scholarly journals The Growth of a Craft Labour Force: Montreal Leather Artisans, 1815‑1831

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Entire Population ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
French Canadian ◽  
French Canadians ◽  
Lower Canada ◽  
Important Group

Abstract This study calls into question the view that immigration from the British Isles in the first half of the nineteenth century dramatically altered the ethnic composition of the urban crafts of Lower Canada and resulted in the marginalisation of French-Canadian artisans. Unlike earlier studies, which relied essentially on the snapshots provided by the manuscript censuses of 1831 and 1842, this case study combines a variety of sources in order to reconstitute the entire population of Montreal's leather trades between 1815 and 1831. The evidence provided by this important group of crafts shows that, while the British presence increased, it was primarily confined to the most transient elements of the anisan population. A mong craftsmen who settled in Montréal for extended periods of time, French Canadians remained dominant. Although their relative importance declined, their absolute numbers grew. Vital craft traditions ensured that skills were transmitted from father to son and that apprenticeship thrived. While the local ecomony was the major source of new manpower throughout this period, there was a steady increase in the flow of young men into Montréal from the surrounding countryside.

scholarly journals VIRTUE LANGUAGE IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY ORIENTALISM: A CASE STUDY IN HISTORICAL EPISTEMOLOGY

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 689-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
HERMAN PAUL
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Historical Epistemology ◽  
Detailed Case ◽  
Thought Pattern ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dependency Relations

Historical epistemology is a form of intellectual history focused on “the history of categories that structure our thought, pattern our arguments and proofs, and certify our standards for explanation” (Lorraine Daston). Under this umbrella, historians have been studying the changing meanings of “objectivity,” “impartiality,” “curiosity,” and other virtues believed to be conducive to good scholarship. While endorsing this historicization of virtues and their corresponding vices, the present article argues that the meaning and relative importance of these virtues and vices can only be determined if their mutual dependencies are taken into account. Drawing on a detailed case study—a controversy that erupted among nineteenth-century orientalists over the publication of R. P. A. Dozy'sDe Israëlieten te Mekka(The Israelites in Mecca) (1864)—the paper shows that nineteenth-century orientalists were careful to examine (1) the degree to which Dozy practiced the virtues they considered most important, (2) the extent to which these virtues were kept in balance by other ones, (3) the extent to which these virtues were balanced by other scholars’ virtues, and (4) the extent to which they were expected to be balanced by future scholars’ work. Consequently, this article argues that historical epistemology might want to abandon its single-virtue focus in order to allow balances, hierarchies, and other dependency relations between virtues and vices to move to the center of attention.

L’éruption patriote: The Revolt against Dalhousie and the Petitioning Explosion in Nineteenth-Century French Canada

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Carpenter ◽  
Doris Brossard
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Parliamentary Democracy ◽  
French Canadian ◽  
French Canada ◽  
Lower Canada ◽  
Republican Movement ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Alliance Building

As much as any other site in the nineteenth century, Francophone Lower Canada saw immense waves of popular petitioning, with petitions against British colonial administration attracting tens of thousands of signatures in the 1820s. The petition against Governor Dalhousie of 1827–28 attracted more than 87,000 names, making it one of the largest mass petitions of the Atlantic world on a per-capita scale for its time. We draw upon new archival evidence that shows the force of local organization in the petition mobilization, and combine this with statistical analyses of a new sample of 1,864 names from the anti-Dalhousie signatory list. We conclude that the Lower Canadian petitioning surge stemmed from emergent linguistic nationalism, expectations of parliamentary democracy, and the mobilization and alliance-building efforts of Patriote leaders in the French-Canadian republican movement. As elsewhere in the nineteenth-century Atlantic, the anti-Dalhousie effort shows social movements harnessing petitions to recruit, mobilize, and build cross-cultural alliances.

scholarly journals Franch-Canadian Communities in the American Upper Midwest during the Nineteenth Century

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (58) ◽  
pp. 53-72
Author(s):  
D. Aidan McQuillan
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
French Language ◽  
French Canadian ◽  
Upper Midwest ◽  
French Canadians ◽  
Canadian Identity ◽  
Trading Posts

The pattern of nineteenth-century French-Canadian settlements in the American Midwest bore no relation to the pattern of fur-trading posts of the eighteenth century. French-Canadians of the nine-teenth century were attracted by employment opportunities along the farming, lumbering, and mining frontiers. Detroit, Chicago, and Minneapolis-St. Paul developed French-Canadian parishes which maintained links with rural communities. Survival of the French language, cultural heritage, and affiliation with the Catholic Church varied throughout the region. Americanization of French-Canadians went hand in hand with their commercial success. A French-Canadian identity survived in the poorest, marginal, rural areas of northern Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota.

Language, politics, and the nineteenth-century French–Canadian official translator

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 436-456
Author(s):  
Denise Merkle
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
French Language ◽  
Language Politics ◽  
French Canadian ◽  
French Canadians ◽  
Shared History ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of

This article aims to contribute to the history of Canadian official translators by looking at three activist translators who were also published writers in post-confederation nineteenth-century Canada. All three francophone official translators “exiled” to Ottawa, the newly designated capital of the young confederation, were actively engaged in creating francophone spaces in and from which they could promote French-Canadian cultures and the French language. Refusing to submit passively to Anglo-dominated government authorship and to the increasingly anglicized Canadian landscape, they coordinated their efforts to carve out a distinct and distinctive place for Canadian francophones. Their weapon of choice in confronting Anglo-Canadian hegemony was authorship. From historical narrative, to novels, caustic songs and nationalist poetry, their writings nurtured pride in the shared history of French-Canadians from different backgrounds — despite the traumatic Grand Dérangement and Conquête — and generated hope for the future of their nation(s).

Evangelicals and the Plurality of Worlds Debate in Scotland, 1810–55

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bill Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Popular Science ◽  
Natural Philosopher ◽  
Important Group ◽  
New Synthesis ◽  
Science Writer ◽  
Political Economist

In the first half of the nineteenth century a remarkable group of Scottish evangelicals set out to address the theological questions raised by the possibility of intelligent life on other worlds. These included the popular science writer Thomas Dick, reformer and political economist Thomas Chalmers, natural philosopher David Brewster, and geologist and journalist Hugh Miller. All concluded that only a universe where life was ubiquitous would be compatible with the power and wisdom of the Deity. Each of them proceeded to formulate an answer to the problem of how the incarnation and atonement of Christ could relate to beings on other planets. The writings of these figures present a fascinating case study on how an important group of evangelical thinkers attempted to meet the challenges posed by modern science, not by rejecting its findings, but by developing a new synthesis between it and their religious beliefs.

Voters and Nonvoters: The Problem of Turnout in the Nineteenth Century: Southwestern Ontario as a Case Study

1987 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail G. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Political Efficacy ◽  
Political Information ◽  
French Canadian ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Age And Sex

Canadian Political Analysts generally agree that nonvoters have played a decisive role in determining the outcome of elections in the twentieth century. Political scientists have identified categories of nonvoters with some degree of precision. They tell us that in twentieth-century Canada nonvoting is often related to such socioeconomic factors as education, occupation, and income. These ‘class’ indicators are, in turn, often associated with a low level of political information and a low sense of political efficacy. Age and sex have also been associated with nonvoting in the twentieth century. The very young and the very old are less likely to vote. And women are slightly less likely to vote than men. Some Canadian analysts have argued that Catholics, and, more specifically, French Canadian Catholics, vote less often than Protestants, and that farmers vote more consistently than do urban dwellers.

The Efficiency of the French-Canadian Farmer in the Nineteenth Century

1980 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Lewis ◽  
Marvin McInnis
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Total Factor Productivity ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
French Canadian ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Agricultural Output ◽  
Lower Canada ◽  
French And English ◽  
Factor Inputs

This paper examines the widely held view that the French-Canadian farmers of Lower Canada in the early nineteenth century were notably backward and inefficient. Data from the Canadian census of 1851–1852 are used to estimate agricultural output and factor inputs for a large number of parishes and townships. The estimated differential between French and English districts in total factor productivity is shown to be small and probably not significant. The conclusion casts doubt on the importance of ethnic differentials in farm practice as a source of agricultural retardation in Lower Canada.

‘A Routh O’ Auld Nick-Nackets’ – the antiquarian collection of John Rae

2015 ◽  
Vol 36-37 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-183
Author(s):  
Paul Taylor
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Moral Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Representative Case ◽  
National Museums ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The University

John Rae, a Scottish antiquarian collector and spirit merchant, played a highly prominent role in the local natural history societies and exhibitions of nineteenth-century Aberdeen. While he modestly described his collection of archaeological lithics and other artefacts, principally drawn from Aberdeenshire but including some items from as far afield as the United States, as a mere ‘routh o’ auld nick-nackets' (abundance of old knick-knacks), a contemporary singled it out as ‘the best known in private hands' (Daily Free Press 4/5/91). After Rae's death, Glasgow Museums, National Museums Scotland, the University of Aberdeen Museum and the Pitt Rivers Museum in Oxford, as well as numerous individual private collectors, purchased items from the collection. Making use of historical and archive materials to explore the individual biography of Rae and his collection, this article examines how Rae's collecting and other antiquarian activities represent and mirror wider developments in both the ‘amateur’ antiquarianism carried out by Rae and his fellow collectors for reasons of self-improvement and moral education, and the ‘professional’ antiquarianism of the museums which purchased his artefacts. Considered in its wider nineteenth-century context, this is a representative case study of the early development of archaeology in the wider intellectual, scientific and social context of the era.

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