scholarly journals Toponymies of lesser-used languages in the North: Issues of socio-linguistic conditions among Inuit and Sámi

2006 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludger Müller-Wille
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Functional Space ◽  
Aboriginal Peoples ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
Linguistic Rights ◽  
The North ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
Aboriginal Languages

Abstract Both Inuit and Sámi have experienced the expansion of colonial state systems and immigrant populations from the south into their territories in Arctic Canada and northernmost Europe respectively. These historical processes have resulted, among other socio-economic conditions, in the superposition and often displacement of their aboriginal toponymy by external interests introducing other languages and place names. In the introduction this paper discusses the socio-linguistic conditions of aboriginal languages in Canada and in Europe. Both situations differ with regard to the legal protection of lesser-used, minority or aboriginal languages. In Europe the linguistic rights of minorities or aboriginal peoples are protected under conventions and by laws on the international and national level. In fact, the framework of the European Union has enhanced the position of languages in general. In the Canadian confederation, with English and French as official languages, specific legal provisions for aboriginal languages exist at the provincial and territorial levels. Still, the levels of protection are considerably weaker for these languages. As case studies the socio-linguistic conditions among the Inuit and Sámi are analyzed by focusing on the maintenance and development of their aboriginal toponymy as cultural and linguistic heritage and expression of human environmental relations. The paper explains recent practical efforts by both Inuit and Sámi to counteract the process of linguistic displacement by developing programs to enhance the development of their integral place name systems. Both Inuit and Sámi institutions have established programs to record and document their oral and historical toponymy, using modern technologies to produce maps and gazetteers. These programs are presented and discussed in the light of cultural self-determination and human and linguistic rights. In conclusion, the question is discussed if communities of lesser-used languages are able to maintain the functional space needed for the security of their languages within a multicultural and multilingual context.

‘Biodiversity damage’ liability in the Environmental Liability Directive – its definition and delimitation from more stringent EU, international and national norms

elni Review ◽  
2008 ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
Volker Mauerhofer
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
National Level ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Environmental Liability ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
Early Beginning ◽  
National Norms

The Environmental Liability Directive (‘ELD’) of the European Union entered into force on 30th April 2004 and had to be implemented by 30th April 2007. It had been already from the early beginning up to today subject to multiple considerations by many scholars and is implemented quite differently in the different EU Member States. The ELD contains provisions concerning the liability for ‘environmental damage’, which is further defined inter alia as a specific damage of certain species and habitats (‘biodiversity damage’). Besides the ELD there are already other legal provisions on the European as well as on the international and national level covering several aspects of these liability issues more stringently. Hence the question arises as to how the new provisions of the ELD delimit from these similar but other EU, international and national norms.

scholarly journals Half of the Ancient Trees in Hungary Stand in Human-Altered Environments

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12803
Author(s):  
Márton Takács ◽  
Ákos Malatinszky
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
National Level ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Indigenous Species ◽  
Online Database ◽  
Spiritual Values ◽  
The North ◽  
Local Habitat

Big trees contribute to various ecosystem functions and spiritual values are given to them by local people, yet they are endangered. We compiled the health status, accessibility, and local habitat categories of the 2000 biggest (considering girth) trees in Hungary in 531 settlements. A total of 1550 specimens belong to 29 indigenous species, while 450 are non-indigenous (43 species). Most of them stand in a forest or park (not as a solitary tree), in the North Hungarian Range. Altogether, half of the ancient trees in Hungary stand in human-altered environments. Three-quarters are in a fair health condition. However, only 10.3% of the biggest white willows and 24.5% of the biggest sweet chestnuts are in good or excellent condition. A number of 121 big trees should no longer be listed in the nationwide online database because they died, or no longer reach the girth criteria (e.g., due to breakage). This number proves that any kind of documentation is important. More than half of the trees are easily accessible, while 9% are very difficult to reach. Only a very few big trees receive legal protection at the local or national level, on their own or in the habitat where they stand.

The EU Automated State Disassembled

2020 ◽  
pp. 233-256
Author(s):  
Deirdre Curtin
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
National Level ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Information Provision ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Level ◽  
Shared Data ◽  
Processing Information ◽  
Link Information

The use of automated personal information collection systems by states has gradually succeeded more traditional and ad hoc ways of collecting, storing, and processing information. At the same time, interoperability as a system of relations between different state authorities at different governance levels in the European Union and involving data collected for different purposes cumulates and exacerbates problems of accountability and transparency. This chapter goes beyond a discussion of how accountability has evolved for certain distinct institutions and actors, such as, for example, Europol, to highlight the fuzziness and disconnection with accountability mechanisms that result from the collection, sharing, and use of shared data both at the European level and at the joined-up national level. Shoehorning interoperable databases into existing forms of individual legal protection is unlikely to provide a satisfactory and permanent solution. In making visible the missing link between information and existing accountability forums, a conversation can hopefully begin among public lawyers on how to link information provision within the contours of more assembled accountability structures in the future.

scholarly journals Pravne posljedice provjere putnikovih putnih isprava u zračnim lukama

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 1131-1148
Author(s):  
Željka Primorac
Keyword(s):  
Legal Protection ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Illegal Migration ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
European Regulations ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Air Carriers ◽  
Legal Consequences ◽  
Theoretical Standpoint

In this paper the author is making an elaborated analysis on the topic of countering illegal migration of air passengers (with the emphasis on third-country nationals) from a legal and theoretical standpoint, pointing out to the methods and legal consequences of verifying the validity and authenticity of passengers’ travel documents according to the latest provisions of Schengen acquis and assessing the role of the air carrier in the protection of the EU's external borders. The author is drawing attention to an insufficient legal definition of the terms “inadequate travel documents” and “necessary travel documents” by examining the legal effects of possession and presentation of inadequate travel documents as a justified reason for denying boarding to passengers pursuant to the provisions of Regulation (EU) 261/2004 and the interpretations of the provisions in question in accordance with the Guidelines of 2016. In this context, the aim of this paper is to point out to the current changes regarding the private legal protection of passengers in conformity with the European legal provisions in force, as well as to the latest proceeding before the Court of Justice of the European Union (Case C-584/18) concerning the interpretation of certain provisions of the European regulations relevant to this issue (Regulation (EU) 261/2004 and Regulation (EU) 2016/399). The author concludes with the analysis of the air carriers' obligations to pay financial sanctions (fines) in the case of carriage of passengers without the necessary travel documents and puts forward solutions de lege ferenda.

scholarly journals Intellectual Property in Slovakia in the Light of the Present Legal Regulation

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-78
Author(s):  
Jarmila Lazíková
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
National Level ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Property Law ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Intellectual Property Law ◽  
Law Of Succession ◽  
Intellectual Activities

AbstractThe Civil Law of Slovakia includes more sub-branches of the private law, such as family law, obligation law, property law, law of succession and intellectual property law. The intellectual property law is regulated outside the Civil Code, in special codes and laws. The intellectual property law is one of them. The intellectual property law provides legal protection to various intangible assets which are the results of the creative intellectual activities of individuals. The paper analyses selected legal institutions of the intellectual property law and tries to systematise legal regulations related to the intellectual property on the national level, the level of the European Union as well as international level.

TBE in Italy

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
National Level ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Low Incidence

Italy is considered a low-incidence country for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Europe.1 Areas at higher risk for TBE in Italy are geographically clustered in the forested and mountainous regions and provinces in the north east part of the country, as suggested by TBE case series published over the last decade.2-5 A national enhanced surveillance system for TBE has been established since 2017.6 Before this, information on the occurrence of TBE cases at the national level in Italy was lacking. Both incidence rates and the geographical distribution of the disease were mostly inferred from endemic areas where surveillance was already in place, ad hoc studies and international literature.1

European experience in transition to circular economy

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 598-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.V. Ratner
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
National Level ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
European Experience ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Eu

Subject. The article considers the concept of circular economy, which has originated relatively recently in the academic literature, and is now increasingly recognized in many countries at the national level. In the European Union, the transition to circular economy is viewed as an opportunity to improve competitiveness of the European Union, protect businesses from resource shortages and fluctuating prices for raw materials and supplies, and a way to increase employment and innovation. Objectives. The aim of the study is to analyze the incentives developed by the European Commission for moving to circular economy, and to assess their effectiveness on the basis of statistical analysis. Methods. I employ general scientific methods of research. Results. The analysis of the EU Action Plan for the Circular Economy enabled to conclude that the results of the recent research in circular economy barriers, eco-innovation, technology and infrastructure were successfully integrated into the framework of this document. Understanding the root causes holding back the circular economy development and the balanced combination of economic and administrative incentives strengthened the Action Plan, and it contributed to the circular economy development in the EU. Conclusions. The measures to stimulate the development of the circular economy proposed in the European Action Plan can be viewed as a prototype for designing similar strategies in other countries, including Russia. Meanwhile, a more detailed analysis of barriers to the circular economy at the level of individual countries and regions is needed.

GENESIS OF LEGAL PROTECTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Амала Алиевна Умарова
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
The European Union

В статье анализируются отдельные нормативные акты, выступающие в качестве основы правовой охраны интеллектуальность собственность в Европейском Союзе. The article analyzes individual normative acts that act as the basis of legal protection of intellectual property in the European Union.

Influence of Pumps on Salinity of a Coastal Aquifer with Legal Protection (A Zone in the North of Isla Cristina, Huelva, Spain)

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 251-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. González ◽  
E. Romero
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Aquifer ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Hydraulic Gradient ◽  
Water Mixture ◽  
Residual Flow ◽  
Legal Requirements ◽  
The North ◽  
North Side ◽  
Rational Distribution

In this article we show that the legal measures for protection of aquifers are not enough to lessen the pumping if the users are not associated and determined to have a rational distribution of water. The expansive agriculture on the North side of Isla Cristina (Huelva, Spain), based on citrus and strawberry growing, uses high volumes of groundwater that comes from a tertiary age detritic coastal aquifer with a significant lack of resources. This causes a decrease of the residual flow to the sea, deep pumpcones, and an inversion of the hydraulic gradient, which initiates the progressive salinization of the aquifer northwards, in the sense that the fresh-salt water mixture zone is moving. The problem is worsening because the number of uncontrolled pump-works in the areais increasing. This problem could be alleviated if a Users Community for the whole aquifer were created, itself to watch over the fulfilment of the legal requirements and to regulate the water extractions.

scholarly journals The North Caucasus Region as a Blind Spot in the “European Green Deal”: Energy Supply Security and Energy Superpower Russia

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
José Antonio Peña-Ramos ◽  
Philipp Bagus ◽  
Dmitri Amirov-Belova
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Blind Spot ◽  
Illustrative Case ◽  
The European Union ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Strong Argument ◽  
The North ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Energy Supply Security

The “European Green Deal” has ambitious aims, such as net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. While the European Union aims to make its energies greener, Russia pursues power-goals based on its status as a geo-energy superpower. A successful “European Green Deal” would have the up-to-now underestimated geopolitical advantage of making the European Union less dependent on Russian hydrocarbons. In this article, we illustrate Russian power-politics and its geopolitical implications by analyzing the illustrative case of the North Caucasus, which has been traditionally a strategic region for Russia. The present article describes and analyses the impact of Russian intervention in the North Caucasian secessionist conflict since 1991 and its importance in terms of natural resources, especially hydrocarbons. The geopolitical power secured by Russia in the North Caucasian conflict has important implications for European Union’s energy supply security and could be regarded as a strong argument in favor of the “European Green Deal”.

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