scholarly journals A new specimen-dependent method of estimating felid body mass

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaheer Sherani
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Panthera Tigris ◽  
Living Species ◽  
Smilodon Fatalis ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Bone Dimensions ◽  
Panthera Atrox

Background. The estimation of body mass of long extinct species of the family Felidae has been a focus of paleontology. However, most utilized methods impose expected proportions on the fossil specimens being estimated, resulting in a high chance of underestimation or overestimation. This study proposes a new method of estimating felid body mass by accounting for osteological proportionality differences between the extinct taxa being estimated and the living species being used as comparisons. Method. Using a manipulation of the cube law, 36 equations were formulated that estimate body mass based on certain humeral and femoral dimensions. The formulated equations were used to examine whether the mass of living comparison species, namely the tiger (Panthera tigris), the lion (Panthera leo), and the jaguar (Panthera onca), depends equally on a select set of long bone dimensions. The body mass of five extinct felids, namely Panthera atrox, Panthera spelaea, Panthera tigris soloensis, Smilodon populator, and Smilodon fatalis, was also estimated. Results. Living comparisons species were found to somewhat incorrectly estimate other living comparison species. All five extinct taxa were found to weigh well over 300 kg, with the largest of the species weighing nearly 500 kg. Discussion. The inability of one living comparison species to predict the mass of another with strong accuracy suggests that bone dimensions do not solely influence body mass. Discrepancies between the masses of Smilodon populator and Smilodon fatalis were likely the product of the difference in available niches in late Pleistocene North and South America. The masses of Panthera spelaea and Panthera atrox indicate a discrepancy in sociality between the two closely related species. Lastly, the extreme body mass of Panthera tigris soloensis points to great plasticity within the tiger lineage in terms of size, indicating that such variations among tiger populations may not warrant subspeciation.

scholarly journals A new specimen-dependent method of estimating felid body mass

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaheer Sherani
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Panthera Tigris ◽  
Living Species ◽  
Smilodon Fatalis ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Bone Dimensions ◽  
Panthera Atrox

Background. The estimation of body mass of long extinct species of the family Felidae has been a focus of paleontology. However, most utilized methods impose expected proportions on the fossil specimens being estimated, resulting in a high chance of underestimation or overestimation. This study proposes a new method of estimating felid body mass by accounting for osteological proportionality differences between the extinct taxa being estimated and the living species being used as comparisons. Method. Using a manipulation of the cube law, 36 equations were formulated that estimate body mass based on certain humeral and femoral dimensions. The formulated equations were used to examine whether the mass of living comparison species, namely the tiger (Panthera tigris), the lion (Panthera leo), and the jaguar (Panthera onca), depends equally on a select set of long bone dimensions. The body mass of five extinct felids, namely Panthera atrox, Panthera spelaea, Panthera tigris soloensis, Smilodon populator, and Smilodon fatalis, was also estimated. Results. Living comparisons species were found to somewhat incorrectly estimate other living comparison species. All five extinct taxa were found to weigh well over 300 kg, with the largest of the species weighing nearly 500 kg. Discussion. The inability of one living comparison species to predict the mass of another with strong accuracy suggests that bone dimensions do not solely influence body mass. Discrepancies between the masses of Smilodon populator and Smilodon fatalis were likely the product of the difference in available niches in late Pleistocene North and South America. The masses of Panthera spelaea and Panthera atrox indicate a discrepancy in sociality between the two closely related species. Lastly, the extreme body mass of Panthera tigris soloensis points to great plasticity within the tiger lineage in terms of size, indicating that such variations among tiger populations may not warrant subspeciation.

scholarly journals A new specimen-dependent method of estimating felid body mass

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaheer Sherani
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Panthera Tigris ◽  
Living Species ◽  
Smilodon Fatalis ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Bone Dimensions ◽  
Panthera Atrox

Background. The estimation of body mass of long extinct species of the family Felidae has been a focus of paleontology. However, most utilized methods impose expected proportions on the fossil specimens being estimated, resulting in a high chance of underestimation or overestimation. This study proposes a new method of estimating felid body mass by accounting for osteological proportionality differences between the extinct taxa being estimated and the living species being used as comparisons. Method. Using a manipulation of the cube law, 36 equations were formulated that estimate body mass based on certain humeral and femoral dimensions. The formulated equations were used to examine whether the mass of living comparison species, namely the tiger (Panthera tigris), the lion (Panthera leo), and the jaguar (Panthera onca), depends equally on a select set of long bone dimensions. The body mass of five extinct felids, namely Panthera atrox, Panthera spelaea, Panthera tigris soloensis, Smilodon populator, and Smilodon fatalis, was also estimated. Results. Living comparisons species were found to somewhat incorrectly estimate other living comparison species. All five extinct taxa were found to weigh well over 300 kg, with the largest of the species weighing nearly 500 kg. Discussion. The inability of one living comparison species to predict the mass of another with strong accuracy suggests that bone dimensions do not solely influence body mass. Discrepancies between the masses of Smilodon populator and Smilodon fatalis were likely the product of the difference in available niches in late Pleistocene North and South America. The masses of Panthera spelaea and Panthera atrox indicate a discrepancy in sociality between the two closely related species. Lastly, the extreme body mass of Panthera tigris soloensis points to great plasticity within the tiger lineage in terms of size, indicating that such variations among tiger populations may not warrant subspeciation.

scholarly journals Changes in Children’s Body Composition and Posture during Puberty Growth

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 288
Author(s):  
Wojciech Rusek ◽  
Joanna Baran ◽  
Justyna Leszczak ◽  
Marzena Adamczyk ◽  
Rafał Baran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Pelvic Obliquity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Posture ◽  
Older Children ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

The main goal of our study was to determine how the age of children, puberty and anthropometric parameters affect the formation of body composition and faulty body posture development in children. The secondary goal was to determine in which body segments abnormalities most often occur and how gender differentiates the occurrence of adverse changes in children’s body posture and body composition during puberty. The study group consisted of 464 schoolchildren aged from 6–16. Body posture was assessed with the Zebris system. The composition of the body mass was tested with Tanita MC 780 MA body mass analyzer and the body height was measured using a portable stadiometer PORTSTAND 210. The participants were further divided due to the age of puberty. Tanner division was adopted. The cut-off age for girls is ≥10 years and for boys it is ≥12 years. The analyses applied descriptive statistics, the Pearson correlation, stepwise regression analysis and the t-test. The accepted level of significance was p < 0.05. The pelvic obliquity was lower in older children (beta = −0.15). We also see that age played a significant role in the difference in the height of the right pelvis (beta = −0.28), and the difference in the height of the right shoulder (beta = 0.23). Regression analysis showed that the content of adipose tissue (FAT%) increased with body mass index (BMI) and decreased with increasing weight, age, and height. Moreover, the FAT% was lower in boys than in girls (beta negative equal to −0.39). It turned out that older children (puberty), had greater asymmetry in the right shoulder blade (p < 0.001) and right shoulder (p = 0.003). On the other hand, younger children (who were still before puberty) had greater anomalies in the left trunk inclination (p = 0.048) as well as in the pelvic obliquity (p = 0.008). Girls in puberty were characterized by greater asymmetry on the right side, including the shoulders (p = 0.001), the scapula (p = 0.001) and the pelvis (p < 0.001). In boys, the problem related only to the asymmetry of the shoulder blades (p < 0.001). Girls were characterized by a greater increase in adipose tissue and boys by muscle tissue. Significant differences also appeared in the body posture of the examined children. Greater asymmetry within scapulas and shoulders were seen in children during puberty. Therefore, a growing child should be closely monitored to protect them from the adverse consequences of poor posture or excessive accumulation of adipose tissue in the body.

scholarly journals Estimating the gains of early detection of hypertension over the marginal patient

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254260
Author(s):  
Paul Rodríguez-Lesmes
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Family Doctor ◽  
The Body ◽  
P Value ◽  
Suspected Case ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
The Difference

This study estimated the potential impact of early diagnosis programs on health outcomes in England. Specifically, if advising individuals to visit their family doctor due to a suspected case of mild hypertension would result in (i) an increase in the diagnosis and treatment of high blood pressure; (ii) an improved lifestyle reflected in objective measures such as the body-mass-index and blood pressure levels; (iii) a reduced probability of the onset of other cardiovascular diseases, such as diabetes. To address potential selection bias in screening, a feature of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing is exploited, motivating a regression discontinuity design. If respondents’ blood pressure measurements are above a standard clinical threshold, they are advised to visit their family doctor to confirm hypertension. Two years after the protocol, there is evidence of an increase in diagnosis (5.7 pp, p-val = 0.06) and medication use (6 pp, p-val = 0.007) for treating the condition. However, four years after the protocol, the difference in diagnosis and medication disappeared (4 pp, p-val = 0.384; 3.4 pp, p-val = 0.261). Moreover, there are no differences on observed blood pressure levels (systolic 0.026 mmHg, p-val = 0.815; diastolic -0.336 mmHg, p-val = 0.765), or Body-Mass-Index ((0.771, p-val = 0.154)). There are also no differences on diagnosis of diabetes (1.7 pp, p-val = 0.343) or heart related conditions (3.6 pp, p-value = 0.161). In conclusion, the nudge produces an earlier diagnosis of around two years, but there are no perceivable gains in health outcomes after four years.

scholarly journals Grip Strength Generalization of the Body Mass Index

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandru Godescu
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Grip Strength ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Body Mass Index (BMI) formula has been developed by Belgian mathematician Adolphe Quetelet and published in 1840 [1] as a law of nature and society, based on statistics about the weight and height of the population of that time, the first part of the 19th century. He called it &ldquo;social physics&rdquo;. From then, for nearly two centuries, the BMI had been the most important formula describing the normal relations and ratio of weight to the square of the height for humans. The problem arises if the BMI formula, developed in the first part of the 19th century is still good today when the type of work people perform is very different? In modern times, most people are less muscular than at the time when the BMI was developed because they do not work physically as heavy as at that time. In many cases, the Body Mass index can predict mortality, morbidity and illness but not always, for example cases such as (a) the obesity paradox for some cardiovascular problems and (b) the U shape mortality paradox as well as (c) false positive obesity diagnostic in regard to people who are strong and muscular, have low body fat percentage but are classified as obese by the BMI and (d) cases where BMI is normal but people have an &ldquo;obese metabolism&rdquo; (e) BMI normal but high fat percentage. The objective is to develop a formula good for all body types, a formula that makes the difference between fat and non-fat body weight such as muscle and body frame and quantifies the effect of strength and fitness, which BMI does not. Another objective is to develop a formula to predict the health risks and fitness status of people, better than BMI. The first generalizations of BMI using anthropometric metrics could be found in [2], where I discuss and analyze many formulae, developed, tested, and simulated by me, using similar new methods, accounting for body shape, physical shape and body function, making the difference between muscle mass and fat, fat and non fat body weight. Nearly all formulae and methods developed and proposed in this new model are new, never published before. Many experiments published before, in highly cited papers show that grip strength and muscle strength is a predictor of health, mortality, morbidity, endocrine and metabolic disease outside the BMI and anthropometric measures. The purpose of my formula is to explain the outcome of those experiments and create a formula which predicts these experiments [21-41].

The Impact of Urbanization on Stature and bmi in Poland

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Kopczyński ◽  
Łukasz Sobechowicz
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
The Body ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Rural Environments ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Impact Of Urbanization ◽  
The Impact

Analysis of the stature and body mass of men from the Kingdom of Poland who were drafted into the 1913/14 Russian army finds that Christians and Jews born in Warsaw were taller than their counterparts from small towns and villages. However, conscripts from Warsaw had less body mass than did conscripts from rural regions; the body mass index (bmi) of a significant proportion of the Warsaw contingent indicates nutritional deficiency. The difference in stature between inhabitants of Warsaw and those of the provinces is attributable to the dietary advantages of the urban environment. The higher bmi of the conscripts from the provinces derived from their greater muscle mass, achieved through the hard labor typical of rural environments. Young males in Warsaw tended to economize on food to spend more on the amusements typical of urban environments, not usually conducive to muscular development.

scholarly journals Elevated body mass index and fatty liver

2008 ◽  
Vol 136 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 122-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragana Marovic
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Average Level ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Elevated Body Mass Index ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference

Introduction Obesity and overweight, expressed by elevated Body Mass Index (BMI), result from excessive consumption of fatty food and carbohydrates above the body needs. The fat from the blood, through free fatty acids, is taken directly into the liver. Objective The aim of this study was to examine correlation among the accepted ultrasonography findings of the fatty liver and the normal ultrasonography findings and the elevated average level of BMI and those with normal BMI in examinees in one investigation. All was done aimed at proving that the BMI is one of the direct factors of the increased occurence of fatty liver. METHOD The method of the investigation consisted of anthropometric measuring of height and weight on the basis of which there were established BMI values. Consequently, the examinees were divided in two groups: one with normal BMI (under 24.9 kg/m2) and the other with increased BMI (over 25 kg/m2). Fatty liver was diagnosed when the liver of the examinees was observed by ultrasonography. Thus there were given subgroups of the examinees, one with the findings of fatty liver and the second with a normal finding, without changes. After that, the obtained results were statistically analysed. Results It was found that the average level of BMI in the examinees was by two units higher in the subgroup with ultrasonography findings of fatty liver than the average value of BMI in the subgroup with the normal ultrasonography findings of the liver. The difference was tested by the Student's t-test and a significant difference was found. The difference in frequencies of the appearance of the finding of fatty liver in the subgroups was tested by ?2-test. A statistically significant difference was found in frequencies of the appearance of fatty liver in the subgroup with the increased value of BMI. Conclusion The increased BMI, which is represented by overweight and obesity, is one of the direct risk factors which cause fatty liver, checked by the US findings. Fatty liver can later progress to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). .

scholarly journals Some significant exterior and reproductive properties of the English Thoroughbred horse population from the stud farm 'Ljubicevo', Serbia

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 75-82
Author(s):  
V. Djermanovic ◽  
S. Mitrovic ◽  
N. Djordjevic ◽  
M. Novakovic
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gestation Period ◽  
Poor Correlation ◽  
Phenotype Correlation ◽  
Horse Breed ◽  
Horse Population ◽  
Thoroughbred Horse ◽  
The Difference

The investigation included 5 stallions (average age of 10.40 years) and 33 mares (average age of 10.33 years) with pedigree of the English Thoroughbred horse breed that are used for breeding on the Stud Farm Ljubicevo - Serbia. The investigation of some significant properties relating to the exterior (at stallions) and reproductive ones (at mares) were carried out in the year 2009. The following average exterior (body) measures of the stallions: the body mass (474.80 kg), withers height (160.46 cm), trunk or body length (161.88 cm), breast circumference (187.96 cm) and tibia circumference (19.22 cm) were within the standards of this horse breed of the age. The gestation period at mares, regardless the sex of a colt, averagely lasted 337.70 days. With the mares having had a male colt, the gestation lasted a little bit longer (338.92 days) than with the mares having had female colts (336.90 days). The difference in the gestation duration (2.02 days) was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Between the age of the mares and the gestation duration (regardless the sex of a colt) it was found a positive slight correlation (rp=0.320). Furthermore, between the age of the mares and the gestation duration it was found medium (rp=0.453) correlation at male colts, and quite poor correlation (rp=0.202) at female colts. Found coefficients of the phenotype correlation were not statistically confirmed (P>0.05).

scholarly journals Decomposition of body mass growth into linear and ponderal growth in children with application to India

2017 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aalok R. Chaurasia
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Indian Children ◽  
Theoretical Justification ◽  
Mass Growth ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Indian Data

AbstractIn this paper, we decompose the difference between the weight of a child and the weight of a reference child into the difference between the height of the child and the height of the reference child and the difference between the weight per unit height of the child and the weight per unit height of the reference child. The decomposition provides the theoretical justification to the classification of the nutritional status proposed by Svedberg and by Nandyet al.An application of the decomposition framework to the Indian data shows that the level, depth and severity of the faltering of the growth of the body mass in Indian children are primarily due to the level, depth and severity of the faltering of the ponderal growth.

Analysis of Body Mass Index, the Mandible, and Dental Alveolar Arch Factors in Prediction of Mandibular Third Molar Impaction: A Pilot Study

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 41-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Babatunde O. Akinbami ◽  
Blessing C. Didia
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Third Molar ◽  
The Body ◽  
Third Molars ◽  
Determinant Factors ◽  
Mandibular Third Molar ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Alveolar Arch

Abstract Aim The aim of this study was to determine how some physical characteristics can be used to predict the occurrence of impacted mandibular third molars. Background While the concept of prophylactic removal of the asymptomatic erupting or impacted mandibular third molar has generated much controversy over the years, new theories of therapeutic surgical removal of the erupting tooth and therapeutic agenesis of the tooth bud are emerging. However, there are a few studies that address the anthropometric factors that could predict an impacted mandibular third molar. Methods and Materials The study included Nigerian patients of both genders who were at least 16 years of age. A total of 83 subjects participated in the study; there were 44 (53 percent) females and 39 (47 percent) males. The subjects were divided into two categories presence of impaction (Group 1) and absence of impaction (Group 2). Impaction of the mandibular third molar was assessed by clinical and radiographic evaluation. Body mass index (BMI) of each subject was determined by measuring the body weight (BW) and body height (BH), then dividing the weight of the body by the square of the height. The mandibular index (MI) was assessed by measuring the length and width of the mandible (MW). It was calculated by dividing the width of the mandible by the length of the mandible. The mandibular length (ML) consisted of the total teeth sizes of the three anterior teeth, the two premolars, and the first and second molars. These dimensions were measured with a divider/ ruler and recorded. The anterior-posterior distance of the arch from the midline to the retromolar pad (alveolar arch length) also was measured. Results Eighty-one (97.6 percent) of the participants were between 16 and 23 years old, while 2 (2.4 percent) were between 30 and 39 years old, of which 44 (53 percent) were women and 39 (47 percent) were men. There were 38 (45.8 percent) cases of impaction and 45 (54.2 percent) cases of unimpacted third molar. The mean and standard deviation values of BMI for the two groups in males and females were 21.10±1.90, 22.40±2.70 and 22.00±2.40, 22.30±1.99 respectively, with no significant difference, p>0.05, CI 95%. The two determinant factors of impaction were mandibular length and the difference between alveolar arch length (p=0.04) and total teeth size. Both of these variables had significant inverse correlations with impaction values of p=0.04 and p=0.003, respectively. The prediction values were 59 percent for mandibular length and 81.9 percent for differences between mandibular length and teeth sizes, respectively. The synthesized prediction value by the two determinant factors is 75.6 percent. Conclusion The prediction of mandibular third molar impaction was mainly dependent on two factors: the length of the mandible and the difference between arch length and total teeth size. Clinical Significance Small mandible, small dental arch, and large teeth are risk factors that are strongly associated with the occurrence of impacted third molars. Citation Akinbami BO, Didia BC. Analysis of Body Mass Index, the Mandible, and Dental Alveolar Arch Factors in Prediction of Mandibular Third Molar Impaction: A Pilot Study. J Contemp Dent Pract [Internet]. 2010 December; 11(6):041- 048. Available from: http://www.thejcdp.com/ journal/view/volume11-issue6-akinbami

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document