scholarly journals Amazon false cedar: a substitute for medium-density timbers from vulnerable species

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 29-37
Author(s):  
Danielle Das Flores de Sales ◽  
Bruno Monteiro Balboni ◽  
Alessandra Silva Batista ◽  
Victor Hugo Pereira Moutinho
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
Apparent Density ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Cedrela Odorata ◽  
Medium Density ◽  
Swietenia Macrophylla ◽  
Timber Plantations ◽  
Bonding Surface

Some Amazon timber species, such as Cedrela odorata and Swietenia macrophylla, are considered vulnerable due to overexploitation. Cedrelinga cateniformis, known as false cedar, has a medium-density wood that may replace species under great commercial pressure. We have assessed some physical (basic and apparent density; tangential, radial, and volumetric shrinkage) and mechanical properties (resistance to parallel compression, shear, static bending, and static bending stiffness), as well as the shear strength in the bonding surface. With an average apparent density of 0.721 g/cm³, the C. cateniformis wood presented density and shrinkage classified as medium and anisotropy coefficient of 1,654. The mechanical properties were similar or superior to higher density woods. C. cateniformis fits the C20 resistance class, with the potential to substitute species such as Couratari oblongifolia, Vochysia maxima, Cedrela odorata, and Swietenia macrophylla. The shear strength in the bonding surface was lower than that of solid wood and the wood failure percentage was below the recommended. However, the results indicate that it is possible to find an efficient bond when evaluating different bond pressures. C. cateniformis have also a high potential for timber plantations, due to its ecological characteristics, for instance, resistance against the Meliacea shoot borer and association with mycorrhiza.

scholarly journals Selección de Árboles Semilleros en Plantaciones Forestales de la Península de Santa Elena. Ecuador.

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Valladolid Ontaneda ◽  
Ángel León Mejía ◽  
Daniel Paredes Flores
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Cedrela Odorata ◽  
Gmelina Arborea ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Swietenia Macrophylla ◽  
Cordia Alliodora ◽  
Santa Elena ◽  
Number Of Seeds ◽  
Selection Of

El estudio de selección de árboles semilleros se realizó en las comunas Olón, Dos Mangas y Salanguillo del cantón Santa Elena, provincia de Santa Elena, Ecuador. El objetivo del estudio fue, identificar, caracterizar y seleccionar árboles semilleros de especies maderables con buenas características morfológicas, y que permitan disponer de semillas para trabajos de propagación de especies forestales en viveros con fines de reforestación. El estudio se inicia con la identificación y ubicación de plantaciones forestales de varias especies forestales establecidas entre los años 2000 a 2005, en las plantaciones se evaluaron las características dasométricas y morfológicas, las que permitieron seleccionar 11 árboles con características morfológicas deseables correspondientes a cinco especies forestales laurel blanco(Cordia alliodora), laurel negro(Cordia megalantha), caoba (Swietenia macrophylla), cedro (Cedrela odorata) y melina (Gmelina arbórea); cada árbol fue georreferenciado utilizando coordenadas UTM Datum WGS 1984 Zona 17M. La cantidad de semillas que pueden producir dichas especies forestales es proyectada por año la cual servirá como referencia para establecer programas de reforestación con materiales propios y adaptados a las condiciones ambientales en la provincia de Santa Elena Abstract  The study of selection of seed trees was carried out in the Olón, Dos Mangas and Salanguillo communes of the canton Santa Elena, Santa Elena province, Ecuador. The objective of the study was to identify, characterize and select seedlings of timber species with good morphological characteristics, and to allow seeds to be used for the propagation of forest species in nurseries for reforestation purposes. The study began with the identification and location of forest plantations of several forest species established between 2000 and 2005, on the plantations, the dasometric and morphological characteristics were evaluated, allowing the selection of 11 trees with desirable morphological characteristics corresponding to five forest species White laurel (Cordia alliodora), black laurel (Cordia megalantha), mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), cedar (Cedrela odorata) and melina (Gmelina arborea); Each tree was georeferenced using coordinates UTM Datum WGS 1984 Zone 17M. The number of seeds that can produce these forest species is projected per year which will serve as a reference to establish reforestation programs with their own materials and adapted to the environmental conditions in the province of Santa Elena.

NIRS IDENTIFICATION OF SWIETENIA MACROPHYLLA IS ROBUST ACROSS SPECIMENS FROM 27 COUNTRIES

IAWA Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 420-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria C.J. Bergo ◽  
Tereza C.M. Pastore ◽  
Vera T.R. Coradin ◽  
Alex C. Wiedenhoeft ◽  
Jez W.B. Braga
Keyword(s):  
Species Identification ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Cedrela Odorata ◽  
Swietenia Macrophylla ◽  
Classification Rate ◽  
Tropical Timber ◽  
Carapa Guianensis ◽  
Country Level

Big-leaf mahogany is the world’s most valuable widely traded tropical timber species and Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) has been applied as a tool for discriminating its wood from similar species using multivariate analysis. In this study four look-alike timbers of Swietenia macrophylla (mahogany or big-leaf mahogany), Carapa guianensis (crabwood), Cedrela odorata (cedar or cedro) and Micropholis melinoniana (curupixá) have been successfully discriminated using NIRS and Partial Least Squares for Discriminant Analysis using solid block and milled samples. Species identification models identified 155 samples of S. macrophylla from 27 countries with a correct classification rate higher than 96.8%. For these specimens, the NIRS spectrum variation was more powerful for species identification than for determining provenance of S. macrophylla at the country level.

scholarly journals Physical and mechanical properties of impregnated polystyrene jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba) glulam

2021 ◽  
Vol 891 (1) ◽  
pp. 012007
Author(s):  
Y S Hadi ◽  
E N Herliyana ◽  
I M Sulastiningsih ◽  
E Basri ◽  
R Pari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Glued Laminated Timber ◽  
Anthocephalus Cadamba

Abstract Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba) laminas were impregnated with polystyrene and reached 21.2% polymer loading. The laminas were manufactured for three-layer glued laminated timber (glulam) using isocyanate glue with glue spread 280 g/m2 and cold-press process. For comparison purposes, untreated glulam as control and also solid wood were prepared. The physical-mechanical properties were evaluated according to the Japanese Agricultural Standard (JAS) 234-2003. The results showed that the color of glulam was not different from polystyrene glulam. The density of polystyrene glulam was higher than untreated glulam and solid wood, but the moisture content was lower than the other. The product kinds of solid wood, untreated glulam, and polystyrene glulam did not affect shear strength and modulus of rupture (MOR), while the modulus of elasticity (MOE) of untreated glulam and hardness of polystyrene glulam were the highest values and the other products were not different one each other. Both kinds of glulam fulfilled the Japanese standard in terms of moisture content, MOR, and delamination in hot water, but MOE and shear strength did not. Regarding its advantages, polystyrene glulam could be further developed using a higher wood density.

Bonding of birch solid wood of sawmill surface roughness with use of selected thermoplastic biopolymers

2019 ◽  
Vol 106 ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
ANETA GUMOWSKA ◽  
GRZEGORZ KOWALUK
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Bonding Material

Bonding of birch solid wood of sawmill surface roughness with use of selected thermoplastic biopolymers. The aim of the research was to determine the shear strength and in-wood damage share of the birch lamellas of the surface shaped by rotary saw cutting and bonded with use of selected thermoplastic biopolymers, like polylactide (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL), as well as with use of polypropylene (PP) as a reference bonding material. The results show that the highest mechanical properties have been achieved in case of PLA used as a binder.

RESISTÊNCIA À FLEXÃO ESTÁTICA E À COMPRESSÃO PARALELA DO BAMBU-MOSSÔ (Phyllostachys pubescens)

FLORESTA ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Strzelecki Berndsen ◽  
Ricardo Jorge Klitzke ◽  
Djeison Cesar Batista ◽  
Eduardo Mauro do Nascimento ◽  
Fabiano Ostapiv
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Apparent Density ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Moso Bamboo ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Phyllostachys Pubescens ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Stem Position

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o efeito da posição do colmo e da idade nas propriedades mecânicas de flexão estática e compressão paralela às fibras do bambu-mossô (Phyllostachys pubescens), correlacionando a densidade aparente com as propriedades avaliadas. Os corpos de prova utilizados nos ensaios foram produzidos de material laminado colado, adaptados segundo a norma para madeira sólida ASTM D143-96, seguindo as proporções mantidas por Ahmad (2000). Os resultados apresentaram tendência crescente da resistência na flexão estática com a idade e com a posição do colmo em termos absolutos. Para os ensaios de compressão paralela às fibras, a resistência à compressão (fc) e o MOE tiveram a mesma tendência de aumento da resistência com a idade e com a posição. Os ensaios demonstraram estatisticamente que não houve efeito significativo da interação entre a idade e a posição do colmo. A densidade aparente apresentou uma correlação linear e positiva no teste de flexão estática quanto aos valores do MOR e do MOE, assim como no teste de compressão paralela às fibras para a resistência à compressão (fc) e para o MOE. Baixos coeficientes de correlação foram obtidos entre a densidade aparente e as propriedades mecânicas estudadas.AbstractCompressive strength and flexure of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens). The aim of this study was to determine the mechanical properties of bending and compression parallel to grain of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) and analyze the effect of stem position and age on these properties. It was also studied the correlation between the bulk density and mechanical properties. The tests used specimens produced in glued laminated material, adapted according to ASTM D143 solid wood-96 norm, following proportions maintained by Ahmad (2000). The results revealed increasing trend of resistance in bending with age and stem position in absolute terms. In relation to compression tests parallel to grain, the compression strength (fc) and the MOE had the same tendency to increase resistance with age and with the position. The tests revealed that there was no statistically significant interaction between age and culm position. The apparent density of bamboo revealed a positive and linear correlation in bending test at MOR and MOE, as well as at parallel compression test to the fibers for the compression force (fc) and the MOE. Low correlation coefficients had been obtained between the focused apparent density and mechanical properties.Keywords: Mechanical properties; age; position of the culm.

scholarly journals Study on Mechanical Properties of Tropical Timber Hardwood Species: Promoting Javanese Inferior Timbers for Traditional Wooden Houses

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-54
Author(s):  
Yulianto P. Prihatmaji ◽  
Akihisa Kitamori ◽  
Satoru Murakami ◽  
Kohei Komatsu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
Shear Modulus ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Wood Material ◽  
Tropical Timber ◽  
Teak Wood

Recent earthquake hitting Java Island in Indonesia has caused many damaged to Javanese wooden houses, including Joglo-type building. The Traditional wooden houses use Teak wood or locally known as Jati (Tectona grandis) and Nangka wood (Artocarpus heterophyllus) as the primary construction material for both building structure and ornaments. Repair or reconstruction of the damaged house needs the same wood material (Teak wood) in order to get the same strength, durability, and prestige. Unfortunately, obtaining Teak wood in sufficient size is difficult because of limited quantity and very expensive price. Therefore, promoting substitute wood material having similar mechanical properties to Teak wood is needed. To understand the mechanical properties of timber for Javanese timber house, compression test, three point bending test, four point bending test and four point shear test were carried out in radial and tangential direction.In this paper, authors showed substitute wood materials for avanese timber houses from tropical timber. A total of 840 specimens made from 9 tropical timber species were tested. All tropical timber specimens showed that the MOE (Modulus of elasticity) had strong relationship with density. There was a clear trend that smaller density indicated smaller MOE. Yield stress described strong relationship with densities. From all specimens tested, shear modulus, shear strength and MOR showed quite strong relationship with densities. In terms of shear modulus, Acacia, Jati and Nangka had quite similar mechanical properties. For shear strength, Nangka closely resembled Jati while glued-Acacia had equal mechanical properties to Jati in terms of MOR.

A Review of Shear Properties for Malaysian Tropical Timber in Structural Size

2021 ◽  
Vol 1025 ◽  
pp. 325-333
Author(s):  
Muhammad Bazli Faliq Mohd Puaad ◽  
Zakiah Ahmad ◽  
Nurul Faiizin Abdul Aziz ◽  
Adrina Rosseira Abu Talip ◽  
Mohd Hanafie Yasin
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
Shear Modulus ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Torsion Test ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Shear Properties ◽  
Tropical Timber ◽  
Structural Size ◽  
Numerous Data

In recent years, the studies on producing data on physical and mechanical properties of Malaysian timber specimens have evolved from small clear specimen to structural size specimen, where most of the research method was based on the American Standard Testing Manual ASTM D198. Numerous data regarding mechanical properties on structural size specimen have been produced through this method, such as bending and compression test. Unfortunately, studies on shear properties on structural size timber are very scarce. It has reviewed that the global timber researchers are focusing to produce data on shear properties of European timber species such as Oak, Spruce and Pine where both shear strength and shear modulus data were obtained from bending and torsion test. Furthermore, from the review of the existing literature, it is clear that there is no proper studies focusing on development of shear properties of Malaysian tropical timber, especially torsion test in accordance with EN 408:2010. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the shear properties (shear strength and shear modulus) of Malaysian Tropical Timber in large size.

scholarly journals Color Change and Physical-Mechanical Properties of Polystyrene-Impregnated Glulam from Three Tropical Fast-Growing Wood Species

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1420
Author(s):  
Yusuf Sudo Hadi ◽  
Dede Hermawan ◽  
Ignasia Maria Sulastiningsih ◽  
Efrida Basri ◽  
Gustan Pari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
Wood Species ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Acacia Mangium ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Plantation Forest ◽  
Rubber Wood

The aims of this work were to determine the color change and physical–mechanical properties of polystyrene glulam from three tropical wood species. Wood laminas were cut from logs harvested from a young plantation forest of manii (Maesopsis eminii), mangium (Acacia mangium), and rubber-wood (Hevea brasiliensis). The laminas were impregnated with monomer styrene that was polymerized using potassium peroxy-disulfate as a catalyst and heat. Three-layer glulam was constructed from the polystyrene laminas, using isocyanate glue and cold press. For comparison purposes, three-layer untreated glulam and solid wood samples were prepared. The results showed that the color change of polystyrene glulam was very small compared with untreated glulam. Polystyrene glulam had the highest density, while the density of untreated glulam did not differ from that of the solid wood. The moisture content of all products was matched to the environment, and fulfilled the Japanese standard. Compared with both types of glulams, solid wood had lower values for modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and hardness, but higher shear strength. Meanwhile, polystyrene glulam had lower values for MOR and MOE, equal shear strength and wood failure, and higher hardness than the untreated glulam. All glulams had very little delamination in the hot water test. Only rubber-wood glulams fulfilled JAS 234-2003 for MOR, MOE, shear strength, and delamination. To obtain adequate physical–mechanical properties of glulams, medium-density wood is recommended for glulam manufacturing.

ALUMINUM 220

Alloy Digest ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Casting Alloy ◽  
Aluminum Casting ◽  
Aluminum Casting Alloy ◽  
Temperature Performance ◽  
Aluminum Company

Abstract ALUMINUM 220 is a 10% magnesium-aluminum casting alloy having the highest combination of mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and machinability. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, tensile properties, and compressive and shear strength as well as fatigue. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as casting, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Al-112. Producer or source: Aluminum Company of America.

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