Sensationalism and the Construction of Intellectual Disability

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Stainton
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Over Time

The seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries saw the emergence of sensationalism as a counter to the prevailing idea that human knowledge was innate, pre-determined within us, only to emerge gradually over time. This chapter considers the influence of the theory of sensationalism on both the conceptualization of intellectual disability and the emergence of educational efforts on their behalf. It considers how the debate over sensationalism shaped Itard’s work and the theories which underpinned it, rooted most fully in the work of Locke, Rousseau, and, finally, Condillac, whose revision of Locke would create the foundation for the coming medico-psychological hegemony over intellectual disability.

scholarly journals The impact of COVID-19 on people ageing with an intellectual disability in Ireland: Protocol for a follow-up survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Mary McCarron ◽  
Andrew Allen ◽  
Darren McCausland ◽  
Margaret Haigh ◽  
Retha Luus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Similar Proportion ◽  
Healthcare Provision ◽  
Proxy Respondent ◽  
Initial Survey ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Background:  The COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdowns have had a dramatic impact on many people, but individuals with an intellectual disability, given the prevalence of congregate living and high levels of co-morbid conditions, may be particularly vulnerable at this time. A prior initial survey of participants of the Intellectual Disability Supplement to the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (IDS-TILDA) found that, despite a majority of participants being tested, only a small proportion had tested positive for COVID-19. Furthermore, despite some reporting positive aspects to the lockdown, a similar proportion were experiencing stress or anxiety during the pandemic. The pandemic and lockdowns have continued, and it is possible that experiences and consequences have changed over time. Aim: To explore over time and in greater depth the impact of COVID-19 and associated lockdowns and to further establish rates of infection, rates of vaccination and participants’ experiences. Methods: A structured questionnaire for people with intellectual disability participating in the IDS-TILDA longitudinal study, to be administered by telephone/video in summer 2021. Where participants are unable to respond independently, a proxy respondent will be invited to either assist the participant or answer questions on their behalf. This questionnaire will include questions from the first COVID-19 questionnaire, with extra questions assessing “long COVID” (i.e. COVID-19 lasting for 12 weeks or longer), infection control behaviours, changes in mental health, social contacts and loneliness, frailty, healthcare, and incidence of vaccination. Impact: The results of this survey will be used to inform healthcare provision for people with intellectual disability during the latter stages of the lockdown and into the future.

scholarly journals Factors associated with the progression of deficit accumulation frailty among adults with an intellectual disability: a systematic review revealing research gaps

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Brendan Dee ◽  
Eilish Burke ◽  
Roman Romero-Ortuno ◽  
Philip McCallion ◽  
Mary McCarron
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Deficit Accumulation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Frailty Status ◽  
Over Time

Background: People with an intellectual disability are more likely to experience frailty earlier in life and with greater severity compared to the general population. There is growing consideration of determinants of frailty and identifying factors which may influence the change in frailty status over time. The objective of this review was to investigate factors associated with the progression of frailty over time among adults with an intellectual disability. Methods: A systematic review of literature was conducted using PRISMA guidelines to identify studies reporting factors associated with transitions and trajectories in deficit accumulation frailty among adults with an intellectual disability. The following eligibility criteria was used: defined frailty as deficit accumulation; longitudinal design; reported at least one individual characteristic associated with change in frailty status; sample was people with an intellectual disability aged ≥18 years; English language. No limitation on publication date was applied. Studies which did not measure frailty according to deficit accumulation, did not report the frailty measure used, or had a cross-sectional design were excluded. Selected studies were assessed for quality using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) framework. Results: In total, two studies qualified for inclusion in this review. Findings revealed that frailty defined as deficit accumulation is a dynamic process and improvements are possible. Changes in the direction of frailty states over time among adults with an intellectual disability may be influenced by several factors including baseline frailty status, age, the presence of Down syndrome, functional ability, cognitive ability, living in a group home, and the use of nursing services and therapies. Conclusions: There is a relative paucity of research on frailty among adults with an intellectual disability and the evidence base must be grown. Exploration of the social domain of frailty in this group should be a priority of future research. PROSPERO registration: 179803 (05/07/2020)

Definitions, Classification, and Epidemiology of Intellectual Disability

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Sally-Ann Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Adaptive Functioning ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Social Construct ◽  
The Core ◽  
Severe Intellectual Disability ◽  
Considerable Complexity ◽  
Over Time

Intellectual disability is a social construct rather than a purely statistical construct, with the core features being (i) impaired intelligence more than two standard deviations from the population mean, (ii) impaired adaptive functioning, along with (iii) onset during childhood/youth. The majority of people with intellectual impairments have mild intellectual impairments (6 mild:1 moderate-profound impairments), and the majority with intellectual impairments in whom this is disabling have mild rather than severe intellectual disability (ID). There is considerable complexity in interpreting findings from studies and meta-analysis on prevalence of ID, but it appears that in high-income countries, about 5/1,000 adults have ID, falling to about 2/1,000 over the age of 65 years. Prevalence is higher in children and young people, boys/men (about 58%), and in low-income countries (though it may be less disabling in less technology-driven communities). For complex reasons, prevalence varies with geography, and over time.

Pathways Through Services for Offenders With Intellectual Disability: A One- and Two-Year Follow-Up Study

2010 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Lindsay ◽  
Tony Holland ◽  
Jessica R. Wheeler ◽  
Derek Carson ◽  
Gregory O'Brien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Community Services ◽  
Disability Services ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Inpatient Services ◽  
Charge Rate ◽  
Over Time

Abstract The pathways through services for offenders with intellectual disability were reviewed. Participants were 197 offenders with intellectual disability accepted into three types of community and three types of secure forensic intellectual disability services. They were first compared with 280 participants referred but not accepted into services and were then followed-up for 2 years to review pathways through services. Those accepted into services had a higher charge rate than did those who were referred (46% and 25%, respectively). The greatest diversity in pathway was seen in participants in community forensic intellectual disability and inpatient services. Individuals in secure settings showed the least diversity over time, and, similarly, a relatively high percentage of those accepted into generic community services remained in these services.

Changing interpretation of chromosomal microarray over time in a community cohort with intellectual disability

2013 ◽  
Vol 164 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Palmer ◽  
Helen Speirs ◽  
Peter J Taylor ◽  
Glenda Mullan ◽  
Gill Turner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Chromosomal Microarray ◽  
Over Time

Incidence and trends in psychopathology symptoms over time in adults with severe to profound intellectual disability

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 685-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Horovitz ◽  
Johnny L. Matson ◽  
Megan Sipes ◽  
Mary Shoemaker ◽  
Brian Belva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Psychopathology Symptoms ◽  
Over Time

Physical Performance of Individuals with Intellectual Disability: A 30-Year Follow-Up

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulla Lahtinen ◽  
Pauli Rintala ◽  
Antero Malin
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Manual Dexterity ◽  
Static Balance ◽  
Moderate Intellectual Disability ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities

Physical performance of Finnish adolescents (33 females, 44 males) with moderate intellectual disability (ID) was studied over a 30-year period. This study is an extension of Lahtinen’s previous work on documenting the performance of individuals with intellectual disabilities over time. This study consisted of analyzing data from a total of four data collection periods (1973, 1979, 1996, and 2003 in which participants ranged in age from 11-16, 17-22, 34-39 and 41-46 years old, respectively). Improvement from early to late adolescence, and decline during adulthood in abdominal strength/endurance, static balance, and manual dexterity were identified. The male adults with ID were moderately overweight (BMI), but the females with ID were obese. The IQ effect was significant on balance and manual dexterity. The gender differences in adulthood were significant, but differences were not noted for Down syndrome when controlling for IQ.

scholarly journals The challenge of applying mental health law reform to the intellectual disability sector in Ireland

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Leonard ◽  
John Hillery ◽  
Mary Staines
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Postgraduate Training ◽  
Mental Health Policy ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
Health Law ◽  
Full Effect ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Skilled Staff ◽  
Over Time

The full implementation of the Irish Mental Health Act 2001 brings about the introduction of an altered legal definition of mental disorder, mandatory review of involuntary detention within a 21-day period and new statutory rules regarding the use of seclusion and mechanical means of bodily restraint. This legislation came into full effect on November 1, 2006. The implications of this for the intellectual disability psychiatry sector are profound and the full ramifications of these changes will only become fully apparent over time.This also occurs at a time when we are facing unprecedented developments in government mental health policy, major changes to postgraduate training in psychiatry, difficulty recruiting appropriately skilled staff and increasing legal requirements on employers to ensure staff safety. Several of these drivers for change may appear at face value to be in conflict and a complex balance will be required if these changes are to be blended to ultimately improve the care provided to clients of our services.

scholarly journals Participation in collaborative projects as a precursor of trust in organizations for individuals with intellectual disability

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0242075
Author(s):  
Naiara Vidal ◽  
Vicente Martínez-Tur ◽  
Luminița Pătraș ◽  
Esther Gracia ◽  
Carolina Moliner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Collaborative Teams ◽  
Over Time

The present study focuses on organizations delivering services to individuals with intellectual disability, where trust relations between professionals and family members are required. More specifically, we examine the existence of significant differences in the degree to which family members and professionals trust each other. We also propose that their joint participation in collaborative teams (VI) will improve trust (VD). Specifically, our teams (experimental condition) designed and implemented collaborative projects with the participation of professionals and family members. Participants in the control condition did not participate in the collaborative projects. Our results confirmed that family members trust professionals more than professionals trust family members. Their joint participation in collaborative projects improved professionals’ trust in family members over time, compared to the control condition. The effect of collaborative projects was not significant for family members’ trust in professionals.

Genetic forms of developmental delay and intellectual disability in the practice of the medical genetic consultation of Research Centre for Medical Genetics

2021 ◽  
pp. 45-58
Author(s):  
И.В. Анисимова
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Developmental Delay ◽  
Genomic Imprinting ◽  
Medical Genetics ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Medical Genetic ◽  
Imprinting Disorders ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Genetic Consultation

Задержка психического развития (ЗПР) и умственная отсталость (УО) являются частыми причинами направления пациентов на медико-генетическое консультирование. Наблюдаемый в последние годы значительный рост числа нозологических форм моногенных и хромосомных болезней среди пациентов с ЗПР или УО медико-генетической консультации Медико-генетического научного центра отражает повышение эффективности диагностики наследственных форм данной патологии. Цели исследования: оценка долей клинически и/или лабораторно подтвержденных хромосомных, моногенных заболеваний и болезней геномного импринтинга, диагностированных у пациентов с ЗПР или УО; определение эффективности разных методов диагностики генетических форм ЗПР и УО; расчет сегрегационной частоты для оценки вклада моногенных форм с аутосомно-рецессивным и X-сцепленным рецессивным типами наследования в недифференцированные ЗПР и УО. Выборка включала 2350 пациентов с ЗПР или УО различных степеней тяжести и пациентов с диагнозом, предполагающим развитие ЗПР или УО по мере взросления, проконсультированных врачами-генетиками консультативного и научно-консультативного отделов Медико-генетического научного центра им. Бочкова в 2006, 2007, 2016 гг. и первой половине 2017 г. В исследуемый период (2006, 2007, 2016 и первая половина 2017 г.) отмечается тенденция к снижению доли хромосомной патологии среди всех пациентов выборки. В группе пациентов с ЗПР или УО с аномалиями хромосом с течением времени отмечается значительный рост доли структурной хромосомной патологии и снижение доли заболеваний, обусловленных изменением числа хромосом. Доля моногенных форм остается практически неизменной в исследуемый период. Внутри данной группы отмечается некоторый рост доли аутосомно-доминантной патологии. Доля пациентов с ЗПР или УО, обусловленных болезнями геномного импринтинга, достоверно различается в исследуемые годы, со временем отмечается тенденция к ее уменьшению. Доля только клинически установленных синдромов без лабораторного подтверждения значительно снижается в исследуемый период. Максимальная диагностическая эффективность среди лабораторных генетических методов показана для микросателлитного анализа, MLPA, хромосомного микроматричного анализа и секвенирования нового поколения. Developmental delay (DD) and intellectual disability (ID) are frequent reasons for referring patients for medical genetic counseling. A significant increase in the number of nosological forms of monogenic and chromosomal diseases among patients with DD or ID in medical genetic consultation of Bochkov Research Centre for Medical Genetics in recent years reflects an increase in its effectiveness in diagnosing this pathology. Purpose of the research: 1. To estimate the proportion of clinically and/or laboratory-confirmed chromosomal, monogenic, and genomic imprinting disorders diagnosed in patients with DD or ID consulted by geneticists from the consultation and scientific consulting departments of the Bochkov Research Centre for Medical Genetics in 2006, 2007, 2016, and the first half of 2017. 2. Determination of the effectiveness of different diagnostic methods of genetic forms DD and ID. 3. Calculation of segregation frequency to estimate the contribution of monogenic forms with autosomal recessive and X-linked recessive types of inheritance among undifferentiated cases of DD and ID. The sampling for the analysis included 2350 patients with DD or ID of varying severity, as well as patients with a diagnosis suggesting the development of DD or ID as they mature, consulted by geneticists from the consultation and scientific consulting departments of the Bochkov Research Centre for Medical Genetics in 2006, 2007, 2016, and the first half of 2017. During the research period (2006, 2007, 2016, and the first half of 2017), there was a decreasing trend in the proportion of chromosomal pathology among all patients of the sampling. Within the group of patients with DD or ID with chromosomal pathology, a significant increase in the proportion of structural chromosomal pathology and a decrease in the proportion of diseases caused by changes in the number of chromosomes is noted over time. The proportion of monogenic forms remains practically unchanged during the study period. Within this group, there is some increase in the share of AD pathology. The proportion of patients with DD or ID caused by genomic imprinting disorders varies significantly in the years studied, with a tendency to decrease over time. The proportion of only clinically identified syndromes without laboratory confirmation decreases significantly during the study period. The maximum diagnostic efficiency among laboratory genetic methods has been shown for microsatellite analysis, MLPA, chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) and next generation sequencing (NGS).

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