Phytoremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils with emphasis on the effect of petroleum hydrocarbons on the growth of plant species

To date, many developing countries such as Iran have almost completely abandoned the idea of decontaminating oil-polluted soils due to the high costs of conventional (physical/chemical) soil remediation methods. Phytoremediation is an emerging green technology that can become a promising solution to the problem of decontaminating hydrocarbon-polluted soils. Screening the capacity of native tolerant plant species to grow on aged, petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soils is a key factor for successful phytoremediation. This study investigated the effect of hydrocarbon pollution with an initial concentration of 40 000 ppm on growth characteristics of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and common flax (Linum usitatissumum). At the end of the experiment, soil samples in which plant species had grown well were analyzed for total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) removal by GC-FID. Common flax was used for the first time in the history of phytoremediation of oil-contaminated soil. Both species showed promising remediation efficiency in highly contaminated soil; however, petroleum hydrocarbon contamination reduced the growth of the surveyed plants significantly. Sorghum and common flax reduced TPHs concentration by 9500 and 18500 mg kg‑1, respectively, compared with the control treatment.

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Effect of compost in phytoremediation of diesel-contaminated soils

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2001.0102 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 291-295 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

J. Vouillamoz ◽

M. W. Milke

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Contaminated Soil ◽

Contaminated Soils ◽

Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽

Dilution Effect ◽

Screening Tests ◽

Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽

Controlled Environment ◽

Grass Growth ◽

The Impact

The effect of compost on phytoremediation of diesel-contaminated soils was investigated using 130 small (200 g) containers in two screening tests. The experiments were conducted in a controlled environment using ryegrass from seed. Containers were destructively sampled at various times and analyzed for plant mass and total petroleum hydrocarbons. The results indicate that the presence of diesel reduces grass growth, and that compost helps reduced the impact of diesel on grass growth. The addition of compost helps increase diesel loss from the soils both with and without grass, though the addition of grass leads to lower diesel levels compared with controls. A second set of experiments indicates that the compost helps in phytoremediation of diesel-contaminated soil independent of the dilution effect that compost addition has. The results indicate that the compost addition allowed diesel loss down to 200 mg TPH/kg even though the compost would be expected to hold the diesel more tightly in the soil/compost mixture. The simplicity of the screening tests led to difficulties in controlling moisture content and germination rates. The conclusion of the research is that the tilling of compost into soils combined with grass seeding appears to be a valuable option for treating petroleum-contaminated soils.

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Biodegradation Potentials of Aspergillus sydowii and Fusarium lichenicola on Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon in an Oilfield Wastewater in Rivers State

Journal of Advances in Microbiology ◽

10.9734/jamb/2019/v19i330194 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Williams, Janet Olufunmilayo ◽

Aleruchi Owhonka

Keyword(s):

Mixed Culture ◽

Contaminated Soils ◽

Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽

Petroleum Hydrocarbon ◽

Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon ◽

Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽

Aspergillus Sydowii ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Set Up ◽

Rivers State

This study investigated the potential of Aspergillus sydowii and Fusarium lichenicola as mixed cultures in the biodegradation of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons TPHs in oilfield wastewater. Oilfield wastewater was collected from an onshore oil producing platform and biodegradation of total petroleum hydrocarbons was investigated using standard methods. Fungi were isolated from oilfield wastewater contaminated soils obtained from the vicinity of the oil producing platform. Experimental control set-up and treatment with mixed culture of fungal isolates were periodically analyzed on days 7 and 21 intervals for total petroleum hydrocarbon degradation using Gas Chromatography (GC). The total amount of TPHs on day 1 recorded 381. 871 mg/l. The amount of TPHs on days 7 and 21 in the mixed culture of fungi was 108.975 mg/l and 21.105 mg/l respectively while TPHs in control was 342.891 mg/l and 240.749 mg/l respectively. There was a significant difference between the mixed culture and the control on days 7 and 21 at p≤0.05. The results therefore revealed actual and significant reduction of TPHs in the mixed culture. In addition, there was clearance of n-alkanes by the mixed culture. This suggests that fungi have great potentials in biodegradation of TPHs and in remediation of TPH contaminated environments.

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Bioremediation of Soil Contaminated with Diesel using Biopile system

Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal ◽

10.22153/https://doi.org/10.22153/kej.2018.12.009 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 48-56

Author(s):

Noor Mohsen Jabbar ◽

Estabriq Hasan Kadhim ◽

Alaa Kareem Mohammed

Keyword(s):

Contaminated Soil ◽

Contaminated Soils ◽

Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽

Bacterial Culture ◽

Atmospheric Temperature ◽

Pilot Scale ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽

Bacterial Inoculum ◽

Amended Soil

This study was focused on biotreatment of soil which polluted by petroleum compounds (Diesel) which caused serious environmental problems. One of the most effective and promising ways to treat diesel-contaminated soil is bioremediation. It is a choice that offers the potential to destroy harmful pollutants using biological activity. The capability of mixed bacterial culture was examined to remediate the diesel-contaminated soil in bio piling system. For fast ex-situ treatment of diesel-contaminated soils, the bio pile system was selected. Two pilot scale bio piles (25 kg soil each) were constructed containing soils contaminated with approximately 2140 mg/kg total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs). The amended soil: (contaminated soil with the addition of nutrients and bacterial inoculum), where the soil was mixed with 1.5% of sawdust, then supplied with the necessary nutrients and watered daily to provide conditions promoting microorganism growth. Unamended soil was prepared as a control (contaminated soil without addition). Both systems were equipped with oxygen to provide aerobic conditions, incubated at atmospheric temperature and weekly sampling within 35 days. Overall 75% of the total petroleum hydrocarbons were removed from the amended soil and 38 % of the control soil at the end of study period. The study concluded that ex-situ experiment (Bio pile) is a preferable, economical, and environmentally friendly procedure, thus representing a good option for the treatment of soil contaminated with diesel.

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Surfactant Enhanced Bioremediation of Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soils Using Alkyl Polyglucoside

Asian Journal of Physical and Chemical Sciences ◽

10.9734/ajopacs/2021/v9i330138 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 17-28

Author(s):

C. E. Ezekiel ◽

Leo C. Osuji ◽

M. C. Onojake

Keyword(s):

Contaminated Soils ◽

Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Hydrocarbon Contamination ◽

Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽

Alkyl Polyglycosides ◽

Enhanced Biodegradation ◽

Enhanced Bioremediation ◽

Reduction Percentage ◽

Alkyl Polyglucoside

Bioremediation is an efficient and environmentally friendly method for the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in contaminated soils. This study investigated the effects of biosurfactant alkyl polyglycosides (APG) on enhanced biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soils. Three soil samples were contaminated with two different grades of crude oil (medium and Light). Alkyl polyglucoside was synthesised and subjected to FTIR for comfirmation of the product before it was applied in the remediation of contaminated soil. The alkyl polyglucoside is used as a treatment regime in the remediation of the hydrocarbon contamination in the three soil samples. Results of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) before remediation with bio-surfactant showed that samples contaminated with medium crude for Eneka, Ozuoba and Rukpokwu were 15744.00 mg/kg, 11359.00 mg/kg and 11470.00 mg/kg respectively and after remediation reduced to 4276.00 mg/kg, 4265.00 mg/kg, and 3205.00 mg/kg, showing a reduction percentage of 72.84%, 62.44% and 72.05% respectively. Soil samples contaminated with light crude showed result of TPH of 11339.00 mg/kg, 10662 mg/kg and 10226 mg/kg and after remediation reduced to 2981 mg/kg, 3879 mg/kg, and 4245 mg/kg respectively showing a reduction percentage of 73.71%, 63.62 % and 58.49% respectively. The enhanced efficiency of the bio-surfactant at degrading total petroleum hydrocarbons was achieved as a result of the increased solubility thus improving the bioavailability of the hydrocarbons due to the action of the alkyl polyglucoside.

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Uso de Leersia hexandra (Poaceae) en la fitorremediación de suelos contaminados con petróleo fresco e intemperizado

Revista de Biología Tropical ◽

10.15517/rbt.v65i1.22967 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 65 (1) ◽

pp. 21 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Alfredo Arias Trinidad ◽

María Del Carmen Rivera Cruz ◽

Antonio Roldán Garrigós ◽

Lorenzo Armando Aceves Navarro ◽

Roberto Quintero-Lizaola ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biomass Production ◽

Contaminated Soils ◽

Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Soxhlet Extraction ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Leersia Hexandra

The oil industry has generated chronic oil spills and their accumulation in wetlands of the state of Tabasco, in Southeastern Mexico. Waterlogging is a factor that limits the use of remediation technologies because of its high cost and low levels of oil degradation. However, Leersia hexandra is a grass that grows in these contaminated areas with weathered oil. The aim of the study was to evaluate the bacteria density, plant biomass production and phytoremediation of L. hexandra in contaminated soil. For this, two experiments in plastic tunnel were performed with fresh (E1) and weathered petroleum (E2) under waterlogging experimental conditions. The E1 was based on eight doses: 6 000, 10 000, 30 000, 60 000, 90 000, 120 000, 150 000 and 180 000 mg.kg-1 dry basis (d. b.) of total petroleum hydrocarbons fresh (TPH-F), and the E2, that evaluated five doses: 14 173, 28 400, 50 598, 75 492 and 112 142 mg. kg-1 d. b. of total petroleum hydrocarbons weathered (TPH-W); a control treatment with 2 607 mg.kg-1 d. b. was used. Each experiment, with eight replicates per treatment, evaluated after three and six months: a) microbial density of total free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria (NFB) of Azospirillum (AZP) and Azotobacter group (AZT), for viable count in serial plate; b) dry matter production (DMP), quantified gravimetrically as dry weight of L. hexandra; and c) the decontamination percentage of hydrocarbons (PDH) by Soxhlet extraction. In soil with TPH-F, the NFB, AZP y AZT populations were stimulated five times more than the control both at the three and six months; however, concentrations of 150 000 and 180 000 mg.kg-1 d. b. inhibited the bacterial density between 70 and 89 %. Likewise, in soil with TPH-W, the FNB, AZP and AZT inhibitions were 90 %, with the exception of the 14 173 mg.kg-1 d. b. treatment, which stimulated the NFB and AZT in 2 and 0.10 times more than the control, respectively. The DMP was continued at the six months in the experiments, with values of 63 and 89 g in fresh and weathered petroleum, respectively; had no significant differences with the control (p≤0.05). The PDH reached values of 66 to 87 % both TPH-F and TPH-W at six months, respectively. These results demonstrated the ability the L. hexandra rhizosphere to stimulate the high NFB density, vegetal biomass production and phytoremediation of contaminated soils (with fresh and weathered petroleum), in a tropical waterlogging environment.

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The potential of Mimosa pigra to restore contaminated soil with anthracene and phenanthrene

REVISTA TERRA LATINOAMERICANA ◽

10.28940/terra.v38i4.603 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 38 (4) ◽

pp. 755-769

Author(s):

Valentín Pérez-Hernández ◽

Lucía María Cristina Ventura-Canseco ◽

Federico Antonio Gutierrez-Miceli ◽

Isidro Pérez-Hernández ◽

Mario Hernández-Guzmán ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Contaminated Soil ◽

Contaminated Soils ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Hydrocarbon Contamination ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Environmental Damage ◽

Organic Carbon Content ◽

Physicochemical Changes ◽

Mimosa Pigra ◽

Removal Of Contaminants

Hydrocarbon contamination cause serious environmental damage and human health problems, therefore, to resolve this problem has been proposed diversely remediation techniques friendly with the environment i.e. bioaugmentation, biostimulation, natural attenuation and phytoremediation. Among options, the phytoremediation causes minimum alterations to soil, low cost, it has proved good eff iciency and gained public acceptation. In the present study, the capacity of Mimosa pigra to restore a contaminated soil with both anthracene and phenanthrene was evaluated, along with the soil physicochemical changes due to both plant and contaminant presence in the soil. A silt-loam contaminated soil with 100 mg kg-1 (dry weight) anthracene and 200 mg kg-1 (dry weight) phenanthrene was used in all three treatments: Contaminated soil with M. pigra (C1), contaminated soil without M. pigra (C2), and not contaminated soil with M. pigra (C0) as control. After 70 days of experimentation both biomass and height of M. pigra was not affected due to soil contaminants. There was no difference among treatments for some physicochemical characteristics e.g. soil pH, electrolytic conductivity, soil-texture, and total nitrogen content throughout the experiment. M. pigra increased the soil water holding capacity after 50 and 70 days of the experiment, however, total organic carbon content was lower after 70 days compared to the control treatment. The higher contaminant removal rate was before 7 days of experimentation for all treatments. Anthracene and phenanthrene content were lower in treatments with the presence of M. pigra: 92% of phenanthrene and 80% of anthracene were removed in C1 while nearly 77% of phenanthrene and 60% of anthracene were removed in C2. This suggest a greater removal of contaminants using M. pigra. Total removal of contaminants was not achieved. However, M. pigra was able to accumulate both compounds, showing the M. pigra capability for bioremediation use in contaminated soils.

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Bioremediation of Soil Contaminated with Diesel using Biopile system

Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal ◽

10.22153/kej.2018.12.009 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 48-56 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Noor Mohsen Jabbar ◽

Estabriq Hasan Kadhim ◽

Alaa Kareem Mohammed

Keyword(s):

Contaminated Soil ◽

Contaminated Soils ◽

Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽

Bacterial Culture ◽

Atmospheric Temperature ◽

Pilot Scale ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽

Bacterial Inoculum ◽

Amended Soil

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Rhizobacteria Communities of Phytoremediation Plant Species in Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soil of the Sudd Ecosystem, South Sudan

International Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2020/6639118 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

J. A. Ruley ◽

J. B. Tumuhairwe ◽

A. Amoding ◽

O. T. Westengen ◽

H. Vinje

Keyword(s):

16S Rrna ◽

Environmental Pollution ◽

Plant Species ◽

Contaminated Soil ◽

Contaminated Soils ◽

Petroleum Hydrocarbon ◽

South Sudan ◽

Oil Extraction ◽

Cattle Manure ◽

Community Diversity

The Sudd wetland is one of the oil-rich regions of South Sudan where environmental pollution resulting from oil extraction activities has been unprecedented. Although phytoremediation is the most feasible technique, its efficacy reduces at high TPH concentration in soil. This has made rhizoremediation the most preferred approach. Rhizoremediation involves use of a combination of phytoremediation and biostimulation. The process is catalyzed by the action of rhizobacteria. Therefore, the objective of this study is to characterize rhizobacteria communities prevalent in phytoremediation species growing in hydrocarbon-contaminated soils biostimulated with cattle manure. The treatments studied were plant species only (T1), plant species and hydrocarbons (T2), plant species and manure (T3), and plant species, manure, and hydrocarbons (T4). The rhizobacteria communities were determined using pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA. In the treatment with phytoremediation species, hydrocarbons 75 g · kg−1soil, and cattle manure 5 g · kg−1soil (T4), there was a significant increase ( p < 0.05 ) in rhizobacteria abundance with the highest OTU observed in H. rufa (4980) and the lowest in S. arundinaceum (3955). In the same treatment, bacteria community diversity was high in H. rufa (Chao1, 10310) and the least in S. arundinaceum (Chao 1, 8260) with Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria as the dominant phyla. Similarly, in contaminated soil treated with cattle manure, there was a significant increase ( p < 0.05 ) in abundance of rhizobacteria genera with Pseudomonas dominating across phytoremediation species. H. rufa was dominated by Bacillus, Fusibacter, and Rhodococcus; G. barbadense was mainly associated with Luteimonas and Mycobacterium, and T. diversifolia was inhabited by Bacillus and Luteimonas. The rhizosphere of O. longistaminata was dominated by Bacillus, Fusibacter, and Luteimonas, while S. arundinaceum was largely inhabited by Sphingomonas. These rhizobacteria genera ought to be applied in the Sudd region for bioremediation.

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Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contamination in Terrestrial Ecosystems—Fate and Microbial Responses

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24183400 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (18) ◽

pp. 3400 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Adam Truskewycz ◽

Taylor D. Gundry ◽

Leadin S. Khudur ◽

Adam Kolobaric ◽

Mohamed Taha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Natural Attenuation ◽

Contaminated Soils ◽

Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽

Petroleum Hydrocarbon ◽

Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽

Hydrocarbon Contamination ◽

Microbial Consortia ◽

Metagenomic Sequencing ◽

Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contamination ◽

The Impact

Petroleum hydrocarbons represent the most frequent environmental contaminant. The introduction of petroleum hydrocarbons into a pristine environment immediately changes the nature of that environment, resulting in reduced ecosystem functionality. Natural attenuation represents the single, most important biological process which removes petroleum hydrocarbons from the environment. It is a process where microorganisms present at the site degrade the organic contaminants without the input of external bioremediation enhancers (i.e., electron donors, electron acceptors, other microorganisms or nutrients). So successful is this natural attenuation process that in environmental biotechnology, bioremediation has developed steadily over the past 50 years based on this natural biodegradation process. Bioremediation is recognized as the most environmentally friendly remediation approach for the removal of petroleum hydrocarbons from an environment as it does not require intensive chemical, mechanical, and costly interventions. However, it is under-utilized as a commercial remediation strategy due to incomplete hydrocarbon catabolism and lengthy remediation times when compared with rival technologies. This review aims to describe the fate of petroleum hydrocarbons in the environment and discuss their interactions with abiotic and biotic components of the environment under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Furthermore, the mechanisms for dealing with petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in the environment will be examined. When petroleum hydrocarbons contaminate land, they start to interact with its surrounding, including physical (dispersion), physiochemical (evaporation, dissolution, sorption), chemical (photo-oxidation, auto-oxidation), and biological (plant and microbial catabolism of hydrocarbons) interactions. As microorganism (including bacteria and fungi) play an important role in the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons, investigations into the microbial communities within contaminated soils is essential for any bioremediation project. This review highlights the fate of petroleum hydrocarbons in tertial environments, as well as the contributions of different microbial consortia for optimum petroleum hydrocarbon bioremediation potential. The impact of high-throughput metagenomic sequencing in determining the underlying degradation mechanisms is also discussed. This knowledge will aid the development of more efficient, cost-effective commercial bioremediation technologies.

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Lolium Perenne - A Phytoremediation Option in Case of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons Polluted Soils

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.18.5.6270 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 69 (5) ◽

pp. 1110-1114

Author(s):

Smaranda Masu ◽

Luminita Cojocariu ◽

Eugenia Grecu ◽

Florica Morariu ◽

Despina Maria Bordean ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fly Ash ◽

Sewage Sludge ◽

Plant Species ◽

Lolium Perenne ◽

Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽

Thermal Power ◽

Polluted Soil ◽

Species Selection ◽

Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽

Polluted Soils

Rehabilitation of polluted soils with petroleum products requires a re-vegetation strategy to obtain a green mass cover that can quickly and efficiently cover the polluted soil. For the gradual recovery of the destroyed soil, it was necessary: 1. adequate soil treatments with fertilizer i.e. sewage sludge and fly ash as amendment, 2. plant species selection, 3. agronomical works in accordance with geographical position and climatic conditions. Fertilizers and fly ash create conditions for plant installation, by nutrients insurance. Our experiment was conducted in pots with 91.73�11.12 [gKg-1 D.M (dry matter)] total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) polluted soil, fertilised with sewage sludge and fly ash 60 [tha-1] derived from the burning of fossil fuels in thermal power plants. The selected plant species for bio-remediation is Lolium perenne. The selected plant species Lolium perenne is installed on 50-90% of the land surface giving 8 successive crops of grass in the warm season. The TPH reductions of polluted and treated soil were 38.4-56.3 [%]. The biomass did not bioaccumulate chromium at the detection limit. The amounts of cadmium, lead and zink bioaccumulated in the aerial parts were below acceptable limits. The obtained biomass can be used as animal feed or for bedding in shelters. The soil remediation efficiencies of 91.73 � 11.12 [gKg-1 D.M] were directly proportional to the amount of fly ash used.

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