scholarly journals No improved resistance against generalist herbivores found for invasive genotypes: a case study of Senecio vulgaris (Asteraceae) and a generalist snail (Achatina fulica)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viet Thang Nguyen ◽  
Noel Ndihokubwayo ◽  
Dandan Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Plants ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Land Snails ◽  
Enemy Release ◽  
Achatina Fulica ◽  
Senecio Vulgaris ◽  
Generalist Herbivores ◽  
Introduced Range ◽  
The Difference

Invasive plants escape from some natural enemies as predictions of Enemy Release Hypothesis (ERH). However, in fact they still have to face the pressure of generalist herbivores in introduced ranges resulting in the maintenance or enhancing of resistance ability to generalist herbivores. In this study, we carried out a general feeding bioassay in a laboratory with leaves of Senecio vulgaris to test the difference in resistance between ranges. White jade land snails (WJLD, Achatina fulica) were fed with the leaves of Pakchoi (Brassica chinensis), Lettuce (Lactuca sativa), native and invasive plants of S. vulgaris. The feeding experiment with S. vulgaris leaves was carried out in two waves. We found that both native and invasive S. vulgaris plant were resistant again to WJLD compared to Pakchoi and Lettuce. However, there were no significant differences between native and invasive plants of S. vulgaris in relation to the resistance against WJLD. The results prove the maintenance of chemical defense against generalist herbivores in invasive plants in introduced range. The success of S. vulgaris to invader China could not be explained by releasing from natural enemies but possessing of defense ability against herbivores before it introduced to China.

scholarly journals No improved resistance against generalist herbivores found for invasive genotypes: a case study of Senecio vulgaris (Asteraceae) and a generalist snail (Achatina fulica)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viet Thang Nguyen ◽  
Noel Ndihokubwayo ◽  
Dandan Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Plants ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Land Snails ◽  
Enemy Release ◽  
Achatina Fulica ◽  
Senecio Vulgaris ◽  
Generalist Herbivores ◽  
Introduced Range ◽  
The Difference

Invasive plants escape from some natural enemies as predictions of Enemy Release Hypothesis (ERH). However, in fact they still have to face the pressure of generalist herbivores in introduced ranges resulting in the maintenance or enhancing of resistance ability to generalist herbivores. In this study, we carried out a general feeding bioassay in a laboratory with leaves of Senecio vulgaris to test the difference in resistance between ranges. White jade land snails (WJLD, Achatina fulica) were fed with the leaves of Pakchoi (Brassica chinensis), Lettuce (Lactuca sativa), native and invasive plants of S. vulgaris. The feeding experiment with S. vulgaris leaves was carried out in two waves. We found that both native and invasive S. vulgaris plant were resistant again to WJLD compared to Pakchoi and Lettuce. However, there were no significant differences between native and invasive plants of S. vulgaris in relation to the resistance against WJLD. The results prove the maintenance of chemical defense against generalist herbivores in invasive plants in introduced range. The success of S. vulgaris to invader China could not be explained by releasing from natural enemies but possessing of defense ability against herbivores before it introduced to China.

scholarly journals Enemy release mitigates inbreeding depression in native and invasive Silene latifolia populations: experimental insight into the role of inbreeding × environment interactions in invasion success

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Schrieber ◽  
Sabrina Wolf ◽  
Catherina Wypior ◽  
Diana Höhlig ◽  
Stephen R. Keller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Inbreeding Depression ◽  
Invasive Plants ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Invasion Success ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Silene Latifolia ◽  
Enemy Release ◽  
Fruit Number

AbstractInbreeding and enemy infestation are common in plants and can synergistically reduce their performance. This inbreeding × environment (I×E) interaction may be of particular importance for the success of plant invasions if introduced populations experience a release from attack by natural enemies relative to their native conspecifics. Using native and invasive plant populations, we investigate whether inbreeding affects infestation damage, whether inbreeding depression in performance is mitigated by enemy release and whether genetic differentiation among native and invasive plants modifies these I×E interactions. We used the plant invader Silene latifolia and its natural enemies as a study system. We performed two generations of experimental out- and inbreeding within eight native (European) and eight invasive (North American) S. latifolia populations under controlled conditions using field-collected seeds. Subsequently, we exposed the offspring to an enemy exclusion and inclusion treatment in a common garden in the species’ native range to assess the interactive effects of population origin (range), breeding treatment and enemy treatment on infestation damage as well as plant performance. Inbreeding increased flower and leaf infestation damage in plants from both ranges, but had opposing effects on fruit damage in native versus invasive plants. Both inbreeding and enemy infestation had negative effects on plant performance, whereby inbreeding depression in fruit number was higher in enemy inclusions than exclusions in plants from both ranges. Moreover, the magnitude of inbreeding depression in fruit number was lower in invasive than native populations. Our results support that inbreeding increases enemy susceptibility of S. latifolia, which magnifies inbreeding depression in the presence of enemies. Enemy release in the invaded habitat may thus increase the persistence of inbred founder populations and thereby contribute to successful invasion. Moreover, our findings emphasize that genetic differentiation among native and invasive plants can shape the magnitude and even the direction of inbreeding effects.

EICA 2.0: a general model of enemy release and defence in plant and animal invasions.

2020 ◽  
pp. 192-207
Author(s):  
Richard Honor ◽  
Robert I. Colautti
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
General Model ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Enemy Release ◽  
Introduced Populations ◽  
Introduced Range ◽  
Common Garden Experiments

Abstract Plants and animals have evolved a variety of strategies to limit the negative fitness consequences of natural enemies (i.e. herbivores, predators, parasites and pathogens). Demographic bottlenecks occurring during the invasion process reduce the number of co-introduced natural enemies, providing opportunities to study rapid evolution in environments with different or reduced enemy loads. Enemy release theory provides a set of hypotheses and predictions about the role of natural enemies in the proliferation of invasive species. This body of theory includes the Enemy Release Hypothesis (ERH) and the related Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability Hypothesis (EICA), but there is often confusion about these hypotheses and the data needed to test them. We introduce a simple, general model of enemy release to identify and clarify some of the key assumptions and predictions implicit in enemy release theory and its impacts on invasion. Although introduced populations likely benefit from a reduction in the direct fitness impacts of natural enemies in the early stages of invasion, an evolutionary shift in resource allocation from defence to growth and reproduction is much less likely and depends on a delicate balance between the fitness costs and benefits of defence and the fitness impacts of natural enemies in both the native and introduced ranges. Even when the abundance of natural enemies is lower in the introduced range, the majority of scenarios do not favour evolution of less defended genotypes that are more competitive or more fecund, contrary to predictions of EICA. Perhaps surprisingly, we find that the level of damage by natural enemies in field surveys is not generally a good parameter for testing enemy release theory. Instead, common garden experiments characterizing fitness reaction norms of multiple genotypes from the native and introduced range are crucial to estimate the historic rate of adaptive evolution or predict it into the future. Incorporating spatial autocorrelation and methods from population genetics can further improve our understanding of the role of enemy release and evolution in the proliferation of invasive species.

scholarly journals Comparison of the performance of native and invasive plants of Senecio vulgairs L.

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dandan Cheng ◽  
Viet - Thang Nguyen ◽  
Noel Ndihokubwayo
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Plants ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Reproductive Organ ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Enemy Release ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Senecio Vulgaris ◽  
The Common

According to the Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability (EICA) hypothesis and Enemy Release Hypothesis (ERH), comparing the plants from the same species, individuals from the invasive range will outperform those from the native range. However, not all recent studies support the prediction of these two hypotheses. In this study, we sought to test the prediction by comparing the performance of common groundsel ( Senecio vulgaris ) taken from native (Europe) and invasive (China) ranges. Those plants were grown in a greenhouse and in a common garden, and harvested with various vegetative and reproductive traits measured. We found that although the plants grown in the common garden grew and reproduced better than those grown in the greenhouse, the invasive plants outperformed the native plants in relation to most vegetation parameters (except plant height) and reproduction in both experiments; and generally, the invasive plants allocated more proportion of biomass to root than the native plants. However, the proportion of biomass allocated to reproductive organ and relative dry matter content were the same between the native and invasive plants, no matter among the plants grown in the greenhouse or in the common garden. Our study partially supported the predictions of the EICA and ERH and indicated that evolution might have happened to S. vulgaris invasive to China.

EICA 2.0: a general model of enemy release and defence in plant and animal invasions.

2020 ◽  
pp. 192-207
Author(s):  
Richard Honor ◽  
◽  
Robert L. Colautti ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
General Model ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Enemy Release ◽  
Introduced Populations ◽  
Introduced Range ◽  
Common Garden Experiments

Plants and animals have evolved a variety of strategies to limit the negative fitness consequences of natural enemies (i.e. herbivores, predators, parasites and pathogens). Demographic bottlenecks occurring during the invasion process reduce the number of co-introduced natural enemies, providing opportunities to study rapid evolution in environments with different or reduced enemy loads. Enemy release theory provides a set of hypotheses and predictions about the role of natural enemies in the proliferation of invasive species. This body of theory includes the Enemy Release Hypothesis (ERH) and the related Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability Hypothesis (EICA), but there is often confusion about these hypotheses and the data needed to test them. We introduce a simple, general model of enemy release to identify and clarify some of the key assumptions and predictions implicit in enemy release theory and its impacts on invasion. Although introduced populations likely benefit from a reduction in the direct fitness impacts of natural enemies in the early stages of invasion, an evolutionary shift in resource allocation from defence to growth and reproduction is much less likely and depends on a delicate balance between the fitness costs and benefits of defence and the fitness impacts of natural enemies in both the native and introduced ranges. Even when the abundance of natural enemies is lower in the introduced range, the majority of scenarios do not favour evolution of less defended genotypes that are more competitive or more fecund, contrary to predictions of EICA. Perhaps surprisingly, we find that the level of damage by natural enemies in field surveys is not generally a good parameter for testing enemy release theory. Instead, common garden experiments characterizing fitness reaction norms of multiple genotypes from the native and introduced range are crucial to estimate the historic rate of adaptive evolution or predict it into the future. Incorporating spatial autocorrelation and methods from population genetics can further improve our understanding of the role of enemy release and evolution in the proliferation of invasive species.

scholarly journals Biological Control of Weeds: Is it Safe?

EDIS ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carey Minteer ◽  
Eutychus Kariuki ◽  
James P. Cuda
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Invasive Plants ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Biological Control Of Weeds ◽  
Native Plant Species ◽  
Introduced Range

Invasive plants are non-native plant species that cause harm in their introduced range. Classical biological control of invasive plants is the use of natural enemies, imported insects and mites or pathogens, to control the target plants. This publication explains the strategies and rules in place to ensure that organisms released for the biological control of weeds are safe and effective.

scholarly journals Comparison of the performance of native and invasive plants of Senecio vulgairs L.

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dandan Cheng ◽  
Viet - Thang Nguyen ◽  
Noel Ndihokubwayo
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Plants ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Reproductive Organ ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Enemy Release ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Senecio Vulgaris ◽  
The Common

According to the Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability (EICA) hypothesis and Enemy Release Hypothesis (ERH), comparing the plants from the same species, individuals from the invasive range will outperform those from the native range. However, not all recent studies support the prediction of these two hypotheses. In this study, we sought to test the prediction by comparing the performance of common groundsel ( Senecio vulgaris ) taken from native (Europe) and invasive (China) ranges. Those plants were grown in a greenhouse and in a common garden, and harvested with various vegetative and reproductive traits measured. We found that although the plants grown in the common garden grew and reproduced better than those grown in the greenhouse, the invasive plants outperformed the native plants in relation to most vegetation parameters (except plant height) and reproduction in both experiments; and generally, the invasive plants allocated more proportion of biomass to root than the native plants. However, the proportion of biomass allocated to reproductive organ and relative dry matter content were the same between the native and invasive plants, no matter among the plants grown in the greenhouse or in the common garden. Our study partially supported the predictions of the EICA and ERH and indicated that evolution might have happened to S. vulgaris invasive to China.

EVALUASI PROYEKSI DEMAND BARANG DAN PENUMPANG PELABUHAN DI PROVINSI MALUKU

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-110
Author(s):  
Adrian Firdaus ◽  
M. Dwi Yoga Sutanto ◽  
Rajin Sihombing ◽  
M. Weldy Hermawan
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Projection Method ◽  
Development Plan ◽  
Master Plan ◽  
Port Development ◽  
Loading And Unloading ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Existing Data

Abstract Every port in Indonesia must have a Port Master Plan that contains an integrated port development plan. This study discusses one important aspect in the preparation of the Port Master Plan, namely the projected movement of goods and passengers, which can be used as a reference in determining the need for facilities at each stage of port development. The case study was conducted at a port located in a district in Maluku Province and aims to evaluate the analysis of projected demand for goods and passengers occurring at the port. The projection method used is time series and econometric projection. The projection results are then compared with the existing data in 2018. The results of this study show that the econometric projection gives adequate results in predicting loading and unloading activities as well as the number of passenger arrival and departure in 2018. This is indicated by the difference in the percentage of projection results towards the existing data, which is smaller than 10%. Whereas for loading and unloading activities, time series projections with logarithmic trends give better results than econometric projections. Keywords: port, port master plan, port development, unloading activities  Abstrak Setiap pelabuhan di Indonesia harus memiliki sebuah Rencana Induk Pelabuhan yang memuat rencana pengem-bangan pelabuhan secara terpadu. Studi ini membahas salah satu aspek penting dalam penyusunan Rencana Induk Pelabuhan, yaitu proyeksi pergerakan barang dan penumpang, yang dapat dipakai sebagai acuan dalam penentuan kebutuhan fasilitas di setiap tahap pengembangan pelabuhan. Studi kasus dilakukan pada sebuah pelabuhan yang terletak di sebuah kabupaten di Provinsi Maluku dan bertujuan untuk melakukan evaluasi ter-hadap analisis proyeksi demand barang dan penumpang yang terjadi di pelabuhan tersebut. Metode proyeksi yang dipakai adalah proyeksi deret waktu dan ekonometrik. Hasil proyeksi selanjutnya dibandingkan dengan data eksisting tahun 2018. Hasil studi ini menunjukkan bahwa proyeksi ekonometrik memberikan hasil yang cukup baik dalam memprediksi aktivitas bongkar barang serta jumlah penumpang naik dan turun di tahun 2018. Hal ini diindikasikan dengan selisih persentase hasil proyeksi terhadap data eksisting yang lebih kecil dari 10%. Sedangkan untuk aktivitas muat barang, proyeksi deret waktu dengan tren logaritmik memberikan hasil yang lebih baik daripada proyeksi ekonometrik. Kata-kata kunci: pelabuhan, rencana induk pelabuhan, pengembangan pelauhan, aktivitas bongkar barang

scholarly journals Using a Process Approach to Pandemic Planning: A Case Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 4121
Author(s):  
Hana Tomaskova ◽  
Erfan Babaee Tirkolaee
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
Process Mining ◽  
Process Approach ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Critical Situation ◽  
Pandemic Planning ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Smart Technologies

The purpose of this article was to demonstrate the difference between a pandemic plan’s textual prescription and its effective processing using graphical notation. Before creating a case study of the Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) of the Czech Republic’s pandemic plan, we conducted a systematic review of the process approach in pandemic planning and a document analysis of relevant public documents. The authors emphasized the opacity of hundreds of pages of text records in an explanatory case study and demonstrated the effectiveness of the process approach in reengineering and improving the response to such a critical situation. A potential extension to the automation and involvement of SMART technologies or process optimization through process mining techniques is presented as a future research topic.

scholarly journals E-learning-Oriented Software Architecture Design and Case Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Peng Lu ◽  
Xiao Cong ◽  
Dongdai Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Software Architecture ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Domain Model ◽  
Learning System ◽  
Application Framework ◽  
Component Library ◽  
E Learning ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Level

Nowadays, E-learning system has been widely applied to practical teaching. It was favored by people for its characterized course arrangement and flexible learning schedule. However, the system does have some problems in the process of application such as the functions of single software are not diversified enough to satisfy the requirements in teaching completely. In order to cater more applications in the teaching process, it is necessary to integrate functions from different systems. But the difference in developing techniques and the inflexibility in design makes it difficult to implement. The major reason of these problems is the lack of fine software architecture. In this article, we build domain model and component model of E-learning system and components integration method on the basis of WebService. And we proposed an abstract framework of E-learning which could express the semantic relationship among components and realize high level reusable on the basis of informationized teaching mode. On this foundation, we form an E-learning oriented layering software architecture contain component library layer, application framework layer and application layer. Moreover, the system contains layer division multiplexing and was not built upon developing language and tools. Under the help of the software architecture, we could build characterized E-learning system flexibly like building blocks through framework selection, component assembling and replacement. In addition, we exemplify how to build concrete E-learning system on the basis of this software architecture.

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