The erosion of public sector vaccine production: the case of the Netherlands

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart Blume
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Vaccine Production ◽  
World War ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Public ◽  
National Vaccination Programme ◽  
Do So

A century ago, state institutes of public health played an important role in the production of sera and vaccines. In The Netherlands and the Scandinavian countries they continued to do so until after World War II. Focusing in particular on The Netherlands, this chapter examines their withdrawal from vaccine production in the past 20 years. In the 1980s the Dutch government was still committed to maintaining the state’s ability to produce the vaccines needed by the national vaccination programme. A series of legal and institutional changes sought to protect the public sector vaccine producer against the threat of privatisation. These changes ultimately proved inadequate. Not only was the Institute’s ability to meet demand for new vaccines being eroded by global developments, but policy makers were increasingly convinced that vaccination practices should be harmonised with those of other European countries. The decision to sell off the Dutch state’s vaccine production facilities, taken in 2009, has to be understood in historical context. It was the outcome of globalisation processes that for two decades had worked simultaneously on both the supply and the demand sides

Psychoanalysis in the Netherlands

1982 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 572-588
Author(s):  
Ilse N. Bulhof
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
World War ◽  
Freudian Psychoanalysis ◽  
The Public ◽  
Social Elite

In this article I will first investigate the response Freudian psychoanalysis received in the Netherlands from 1905, when the first Dutch analyst began to practice psychoanalysis, until the beginning of World War II. Then I will briefly describe the development of psychoanalysis after the war.In the Netherlands as elsewhere Freudian psychoanalysis was transmitted first to the medical profession, that is to say, to a segment of the Dutch social elite. From there, Freud's ideas spread to other parts of the elite, especially the intellectuals and the religious leaders, after which psychoanalysis was filtered down to the public at large in a form the elite thought appropriate to it.

Women in IT

2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
World War ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Women In It ◽  
Women In Technology ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Do So

The historical context of women in technology is introduced through individual and collective tales of notable women in the field, from Hypatia of Alexandria through to World War II Code Breakers. The lives of these women show that while women in technology (and its ancestors philosophy and mathematics) have been present throughout history, for millennia the pervading social and cultural contexts formed strong barriers against them. These barriers were so pervasive that they not merely hindered but practically suppressed female involvement in such fields. Yet, some women leaped those barriers, often in creative and interesting ways, to not only pursue their interests but also positively contribute to the overall fields of technology, science, and engineering. However, it took exceptionally resilient, strong individuals to do so.

scholarly journals European diet and public health: The continuing challenge

2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (2a) ◽  
pp. 275-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Ferro Luzzi ◽  
W P T James
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Dramatic Improvement ◽  
World War ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Public ◽  
Early Health ◽  
Improving Health Care

There has been a dramatic improvement in the health of European children and adults since 1900. These improvements were remarkable in the first half of the century, with a progressive fall in the death of children and pregnant women and substantial increases in life expectancy. This century's early health changes were not the result of the provision of medical services, the discovery of drugs and antibiotics, or even the increasing capacity to immunise children against an ever greater range of infectious diseases. They resulted from improvements in the diet, in the housing, occupational and social conditions of workers and their families. Since World War II, with modern living conditions, the general year-around availability of a huge variety of foods, expanding immunisation and improving health care through the health services, with modern therapeutic techniques and new drugs, life expectancy continues to increase in many European countries. These are great public health achievements which should not be overlooked by policy makers and indeed the public.

Boom's Blues

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim Verbei
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
North American ◽  
World War ◽  
English Version ◽  
Public Performance ◽  
The Public ◽  
The North ◽  
The 1960S

This book stands as both a remarkable biography of J. Frank G. Boom (1920–1953) and a recovery of his incredible contribution to blues scholarship originally titled The Blues: Satirical Songs of the North American Negro. The book tells how and when the Netherlands was introduced to African American blues music and describes the equally dramatic and peculiar friendship that existed between Boom and jazz critic and musicologist Will Gilbert, who worked for the Kultuurkamer during World War II and had been charged with the task of formulating the Nazi's Jazzverbod, the decree prohibiting the public performance of jazz. The book ends with the annotated and complete text of Boom's The Blues, providing the international world at last with an English version of the first book-length study of the blues. At the end of the 1960s, a series of 13 blues paperbacks edited by Paul Oliver for the London publisher November Books began appearing. One manuscript landed on his desk that had been written in 1943 by a then 23-year-old Frank (Frans) Boom. Its publication was announced on the back jacket of the last three Blues Paperbacks in 1971 and 1972. Yet it never was published and the manuscript once more disappeared. In October 1996, Dutch blues expert and publicist Verbei went in search of the presumably lost manuscript and the story behind its author. It only took him a couple of months to track down the manuscript, but it took another ten years to glean the full story behind the extraordinary Frans Boom, who passed away in 1953 in Indonesia.

scholarly journals Three Supreme Court “Failures” and a Story of Supreme Court Success

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinna Barrett Lain
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Japanese Americans ◽  
World War ◽  
Protective Capacity ◽  
Forced Sterilization ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Do So

Plessy v. Ferguson. Buck v. Bell. Korematsu v. United States. Together, these three decisions legitimated ‘separate but equal,’ sanctioned the forced sterilization of thousands, and ratified the removal of Japanese Americans from their homes during World War II. By Erwin Chemerinsky’s measure in The Case Against the Supreme Court, all three are Supreme Court failures—cases in which the Court should have protected vulnerable minorities, but failed to do so. Considered in historical context, however, a dramatically different impression of these cases, and the Supreme Court that decided them, emerges. In two of the cases—Plessy and Buck—the Court’s ruling reflected the progressive view at the time, and in the third— Korematsu—the extralegal context of the case was strong enough to draw the support of Justices Black and Douglas, two of the Court’s most staunch civil liberties defenders. Plessy, Buck, and Korematsu are potent reminders of the need to historically situate the Supreme Court when evaluating its proclivity to protect. But this is not to say that an ahistoric view of the Court’s protective capacity is all bad. However historically inaccurate, the Supreme Court’s image as a countermajoritarian protector also has a curious upside, setting in motion forces that can, over time, enable and inspire the Court’s protection. In the end, our expectations of the Supreme Court as a countermajoritarian hero both give rise to a rhetoric of failure and pave the way for future protection. What is vastly underappreciated is the connection between the two—how within the rhetoric of failure lies a larger, and largely untold, story of Supreme Court success.

Global Knowledge Transfer and Telecommunications: The Bell System in Japan, 1945–1952

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen B. Adams ◽  
Paul J. Miranti
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Knowledge Transfer ◽  
Military Personnel ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Telecommunications Industry ◽  
Quality Engineering ◽  
World War ◽  
Global Knowledge ◽  
The Public

This study evaluates the Bell System's role in the revival of Japanese telecommunications during the post-World War II occupation. Civilian and military personnel who had worked for the firm and who served in the Civil Communications Service (CCS) of the Supreme Command Allied Powers represented the primary agents for knowledge transfer to Japan's Ministry of Communications (MOC) and its supporting independent equipment manufacturers. The MOC became a channel for communicating ideas about management practices at the Bell System to the local telecommunications industry. The CCS's actions in Japan represent what Alfred D. Chandler has termed the “integrated learning base” in action in the public sector. The CCS's role in knowledge transfer has been underestimated by many scholars who have focused primarily on its contributions to promoting production and quality engineering in telecommunications manufacturing. Its central achievement was laying the managerial groundwork for the establishment in 1952 of the governmental enterprise Nippon Telegraph and Telephone.

The Suffering of the Perpetrators: The Ethics of Traumatic German Historicity in Karen Bass's Young Adult World War II Novels

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-77
Author(s):  
Doris Wolf
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
Childhood Studies ◽  
Historical Narratives ◽  
World War ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Adult World ◽  
The Public Sphere

This paper examines two young adult novels, Run Like Jäger (2008) and Summer of Fire (2009), by Canadian writer Karen Bass, which centre on the experiences of so-called ordinary German teenagers in World War II. Although guilt and perpetration are themes addressed in these books, their focus is primarily on the ways in which Germans suffered at the hands of the Allied forces. These books thus participate in the increasingly widespread but still controversial subject of the suffering of the perpetrators. Bringing work in childhood studies to bear on contemporary representations of German wartime suffering in the public sphere, I explore how Bass's novels, through the liminal figure of the adolescent, participate in a culture of self-victimisation that downplays guilt rather than more ethically contextualises suffering within guilt. These historical narratives are framed by contemporary narratives which centre on troubled teen protagonists who need the stories of the past for their own individualisation in the present. In their evacuation of crucial historical contexts, both Run Like Jäger and Summer of Fire support optimistic and gendered narratives of individualism that ultimately refuse complicated understandings of adolescent agency in the past or present.

The Roots of Global Health Inequity

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joia S. Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
World War ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Impact

This chapter outlines the historical roots of health inequities. It focuses on the African continent, where life expectancy is the shortest and health systems are weakest. The chapter describes the impoverishment of countries by colonial powers, the development of the global human rights framework in the post-World War II era, the impact of the Cold War on African liberation struggles, and the challenges faced by newly liberated African governments to deliver health care through the public sector. The influence of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund’s neoliberal economic policies is also discussed. The chapter highlights the shift from the aspiration of “health for all” voiced at the Alma Ata Conference on Primary Health Care in 1978, to the more narrowly defined “selective primary health care.” Finally, the chapter explains the challenges inherent in financing health in impoverished countries and how user fees became standard practice.

Stabilizing American Society: Kenneth Boulding and the Integration of the Social Sciences, 1943–1980

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Fontaine
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
World War ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Main Determinant ◽  
Disciplinary Boundaries ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Scientific ◽  
American Society ◽  
The Right

ArgumentFor more than thirty years after World War II, the unconventional economist Kenneth E. Boulding (1910–1993) was a fervent advocate of the integration of the social sciences. Building on common general principles from various fields, notably economics, political science, and sociology, Boulding claimed that an integrated social science in which mental images were recognized as the main determinant of human behavior would allow for a better understanding of society. Boulding's approach culminated in the social triangle, a view of society as comprised of three main social organizers – exchange, threat, and love – combined in varying proportions. According to this view, the problems of American society were caused by an unbalanced combination of these three organizers. The goal of integrated social scientific knowledge was therefore to help policy makers achieve the “right” proportions of exchange, threat, and love that would lead to social stabilization. Though he was hopeful that cross-disciplinary exchanges would overcome the shortcomings of too narrow specialization, Boulding found that rather than being the locus of a peaceful and mutually beneficial exchange, disciplinary boundaries were often the occasion of conflict and miscommunication.

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