The Devonian-Carboniferous Boundary At Guar Sanai, Kampung Guar Jentik, Perlis: An Updated Map And Stratigraphic Section

The Sanai Hill B outcrop, exposed at Kampung Guar Jentik, Beseri district, Perlis, exposes one of the best-preserved Devonian-Carboniferous boundary successions in Malaysia. A new geologic map for the locality is presented, which is based on better exposure of the outcrop due to active quarrying, and was constructed using a combination of aerial drone imagery, three-dimensional photogrammetry, Google Earth satellite imagery and traditional field methods. The sedimentary strata include the Silurian Mempelam Limestone, the Lower Devonian Timah Tasoh Formation, the Upper Devonian Sanai Limestone, the Lower Carboniferous Telaga Jatoh Formation and the Lower Carboniferous Chepor Member of the Kubang Pasu Formation. The Devonian-Carboniferous boundary is marked by the contact between the Sanai Limestone and the Telaga Jatoh Formation. It shows an abrupt change from carbonate to siliceous (chert) deposition, with the contact represented by a paraconformity. This unconformity can be correlated to the Devonian-Carboniferous unconformity in the Kanthan Limestone of Perak. It can also be identified in many sections throughout the Western Belt, including in southern Thailand, Langkawi, Kedah, Perak and the Selangor-Kuala Lumpur area. The unconformity can be linked to a eustatic sea level fall at the end of the Devonian. N-S trending imbricate reverse faults and repeated sections have been interpreted as evidence for collisional tectonics associated with the Late Triassic Indosinian Orogeny. E-W trending normal faults mark a Tertiary extensional phase.

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Seismic characteristics of polygonal fault systems in the Great South Basin, New Zealand

Open Geosciences ◽

10.1515/geo-2020-0177 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 851-865

Author(s):

Sukonmeth Jitmahantakul ◽

Piyaphong Chenrai ◽

Pitsanupong Kanjanapayont ◽

Waruntorn Kanitpanyacharoen

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Late Eocene ◽

Seismic Survey ◽

Fault System ◽

Normal Faults ◽

Tier 2 ◽

South Basin ◽

Fault Systems ◽

Tier 1 ◽

Polygonal Fault

AbstractA well-developed multi-tier polygonal fault system is located in the Great South Basin offshore New Zealand’s South Island. The system has been characterised using a high-quality three-dimensional seismic survey tied to available exploration boreholes using regional two-dimensional seismic data. In this study area, two polygonal fault intervals are identified and analysed, Tier 1 and Tier 2. Tier 1 coincides with the Tucker Cove Formation (Late Eocene) with small polygonal faults. Tier 2 is restricted to the Paleocene-to-Late Eocene interval with a great number of large faults. In map view, polygonal fault cells are outlined by a series of conjugate pairs of normal faults. The polygonal faults are demonstrated to be controlled by depositional facies, specifically offshore bathyal deposits characterised by fine-grained clays, marls and muds. Fault throw analysis is used to understand the propagation history of the polygonal faults in this area. Tier 1 and Tier 2 initiate at about Late Eocene and Early Eocene, respectively, based on their maximum fault throws. A set of three-dimensional fault throw images within Tier 2 shows that maximum fault throws of the inner polygonal fault cell occurs at the same age, while the outer polygonal fault cell exhibits maximum fault throws at shallower levels of different ages. The polygonal fault systems are believed to be related to the dewatering of sedimentary formation during the diagenesis process. Interpretation of the polygonal fault in this area is useful in assessing the migration pathway and seal ability of the Eocene mudstone sequence in the Great South Basin.

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Study on Three-Dimensional Visual Simulation for Inter-Basin Water Transfer Project

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.2523 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 256-259 ◽

pp. 2523-2527

Author(s):

Qian Wei Wang ◽

Rui Rui Sun ◽

Wei Ping Guo

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Google Earth ◽

Water Transfer ◽

Digital Model ◽

Water Diversion ◽

Visual Simulation ◽

Channel Water ◽

North Water ◽

Basin Water

With regards to the characteristics of inter-basin water transfer projects, a 3d visual simulation (Three-Dimensional Visual Simulation, 3DVS) method for inter-basin water transfer project was proposed. A virtual reproduction of the entire project and its topography is achieved. The supplement of the three-dimensional topographic data was completed by Civil 3D combinedwith Google Earth. In this paper, the 3D digital model of inter-basin water transfer project is established using 3ds Max. Based on the established digital model, the simulation of channel water were realized .The Yuzhou section of South-to-North Water Transfer Project is taken as a case study. 3D visual simulation provides an effective way for the construction management and decision-making for inter-basin water diversion project.

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Kajian Kualitas Permukiman Kawasan Pesisir Kecamatan Marobo Kabupaten Muna

JAGAT (Jurnal Geografi Aplikasi dan Teknologi) ◽

10.33772/jagat.v5i2.21525 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 149

Author(s):

Halija Halija ◽

Jufri Karim ◽

Sawaludin Sawaludin

Keyword(s):

Physical Condition ◽

Coastal Area ◽

Residential Buildings ◽

Residential Building ◽

Earth Satellite ◽

Google Earth ◽

Wall Material ◽

Floor Area ◽

Medium Quality

Abstrak: Penataan ruang kawasan pesisir harus dipandang sebagai upaya dalam peningkatan kualitas kawasan fisik dan kesejahteraan masyarakat.Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini, yaitu tidak berfungsinya drainase secara optimal belum terdapatnya sarana mandi, cuci, kakus (MCK) dan kondisi faktor fisik rumah yang masih berstruktur kayu dan semi permanan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini, yaitu: (1) menganalisis kondisi fisik permukiman kawasan pesisir; (2) menganalisis kualitas permukiman kawasan pesisir dan merumuskan strategi pemecahan masalah permukiman kawasan pesisir Kecamatan Marobo Kabupaten Muna. Metode penelitian ini, yaitu: (1) kondisi fisik permukiman diketahui dengan melakukan interpertasi citra satelit Google Earth:(2)kualitas permukimandiketahui denganpendekatan keruangan dengan menggunakan Sistem Informasi Geografi pada aplikasi ArcGIS dengan melakukan teknik analisis scoring. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: (1)nilai kelayakan bangunan rumah hunian Desa Marobo, yaitu 70% dengan luas lantai >7,2, skor 5 bisa di kategorikan cukup luas, kemudian kelurahan Paroha 50 %, dengan luas lantai >7,2 skor 3, Kelurahan Wadolau nilai kelayakan bangunan rumah hunian, yaitu 30% dengan luas lantai >7,2 skor 2 dan terakhir Kelurahan Tapi-Tapi nilai kelayakan bangunan rumah hunian, yaitu <10% dengan luas lantai>7,2 skor 1, sehingga bisa di kategorikan cukup kecil/sempit; (2) permukiman penduduk di Pesisir Desa Tapi-Tapi, Desa Wadolau, dan Desa Marobo didominasi oleh rumah nelayan, dengan luas pekarangan dan luas rumah tinggal cukup kecil/sempit. Kondisi fisik rumah tinggal penduduk di Kecamatan Marobo termasuk kategori semipermanen yang tercermin dari jenis bahan dinding rumah yang mayoritas terbuat dari papan kayu berkualitas sedang.Kata kunci: kondisi fisik, kualitas permukiman, kawasan pesisirAbstract: Coastal spatial planning must be seen as an effort to improve the quality of physical areas and the welfare of the community. The problem in this study are the drainage does not function optimally, among others there are no facilities for bathing, washing, latrines and the physical condition of the house which is still structured in wood and semi-permanent. The purpose of this study are: (1) to analyze the physical condition of the coastal area settlement in Marobo District Muna Regency; (2) to analyze the quality of coastal area settlements and formulate strategies for solving the problem of coastal area settlements in Marobo District Muna Regency. The research methods are: (1) the physical condition of the settlement is known by interpreting Google Earth satellite imagery; (2) settlement quality is known by spatial approach using Geographic Information Systems with ArcGIS by conducting a scoring analysis technique. The results of this study are: (1)the feasibility value of Marobo Village residential building is 70% with a floor area >7,2 score 5 can be categorized quite broadly, Paroha Village 50%, with a floor area >7,2 score 3 Wadolau Village the feasibility value of residential building is 30% with a floor area >7,2, score 2 and lastly the Tapi-Tapi Village feasibility value of residential buildings is <10% with a floor area >7,2 score 1 so that it can be categorized quite small/narrow; (2) the residential settlements in the Tapi-Tapi Village, Wadolau Village and Marobo Village are dominated by fishermen's houses, with a large yard area and a small/narrow residential area. The physical condition of resident houses in Marobo District belongs to the semi-permanent category, which is reflected in the type of wall material of the house which is mostly made of medium quality wood plasterKeywords: physical condition, quality of settlements, coastal area

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Virtual and Space Tourism as New Trends in Travelling at the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su14020628 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 628

Author(s):

Michał Roman ◽

Robert Kosiński ◽

Kumar Bhatta ◽

Arkadiusz Niedziółka ◽

Andrzej Krasnodębski

Keyword(s):

Public Space ◽

New Technologies ◽

Space Station ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Google Earth ◽

Alternative Form ◽

Original Form ◽

Space Tourism ◽

The World

The first European COVID-19 infection was recorded in February 2020, and Poland followed in mid-March. Restrictions were imposed on traveling between states and using public space. These movement restrictions forced a search for new, often innovative, forms of tourism. Google Earth virtual reality (VR), Google Street View, and the Chernobyl VR Project are just some of the selected opportunities to create virtual tours. Different activities using VR mean that people can experience the illusion of travelling in time and space, outside of their everyday surroundings, in a digitally constructed three-dimensional (3D) environment, for cognition or entertainment. Therefore, this study aimed to present virtual and space tourism as new traveling trends during various crise,s such as health, economic, etc. A diagnostic survey with a developed questionnaire was conducted in June and July 2021 in Poland. A total of 564 fully answered responses were collected from randomly selected respondents. We found that around 82% of Polish people were aware of VR technology, and 70% believed that new technologies determine VR tourism development. VR presents the possibility of travelling to places that no longer exist in their original form, but have been reconstructed only in VR. Around 75% of the respondents agreed that VR tourism plays an essential role in tourism promotion in Poland and throughout the world. Moreover, VR and augmented tourism lets us visit fictitious and dangerous, politically restricted, and geographically as well as economically difficult destinations. For example, our results revealed that many people want to experience North Korea, the USA, Antarctica, Syria, etc. At the same time, people recommended the NASA space station as a visiting destination using VR and augmented reality. VR offers an alternative form of tourism during crises and pandemics such as COVID-19. We found over 26% of the respondents were satisfied with contemporary tourists’ cognitional needs during VR sightseeing. More than 87% of the respondents believed that VR tourism cannot substitute real-world tourism in the long run. However, VR tourism will be more beneficial for developing countries facing difficulties in economic aspects, and easier than attaining visas to enter developed countries. Furthermore, virtual sightseeing may also constitute an alternative for people who are disabled or sick, and who cannot undertake the effort of active tourism and explore tourist resources of the world on their own.

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Virtual mapping and analytical data integration: a teaching module using Precambrian crystalline basement in Colorado's Front Range (USA)

Geoscience Communication ◽

10.5194/gc-4-421-2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 421-435

Author(s):

Kevin H. Mahan ◽

Michael G. Frothingham ◽

Ellen Alexander

Keyword(s):

Analytical Data ◽

Earth Satellite ◽

Google Earth ◽

Crystalline Basement ◽

Field Observations ◽

Front Range ◽

Student Groups ◽

Input Field ◽

Holistic Understanding ◽

Mapping Exercise

Abstract. The COVID-19 pandemic hindered the ability to conduct field geology courses in a hands-on and boots-on traditional manner. In response, we designed a multi-part virtual field module that encompasses many of the basic requirements of an advanced field exercise, including designing a mapping strategy, collecting and processing field observations, synthesizing data from field-based and laboratory analyses, and communicating the results to a broad audience. For the mapping exercise, which is set in deformed Proterozoic crystalline basement exposed in the Front Range of Colorado (USA), student groups make daily navigational decisions and choose stations based on topographic maps, Google Earth satellite imagery, and iterative geological reasoning. For each station, students receive outcrop descriptions, measurements, and photographs from which they input field data and create geologic maps using StraboSpot. Building on the mapping exercise, student groups then choose from six supplements, including advanced field structure, microstructure, metamorphic petrology, and several geochronological datasets. Because scientific projects rarely end when the mapping is complete, the students are challenged to see how samples and analytical data may commonly be collected and integrated with field observations to produce a more holistic understanding of the geological history of the field area. While a virtual course cannot replace the actual field experience, modules like the one shared here can successfully address, or even improve on, some of the key learning objectives that are common to field-based capstone experiences while also fostering a more accessible and inclusive learning environment for all students.

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Geometrical characterisation of fault arrays in three dimensions

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-15228 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Vincent Roche ◽

Giovanni Camanni ◽

Conrad Childs ◽

Tom Manzocchi ◽

John Walsh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Full Range ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Normal Faults ◽

Fault Geometry ◽

Surface Geometry ◽

Fault Surface ◽

Mechanical Stratigraphy ◽

Quantitative Basis ◽

Geometry Analysis

<p>Normal faults are often complex three-dimensional structures comprising multiple sub-parallel segments separated by intact or breached relay zones. In this study we outline geometrical characterisations capturing this 3D complexity and providing a semi-quantitative basis for the comparison of faults and for defining the factors controlling their geometrical evolution. Relay zones are classified according to whether they step in the strike or dip direction and whether the relay zone-bounding fault segments are unconnected in 3D or bifurcate from a single surface. Complex fault surface geometry is then described in terms of the relative numbers of different types of relay zones to allow comparison of fault geometry between different faults and different geological settings. A large database of 87 fault arrays compiled primarily from mapping 3D seismic reflection surveys and classified according to this scheme, reveals the diversity of 3D fault geometry. Analysis demonstrates that mapped fault geometries depend on geological controls, primarily the heterogeneity of the faulted sequence and the presence of a pre-existing structure. For example, relay zones with an upward bifurcating geometry are prevalent in faults that reactivate deeper structures, whereas the formation of laterally bifurcating relays is promoted by heterogeneous mechanical stratigraphy. In addition, mapped segmentation depends on resolution limits and biases in fault mapping from seismic data. In particular, the results suggest that the proportion of bifurcating relay zones increases as data resolution increases. Overall, where a significant number of relay zones are mapped on a single fault, a wide variety of relay zone geometries occurs, demonstrating that individual faults can comprise segments that are both bifurcating and unconnected in three dimensions. Models for the geometrical evolution of fault arrays must therefore account for the full range of relay zone geometries that appears to be a characteristic of all faults.</p>

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Three-dimensional geometry and growth of a basement-involved fault network developed during multiphase extension, Enderby Terrace, North West Shelf of Australia

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-997 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hongdan Deng ◽

Ken McClay

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Sedimentary Basins ◽

Fault Reactivation ◽

Late Triassic ◽

Seismic Reflection Data ◽

North West ◽

Reflection Data ◽

Data Volume ◽

Vertical Linkages ◽

Fault Network

<div>Basement fault reactivation, and the growth, interaction, and linkage with new fault segments are fundamentally three-dimensional and critical for understanding the evolution of fault network development in sedimentary basins. This paper analyses the evolution of a complex, basement-involved extensional fault network on the Enderby Terrace on the eastern margin of the Dampier sub-basin, NW Shelf of Australia. A high-resolution, depth-converted, 3D seismic reflection data volume is used to show that multiphase, oblique extensional reactivation of basement-involved faults controlled the development of the fault network in the overlying strata. Oblique reactivation of the pre-existing faults initially led to the formation of overlying, en &#233;chelon Late Triassic &#8211; Middle Jurassic fault segments that, as WNW&#8211;directed rifting progressed on the margin, linked by breaching of relay ramp to form two intersecting fault systems (F1 and F2-F4). Further reactivation in the Latest Jurassic &#8211; Early Cretaceous (NNW&#8211;SSE extension) produced an additional set of en &#233;chelon fault arrays in the cover strata. The final fault network consists of main or principal faults and subordinate or splay faults, together with branch lines that link the various components. Our study shows that breaching of relay ramps and/or vertical linkages produces vertical and horizontal branch lines giving complex final fault geometries. We find that repeated activity of the basement-involved faults tends to form continuous and planar fault architectures that favor displacement transfer between the main constituent segments along strike and with depth.</div>

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A Global Analysis of Anthropogenic Development of Marine Turtle Nesting Beaches

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs12091492 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 1492

Author(s):

Sarah J. Biddiscombe ◽

Elliott A. Smith ◽

Lucy A. Hawkes

Keyword(s):

Global Analysis ◽

Earth Satellite ◽

Google Earth ◽

Coastal Development ◽

Marine Turtle ◽

Intergovernmental Panel ◽

Sea Levels ◽

Marine Turtles ◽

Coastal Squeeze ◽

Nesting Beaches

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that sea levels will rise by up to 0.82 m in the next 100 years. In natural systems, coastlines would migrate landwards, but because most of the world’s human population occupies the coast, anthropogenic structures (such as sea walls or buildings) have been constructed to defend the shore and prevent loss of property. This can result in a net reduction in beach area, a phenomenon known as “coastal squeeze”, which will reduce beach availability for species such as marine turtles. As of yet, no global assessment of potential future coastal squeeze risk at marine turtle nesting beaches has been conducted. We used Google Earth satellite imagery to enumerate the proportion of beaches over the global nesting range of marine turtles that are backed by hard anthropogenic coastal development (HACD). Mediterranean and North American nesting beaches had the most HACD, while the Australian and African beaches had the least. Loggerhead and Kemp’s ridley turtle nesting beaches had the most HACD, and flatback and green turtles the least. Future management approaches should prioritise the conservation of beaches with low HACD to mitigate future coastal squeeze.

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The three-dimensional geometry of relay zones within segmented normal faults

Journal of Structural Geology ◽

10.1016/j.jsg.2019.103895 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 129 ◽

pp. 103895 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Giovanni Camanni ◽

Vincent Roche ◽

Conrad Childs ◽

Tom Manzocchi ◽

John Walsh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Normal Faults

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Assessment of LNG Pump Tower Loads

Volume 2: CFD and FSI ◽

10.1115/omae2019-96138 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Michael Thome ◽

Jens Neugebauer ◽

Ould el Moctar

Keyword(s):

Structural Design ◽

Numerical Study ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Navier Stokes ◽

Impact Loads ◽

Detached Eddy Simulation ◽

Morison Equation ◽

Field Methods ◽

Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation ◽

Tower Structure

Abstract The assessment of design loads acting on Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) pump tower are widely based on Morison equation. However, the Morison equation lacks consideration of transverse flow, impact loads and the interaction between fluid and structure. Studies dealing with a direct simulation of LNG pump tower loads by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), which can cover the aforementioned effects, are currently not available. A comparative numerical study on LNG pump tower loads is presented in this paper focusing on the following two questions: Are impact loads relevant for the structural design of LNG pump towers? In which way does the fluid-structure interaction influence the loads? Numerical simulations of the multiphase problem were conducted using field methods. Firstly, Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) equations, extended by the Volume of Fluid (VoF) approach were used to simulate the flow inside a three-dimensional LNG tank in model scale without tower structure. The results were used to validate the numerical model against model tests. Motion periods and amplitudes were systematically varied. Velocities and accelerations along the positions of the main structural members of the pump tower were extracted and used as input data for load approximations with the Morison equation. Morison equation, URANS and Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (DDES) computed tower loads were compared. Time histories as well as statistically processed data were used. Global loads acting on the full (with tower structure) and simplified structure (no tower structure, but using Morison equation) are in the same order of magnitude. However, their time evolution is different, especially at peaks, which is considered significant for the structural design.

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