scholarly journals Time does tell: An analysis of observable audience responses from the 2016 American presidential campaigns

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 368-387
Author(s):  
Ewan J. K. Goode ◽  
Peter Bull
Keyword(s):  
Response Rate ◽  
Response Type ◽  
Response Form ◽  
Duration Of Response ◽  
Audience Responses ◽  
Single Response ◽  
Different Response ◽  
Composite Response ◽  
Rate Frequency ◽  
Type Response

In this study a microanalysis of OAR (Observable Audience Responses) in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election was conducted. OAR were coded into dimensions including response rate (frequency per minute), response type, and categorised as either a unitary (a single response), composite (two or more simultaneous response types) or sequential (a unitary or composite response that is followed by a different response type) response form. It was found that U.S. audiences made use of all three response forms (unitary, composite, and sequential) and that certain response forms had been under-represented when contrasted with findings from previous research. This study was also the first to measure the duration of OAR in the context of an election, and it was observed that response form significantly affected the duration of response. It was inferred from this that the audiences might select different responses as a means to control the force of reply. This study failed to replicate previous research that had found a correlation between response rate (affiliative OAR per minute) and voter share on polling day, but instead found a stronger, significant correlation between the duration of OAR and voter share. It was interpreted that duration of OAR may be a superior indicator of wider voter enthusiasm as it captures the length of response as well as the incidence.

Determinants of Operant Behaviour in Humans: Some Differences from Animals

1978 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Fergus Lowe ◽  
Peter Harzem ◽  
Sara Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Operant Behaviour ◽  
Schedules Of Reinforcement ◽  
Digital Clock ◽  
Response Measures ◽  
Single Response ◽  
Different Response ◽  
Increasing Function

The performance of human subjects was investigated on fixed-interval (FI) schedules of reinforcement where responses meeting the schedule requirement produced points, later exchanged for money. For one group (the conventional FI condition) presses on a single response-panel were reinforced according to an FI schedule. For another group the procedure was the same as in the conventional FI condition, except that each response also illuminated a digital clock for 0.5 s. A third group responded on two panels; presses on one panel produced reinforcement on an FI schedule, and presses on the second panel illuminated the digital clock for 0.5 s. Responding in the conventional FI condition varied considerably both within and between subjects and different response measures showed no systematic relationship with FI value. For subjects in the other two groups, the pattern of responding on the clock-illuminating panel was scalloped, showing a pause after reinforcement followed by an accelerated response rate; the post-reinforcement pause was an increasing function, and running rate (calculated after excluding the post-reinforcement pause) was a decreasing function, of the value of the FI schedule. The data were compared with results of animal studies on FI schedules and some of the factors which affect performance on these schedules were analysed.

474 Multiple combinational strategies of immunotherapy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: one institutional experience in Taiwan since 2016

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (Suppl 3) ◽  
pp. A505-A505
Author(s):  
Jo-Pai Chen ◽  
Wei-Chen Lu ◽  
Ruey-Long Hong
Keyword(s):  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Clinical Benefit ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
List Type ◽  
Duration Of Response ◽  
Institutional Experience

BackgroundEsophageal squamous cell carcinoma is still a health burden in Taiwan. In R/M setting, the prognosis becomes worse. ESCC is still an immunogenic cancer. In randomized 2nd line ATTRACTION-3 study(nivolumab vs taxane after PF failure), median OS improved from 8.4 months in chemotherapy to 10.9 months in nivolumab(HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.62–0.96; p =0.019). The median duration of response was 3.9 months and 6.9 months. Nivolumab is a new 2nd line option for ESCC.MethodsFrom early 2016 to early 2020, 15 advanced ESCC patients had ever received immunotherapy-containing regimens in Yun-lin Branch of National Taiwan University Hospital and were analyzed.ResultsThe overall response to immunotherapy-containing regimens was 60%(9/15) and clinical benefit was 80%(12/15). 2nd line nivolumab was given in 3 cases; response rate was33% and clinical benefit was 67%. 2nd line afatinib combined with anti-PD1 was given in 9 case; response rate was 67% and clinical benefit was 78%. The response rate of 2nd line afatinib & pembrolizumab was 75%(3/4); however, Gr. III pneumonitis & Gr. II hepatitis were noted in the patient with progression. The response rate of 2nd line afatinib & nivolumab was 60%(3/5) and clinical benefit was 80%(4/5); skin rash and diarrhea were often found. 1st line afatinib combined with anti-PD1 was given in 3 patients; response rate was 67% and clinical benefit was 100%. The response rate of 1st line afatinib & nivolumab was 100%(2/2).ConclusionsEGFR TKIs have multiple immuno-modulatory effects and may increase immunotherapy benefits in ESCC. Anti-PD1 and anti-CTLA4, another possible rationale, could bring more benefits maybe in 1st line CheckMate649 study.AcknowledgementsNilTrial RegistrationN/AEthics ApprovalN/AConsentWritten informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this abstract and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor of this journal.ReferencesNil

Sequential versus Alternating Regimens in the Treatment of Advanced Breast Cancer

1989 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar Fernández Giachella ◽  
Carlos Gálvez ◽  
Carlos Rufino ◽  
Adelina Rufino ◽  
Federico Morera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Advanced Breast Cancer ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Advanced Breast ◽  
The Other ◽  
Trial Group ◽  
Duration Of Response ◽  
Group A ◽  
Alternate Forms ◽  
Group B

With the object of proving whether seqeuntial or alternate forms of chemotherapy would be advantageous one over the other in treating advanced breast cancer and with the purpose of evaluating two different anthracyclines at equimolecular doses in the above-mentioned alternating regimens, 250 patients who had received no prior chemo- or hormonotherapy were entered in a prospective randomized trial. Group A was administered 4-epiadriamycin and cyclophosphamide for 8 courses, followed by 6 cycles of CMF, and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) from the beginning of therapy until progression. In group B, adriamycin + cyclophosphamide were alternated with CMF every two courses until 14 cycles were completed. Group C received 4'-epiadriamycin + cyclophosphamide alternated with CMF for 14 courses. In groups B and C, MPA was administered as in group A. Two hundred and twenty-four patients were evaluated. CR+PR were observed in 55.8 % of group A, 43.4 % of group B, and 46.4 % of group C. Median duration of responses was 16 months (m) in group A, 13 m in group B and 20 m in group C., and median survival (CR + PR) was 16.5 m in group A, 16 m in group B and 24 m in group C. There were no statsitically significant differences among the three groups in terms of response rate, duration of response and survival; furthermore, toxicity was moderate in all groups. At equimolecular doses there were no differences between adriamycin and epirubicin in the alternating schedules.

scholarly journals Melflufen and Dexamethasone in Heavily Pretreated Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma

2020 ◽  
pp. JCO.20.02259
Author(s):  
Paul G. Richardson ◽  
Albert Oriol ◽  
Alessandra Larocca ◽  
Joan Bladé ◽  
Michele Cavo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Overall Survival ◽  
Overall Response Rate ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Progression Free Survival ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Duration Of Response ◽  
Heavily Pretreated ◽  
Grade 3

PURPOSE Melphalan flufenamide (melflufen) is a first-in-class peptide-drug conjugate that targets aminopeptidases and rapidly and selectively releases alkylating agents into tumor cells. The phase II HORIZON trial evaluated the efficacy of melflufen plus dexamethasone in relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM), a population with an important unmet medical need. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with RRMM refractory to pomalidomide and/or an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody received melflufen 40 mg intravenously on day 1 of each 28-day cycle plus once weekly oral dexamethasone at a dose of 40 mg (20 mg in patients older than 75 years). The primary end point was overall response rate (partial response or better) assessed by the investigator and confirmed by independent review. Secondary end points included duration of response, progression-free survival, overall survival, and safety. The primary analysis is complete with long-term follow-up ongoing. RESULTS Of 157 patients (median age 65 years; median five prior lines of therapy) enrolled and treated, 119 patients (76%) had triple-class–refractory disease, 55 (35%) had extramedullary disease, and 92 (59%) were refractory to previous alkylator therapy. The overall response rate was 29% in the all-treated population, with 26% in the triple-class–refractory population. In the all-treated population, median duration of response was 5.5 months, median progression-free survival was 4.2 months, and median overall survival was 11.6 months at a median follow-up of 14 months. Grade ≥ 3 treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in 96% of patients, most commonly neutropenia (79%), thrombocytopenia (76%), and anemia (43%). Pneumonia (10%) was the most common grade 3/4 nonhematologic event. Thrombocytopenia and bleeding (both grade 3/4 but fully reversible) occurred concomitantly in four patients. GI events, reported in 97 patients (62%), were predominantly grade 1/2 (93%); none were grade 4. CONCLUSION Melflufen plus dexamethasone showed clinically meaningful efficacy and a manageable safety profile in patients with heavily pretreated RRMM, including those with triple-class–refractory and extramedullary disease.

Gemcitabine in the Treatment of Refractory Hodgkin’s Disease: Results of a Multicenter Phase II Study

2000 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 2615-2619 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Santoro ◽  
H. Bredenfeld ◽  
L. Devizzi ◽  
H. Tesch ◽  
V. Bonfante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hodgkin's Disease ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Hodgkin’S Disease ◽  
Autologous Bone Marrow ◽  
Disease Status ◽  
High Dose Chemotherapy ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Efficacy Analysis ◽  
Duration Of Response ◽  
Heavily Pretreated

PURPOSE: To explore the use of gemcitabine for the treatment of patients with relapsing or refractory Hodgkin’s disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eligible patients had measurable disease and more than one previous chemotherapy regimen. Patients previously treated with high-dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow or peripheral stem-cell support were not included. Gemcitabine, 1,250 mg/m2, was administered as a 30-minute intravenous infusion on days 1, 8, and 15 of each 28-day cycle of therapy. The dosing schedule remained fixed, and any dose of gemcitabine that could not be given on time was omitted. Patients who had not experienced any hematologic or nonhematologic toxicity after one complete cycle of therapy were permitted to have subsequent doses increased by 20%: that is, from 1,250 mg/m2 to 1,500 mg/m2. RESULTS: Of the 23 enrolled patients, 22 were assessable for response; all 23 patients were included in the efficacy analysis. Disease status for two patients (9%) reached a state of complete remission, and seven patients (30%) achieved a partial response, for an overall response rate of 39% (95% confidence interval, 19.7% to 61.5%). The likelihood of achieving a response was not influenced by a patients’ main pretreatment characteristics or by their response to their last prior chemotherapy. The median duration of response was 6.7 months (range, 2 to 33+ months), and the median overall survival time was 10.7 months (range, 4 to 34.7+ months). In general, toxicities were mild; no treatment-related deaths occurred, and only one life-threatening adverse event was reported for this study. CONCLUSION: Gemcitabine was shown to be active in heavily pretreated patients with Hodgkin’s disease, producing a response rate of 39%. Additionally, drug-related toxicities were mild, which thus suggests the possible inclusion of gemcitabine in an earlier phase of treatment.

Phase II trial of oxaliplatin as first-line chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer patients. Digestive Group of French Federation of Cancer Centers.

1998 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 2739-2744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Bécouarn ◽  
M Ychou ◽  
M Ducreux ◽  
C Borel ◽  
F Bertheault-Cvitkovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Ii ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Phase Ii Trial ◽  
Sensory Neuropathy ◽  
Progression Free Survival ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Duration Of Response ◽  
Grade 3 ◽  
Colorectal Cancer Patients ◽  
Peripheral Sensory

PURPOSE To evaluate the objective tumor response rate and safety profile of oxaliplatin when administered to patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 39 patients were entered onto this phase II trial. One patient was excluded for having had a second cancer, so the study was based on 38 patients. Patients were treated with oxaliplatin 130 mg/m2 as a 2-hour infusion on day 1, every 21 days. Patients were assessed for response every three courses. All clinical and radiologic data were reviewed by an external panel of experts, with their assessment being considered definitive. RESULTS Nine partial responses (PRs) were observed (response rate, 24.3%; 95% confidence interval, 11.8% to 41.2%). The median duration of response was 216+ days. Fifteen patients (40.5%) had stable disease and 13 (35.2%) had progressive disease. The median progression-free survival time for all patients was 126+ days (range, 21 to 447+). The main toxicity was peripheral sensory neuropathy. Grade 3 neurotoxicity (National Cancer Institute common toxicity criteria [NCI-CTC]) was reported in 13%. Hematologic and gastrointestinal toxicities were mild. The incidence of grade 3 neutropenia was 5.2%, while that of grade 3 or 4 thrombopenia was 7.9%. Vomiting (grade 3 or 4) occurred in 7.9% of patients and grade 3 diarrhea in 2.6%. CONCLUSION This phase II study provides clear evidence of the safety and efficacy of oxaliplatin monotherapy at this dose and schedule in patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal carcinoma.

scholarly journals How Well Do Core Faculty Understand The Emeregency Medicine Milestones?

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 160-162
Author(s):  
Randy Sorge ◽  
Simiao Li-Sauerwine ◽  
Jorge Fernandez ◽  
Gene Hern
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Medicine ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Program Directors ◽  
Electronic Media ◽  
Survey Tool ◽  
Core Faculty ◽  
Poor Understanding ◽  
Competency Based ◽  
Single Response

Introduction: It is unclear how emergency medicine (EM) programs educate core faculty about the use of milestones in competency-based evaluations. We conducted a national survey to profile how programs educate core faculty regarding their use and to assess core faculty’s understanding of the milestones. Methods: Our survey tool was distributed over six months in 2017 via the Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors (CORD) listserv. Responses, which were de-identified, were solicited from program directors (PDs), assistant/associate program directors (APDs), and core faculty. A single response from a program was considered sufficient. Results: Our survey had a 69.7% response rate (n=140/201). 62.9% of programs reported educating core faculty about the EM Milestones via the distribution of physical or electronic media. Although 82.6% of respondents indicated that it was important for core faculty to understand how the EM Milestones are used in competency-based evaluations, respondents estimated that 48.6% of core faculty possess “fair or poor” understanding of the milestones. Furthermore, only 50.7% of respondents felt that the EM Milestones were a valuable tool. Conclusion: These data suggest there is sub-optimal understanding of the EM Milestones among core faculty and disagreement as to whether the milestones are a valuable tool.

scholarly journals The Efficacy of Cladribine (2-CdA) in Advanced Systemic Mastocytosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 661-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Helbig ◽  
Anna Koclęga ◽  
Władysław B. Gaweł ◽  
Martyna Włodarczyk ◽  
Marek Rodzaj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Overall Response Rate ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Systemic Mastocytosis ◽  
Median Number ◽  
Hemoglobin Level ◽  
Median Dose ◽  
Skeletal Involvement ◽  
Duration Of Response ◽  
Hematological Neoplasm ◽  
Number Of Cycles

Abstract Systemic mastocytosis (SM) is a rare clonal disorder with multi-organ involvements and shortened life expectancy. To date, no curative treatment for SM exists. Cladribine (2-CdA) is a purine analogue showing activity against neoplastic mast cells and its use was found to be effective in some patients with SM. Nine patients (six males and three females) with advanced SM at median age of 63 years (range 33–67) who received at least one course of 2-CdA were included in a retrospective analysis. Study patients were classified as having aggressive SM (ASM; n = 7) and SM with an associated hematological neoplasm (SM-AHN; n = 2). The “C” findings were as follows: (1) absolute neutrophil count (ANC) < 1 × 109/l (n = 1) and/or hemoglobin level < 10 g/dl (n = 4) and/or platelet count < 100 × 109/l (n = 4); (2) hepatomegaly with ascites (n = 4); (3) skeletal involvement (n = 2); (4) palpable splenomegaly with hypersplenism (n = 3) and (5) malabsorption with weight loss (n = 5). Treatment consisted of 2-CdA at dose 0.14 mg/kg/day intravenously over a 2-h infusion for 5 consecutive days. Median dose per cycle was 45 mg (range 35–60). Median number of cycles was 6 (range 1–7). Overall response rate (ORR) was 66% (6/9 pts) including three partial responses and three clinical improvements. ORR was 100% and 66% for SM-AHN and ASM, respectively. Median duration of response was 1.98 years (range 0.2–11.2). At the last contact, five patients died, four have little disease activity, but remain treatment- free. 2-CdA seems to be beneficial in some patients with SM, however the response is incomplete.

Bleomycin, Vincristine, Mitomycin and Cisplatin Alternated with Cyclophosphamide, 4'-Epidoxorubicin and Procarbazine in Advanced Non-small-cell Lung Cancer

1988 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 563-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romano Demicheli ◽  
Giorgio Bonciarelli ◽  
Antonio Jirillo ◽  
Federico Lonardi ◽  
Mario Balli
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Small Cell Lung Cancer ◽  
Cell Lung Cancer ◽  
Overall Response Rate ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Small Cell Lung ◽  
Duration Of Response ◽  
One Year ◽  
Improve Patient

Thirty-eight patients with histologically confirmed non-small-cell lung cancer were treated with bleomycin, vincristin, mitomycin and cisplatin (BOMP) alternated with cyclophosphamide, 4'-epidoxorubicin and procarbazine (CEP). Twenty patients were randomized to start the treatment with BOMP and 18 with CEP. Patients underwent a median of 4 cycles (range, 1-8). The overall response rate was 36% with 2 clinical complete responses. The median duration of response was 6.5 months, the median survival time was 7.5 months, and 37% of patients survived for more than one year. The comparison between the two arms of this study and between this study and a previous investigation on the effectiveness of BOMP suggests that CEP regimen added to BOMP does not significantly improve patient outcome.

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