling practices in the two environments, and by the effects of age, season at calving and contemporaneity. Other investigations have established that these factors may have a large influence on the variance components of the production traits, and all of them would repay further investigation.

scholarly journals VERIFICATION OF A MODIFIED BAYESIAN METHOD FOR ESTIMATING DIRECTIONAL WAVE SPECTRA FROM HF RADAR

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (32) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukijanto Lukijanto ◽  
Noriaki Hashimoto ◽  
Masaru Yamashiro
Keyword(s):  
Field Data ◽  
Bayesian Method ◽  
Wave Spectrum ◽  
Coastal Engineering ◽  
Hf Radar ◽  
Ocean Wave ◽  
Wave Spectra ◽  
Directional Spectrum ◽  
Radio Science ◽  
Directional Wave

A Modified Bayesian Method (MBM) for estimating directional wave spectra from Doppler spectra obtained by HF radar is examined using field data which were employed in the verification of Bayesian Method (BM). Applicability, validity and accuracy of the MBM are demonstrated compared with the directional wave spectra estimated by BM and observed by buoy acquired from the reliable field data obtained from Surface Current and Wave Variability Experiments (SCAWVEX) project. The necessary conditions of the Doppler spectral components to be used to estimate a reliable directional spectrum are correspondingly estimated by BM. The results clearly demonstrate that directional wave spectra can be estimated by MBM on the basis of Doppler spectra. In addition, though BM shows very time consuming in computations, BM is more robust against the presence of noise than MBM. References Akaike, H. (1980). Likelihood and Bayesian procedure, Bayesian statistics. In J.M. Bernardo, M.H. De Groot, D.U. Lindley, and A.F.M. Smith (Eds.), 143-166. Valencia: University Press. PMid:6252024 Barrick, D. E. (1972a). First order theory and analysis of MF/HF/VHF scatter from sea. IEEE Trans., Antennas Propagation, 20, 2-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TAP.1972.1140123 Barrick, D. E. (1977). Extraction of wave parameters from measured HF radar sea-echo Doppler spectra. Radio Science, 12(3), 415–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/RS012i003p00415 Crombie, D. (1955). Doppler spectrum of sea echo at 13.56Mc/s. Nature, 175, 681-682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/175681a0 Hashimoto, N. and Kobune, K. (1986). Estimation of directional spectra from the maximum entropy principle. Proceedings of 5th International Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering Symposium, 1, 80-85. Hashimoto, N., Kobune, K., and Kameyama, Y. (1987). Estimation of directional spectrum using the Bayesian approach, and its application to field data analysis. Report of P.H.R.I., 26(5), 57-100. Hashimoto N., and Tokuda M., (1999): A Bayesian Method Approach for Estimation of Directional Wave Spectra with HF radar, Coastal Engineering Journal, vol. 41, 137-147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0578563499000097 Hashimoto, N., Wyatt, L and Kojima, S. (2003): Verification of Bayesian Method for Estimating Directional Spectra from HF Radar Surface. Coastal Engineering Journal, 45(2), 255-274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0578563403000725 Hashimoto, N., Lukijanto, and Yamashiro, M. (2008). Development of a practical method for estimating directional spectrum from HF radar backscatter. Annual Journal of Coastal Engineering (in Japanese), 55(1), 1451-1455. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/proce1989.55.1451 Hisaki, Y. (1996). Nonlinear inversion of the integral equation to estimate ocean wave spectra from HF radar. Radio science, 31(1), 25-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95RS02439 Howell, R., and Walsh, J. (1993). Measurement of ocean wave spectra using a ship mounted HF radar. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 18(3), 306-310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JOE.1993.236369 Lipa, B. J. and Barrick, D.E. (1982) : Analysis Methods for Narrow-Beam High-Frequency Radar Sea Echo, NOAA Technical Report ERL 420-WPL 56, 1-55. Lukijanto, Hashimoto, N., and Yamashiro, M. (2009a). Further modification practical method for estimating directional wave spectrum by HF radar. Proc. of 19 th ISOPE, 898-905. Lukijanto, Hashimoto, N., and Yamashiro, M. (2009b). An improvement of Modified Bayesian Method for estimating directional wave spectra from HF radar backscatter. Proceedings of 5 th APAC (Asian and Pacific Coasts), 105-111. Lukijanto, Hashimoto, N., and Yamashiro, M. (2009c). A comparison of analysis methods for estimating directional wave spectrum from HF ocean radar. Journal of Memoirs of the Faculty of Engineering, 69(4). Kyushu University, 163-185. Wyatt, L.R. (1990). A relaxation method for integral inversion applied to HF radar measurement of the ocean wave directional spectrum. International Journal Remote Sensing, 11(8), 1481-1494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431169008955106 Wyatt, L. R. Gurgel, K.W., Peters, H.C., Prandle, D., Krogstad, H.E., Haug, O., Gerritsen, H., Wensink, G.J. (1997b). The SCAWVEX Project. Proceedings of WAVES97, ASCE.

scholarly journals Indicator for peat natural recovery in Sebangau National Park in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 914 (1) ◽  
pp. 012034
Author(s):  
T Setyawati ◽  
N Julianti ◽  
Pratiwi ◽  
B Mulyanto ◽  
A Subiakto
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fires ◽  
Vegetation Structure ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
National Park ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Initial Condition ◽  
Central Kalimantan ◽  
Burned Areas ◽  
Drainage Canals ◽  
Made In

Abstract Most of the existing peatland area in Indonesia is degraded mainly due to human activities. This, in association with the construction of drainage canals, resulted in a lower water table compared to its natural condition, causing many changes. Although the criteria for damage and recovery have already been articulated into several existing regulations, yet the indicators for recovery have not been widely studied. For effective restoration, managers need to have basic data related to the initial condition of damaged areas or at least have data on areas that are able to recover naturally without human assistance. Random sampling was used to collect field data on vegetation structure and composition, including direct interviews with the resource persons. Observations made in several locations within the Sebangau National Park indicated that some areas are recovering naturally and relatively fast, although some are not. During 2017 forest fires, only 98.03 ha or burned areas were recorded. This can be seen from the species composition and the vegetation structure covering the studied area. Conditions in the field indicate that all peat forests have been fragmented through the existence of canals which are used for various activities.

scholarly journals New data on the ecology and geographic distribution of Saguinus inustus Schwarz, 1951 (Primates, Callitrichidae)

2010 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Valsecchi ◽  
TM. Vieira ◽  
JS. Silva Júnior ◽  
ICM. Muniz ◽  
AA. Avelar
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Field Data ◽  
New Records ◽  
Neotropical Primates ◽  
Species Ranges ◽  
The North ◽  
Mammal Diversity ◽  
Forest Habitats ◽  
Solimões River ◽  
Made In

Saguinus inustus (Schwarz, 1951) is one of the neotropical primates least studied. The distribution of the species ranges from the north of the Solimões River, between the Negro and Japurá Rivers in Brazil, and Guayabero-Guaviare Rivers in Colombia. Nevertheless, due to the low number of specimens collected from the lower Japurá and lower Negro Rivers areas, the geographic distribution is so far poorly delineated. In this study, field data was composed of sightings and the collection of specimens during a survey of mammal diversity in the Amana Sustainable Development Reserve (ASDR). For this survey, two 40-day expeditions were carried out in 2004. The first one occurred during the flooded season in June and July, and the second was during the peak of the dry season in October. Direct sightings were made through hiking along transects, navigation along water channels with a 30-hp speedboat, and gliding along flooded trails in the forest. New records of S. inustus were made in 11 different localities in ASDR. The study has confirmed the presence of the species in the Amanã area, carrying out the first records of the species in flooded forest habitats.

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