scholarly journals Distributional variability of bacterial wilt of chili incited by Ralstonia solanacearum in eight agro-ecological zones of Pakistan

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad N Aslam ◽  
Tariq Mukhtar
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Sindh Province ◽  
Indus Delta ◽  
And Control ◽  
Agro Ecological Zones

Background. Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the major constraints in the production of chilies in Pakistan. As the information regarding distribution and prevalence of R. solanacearum is exiguous, the present studies were conducted during 2014-15 to determine the incidence and prevalence of R. solanacearum in the major chili growing areas from different agro-ecological zones of Pakistan. Results. The overall incidence and prevalence of R. solanacearum in the country was found to be 10% and 76% respectively. Of the four provinces, maximum disease incidence of 16.4% was recorded in Sindh province followed by Punjab and Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa showing 11.4% and 7% disease incidences respectively and the minimum incidence of 4.9% was observed in the province of Baluchistan. As regards prevalence, the same pattern was observed. Out of 8 agro-ecological zones the maximum disease incidence of 19.5% was observed in Indus delta followed by Sandy deserts (14.1%) while the minimum disease incidence of 5% was found in Western dry mountains. The disease incidence in other zones ranged between 5.4 and 14.1%. Similar trend was noticed regarding prevalence being the maximum in Indus delta (100%) followed by Southern irrigated plains (90%). Out of 114 R. solanacearum strains, 92 (81%) were identified as Biovar 3 while the remaining 22 (19%) were recognized as Biovar 4. Biovar 3 was recorded from all the four provinces and was found to be predominant in all the provinces while Biovar 4 was found in the Punjab and Sindh provinces only. Similarly, biovar 3 was observed from all the eight agro ecological zones and found to be predominant. On the other hand, biovar 4 was recorded from four agro ecological zones. Conclusions. The study provides first comprehensive report about the distribution of bacterial wilt of chilies in all the agro ecological zones of the country. The disease has been found fairly distributed in the country with varying intensities warranting stringent surveillance and control measures to minimize yield losses.

scholarly journals Distributional variability of bacterial wilt of chili incited by Ralstonia solanacearum in eight agro-ecological zones of Pakistan

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad N Aslam ◽  
Tariq Mukhtar
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Sindh Province ◽  
Indus Delta ◽  
And Control ◽  
Agro Ecological Zones

Background. Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the major constraints in the production of chilies in Pakistan. As the information regarding distribution and prevalence of R. solanacearum is exiguous, the present studies were conducted during 2014-15 to determine the incidence and prevalence of R. solanacearum in the major chili growing areas from different agro-ecological zones of Pakistan. Results. The overall incidence and prevalence of R. solanacearum in the country was found to be 10% and 76% respectively. Of the four provinces, maximum disease incidence of 16.4% was recorded in Sindh province followed by Punjab and Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa showing 11.4% and 7% disease incidences respectively and the minimum incidence of 4.9% was observed in the province of Baluchistan. As regards prevalence, the same pattern was observed. Out of 8 agro-ecological zones the maximum disease incidence of 19.5% was observed in Indus delta followed by Sandy deserts (14.1%) while the minimum disease incidence of 5% was found in Western dry mountains. The disease incidence in other zones ranged between 5.4 and 14.1%. Similar trend was noticed regarding prevalence being the maximum in Indus delta (100%) followed by Southern irrigated plains (90%). Out of 114 R. solanacearum strains, 92 (81%) were identified as Biovar 3 while the remaining 22 (19%) were recognized as Biovar 4. Biovar 3 was recorded from all the four provinces and was found to be predominant in all the provinces while Biovar 4 was found in the Punjab and Sindh provinces only. Similarly, biovar 3 was observed from all the eight agro ecological zones and found to be predominant. On the other hand, biovar 4 was recorded from four agro ecological zones. Conclusions. The study provides first comprehensive report about the distribution of bacterial wilt of chilies in all the agro ecological zones of the country. The disease has been found fairly distributed in the country with varying intensities warranting stringent surveillance and control measures to minimize yield losses.

Distribution and incidence of tomato bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum in the central region of Togo

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bitang Bamazi ◽  
Agnassim Banito ◽  
K. D. Ayisah ◽  
Rachidatou Sikirou ◽  
Mathews Paret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Lycopersicum ◽  
Laboratory Investigation ◽  
Central Region ◽  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum L ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Tomato Bacterial Wilt

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most important vegetables in Togo. Unfortunately, tomatoes are susceptible to many diseases, among which bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum causes major yield losses. In this study, incidence of bacterial wilt and its distribution was evaluated in the central region of Togo, the major tomato producing area in the country. Overall, 16 localities were surveyed in four prefectures. In each locality, three fields were visited, and the incidence of the disease was recorded, and diseased samples were collected for laboratory investigation. The results showed that bacterial wilt occurred in all the fields visited, indicating a field incidence of 100%, whereas the plant incidence ranged from 10.00±00% to 43.33±3.33%, with an average of 20.94±1.77%. The antibody based Immunostrip test was positive for R. solanacearum in 100% of the visited fields. From 144 samples collected from fields, 45 R. solanacearum isolates were isolated on Modified SMSA media. This survey results show that tomato bacterial wilt is a real threat to tomato production in the central region of Togo.

scholarly journals Utilization of Filamentous Phage ϕRSM3 to Control Bacterial Wilt Caused by Ralstonia solanacearum

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (8) ◽  
pp. 1204-1209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hardian S. Addy ◽  
Ahmed Askora ◽  
Takeru Kawasaki ◽  
Makoto Fujie ◽  
Takashi Yamada
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Filamentous Phage ◽  
Pr Genes ◽  
Efficient Tool ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Infected Cells

The wide host range of Ralstonia solanacearum, causal agent of bacterial wilt, and its ability to survive for long periods in the environment restrict the effectiveness of cultural and chemical control measures. The use of phages for disease control is a fast-expanding trend of plant protection with great potential to replace chemical measures. The filamentous phage ϕRSM3 that infects R. solanacearum strains and inactivates virulence on plants is a potential agent for controlling bacterial wilt in tomato. We demonstrated that inoculation of ϕRSM3-infected cells into tomato plants did not cause bacterial wilt. Instead, ϕRSM3-infected cells enhanced the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, including PR-1a, PR-2b, and PR7, in tomato plants. Moreover, pretreatment with ϕRSM-infected cells protect tomato plants from infection by virulent R. solanacearum strains. The effective dose of ϕRSM3-infected cells for disease prevention was determined to be approximately 105 CFU/ml. Because the ϕRSM3-infected cells can grow and continue to produce infectious phage particles under appropriate conditions, ϕRSM phages may serve as an efficient tool to control bacterial wilt in crops.

scholarly journals First Report of Bacterial Wilt Caused by Ralstonia solanacearum on Plectranthus amboinicus in Martinique

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peninna Deberdt ◽  
Gilles Cellier ◽  
Régine Coranson-Beaudu ◽  
Mathis Delmonteil--Girerd ◽  
Joanye Canguio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Bacterial Suspension ◽  
Diagnostic Pcr ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
First Report ◽  
Initial Symptoms ◽  
Plectranthus Amboinicus ◽  
Negative Controls

Plectranthus amboinicus, commonly known as Gwo ten in the French West Indies (Martinique), is a semi-succulent perennial plant of the Lamiaceae family. This aromatic plant wich is widespread naturally throughout the tropics is of economic importance because of the therapeutic and nutritional properties attributed to its natural phytochemical compounds wich are highly valued in the pharmaceutical industry. In March 2019, wilted P. amboinicus plants intercropped with tomato plants (cv. Heatmaster) in order to reduce the insect-pest damages on tomato, were observed in a field located at the CIRAD experimental station in Lamentin, Martinique (14.663194 N, -60.999167 W). Average disease incidence of 65.74% was recorded on P. amboinicus, in 3 plots with an area of 22.04 m2. The initial symptoms observed were irregular, black, necrotic lesions on leaves. After 10 days, plants wilted and black stripes were observed on stems. Within 4 weeks, more than 50% of plants were fully wilted. Longitudinal stem sections of the wilted plants showed brown vascular discoloration. The cut stems of the wilted plants released a whitish bacterial ooze in water. In all, 108 stem sections were collected, surface disinfected with 70% ethanol and each was crushed in 2 mL of Tris-buffer, then processed for bacterial isolation by plating on modified Semi-Selective Medium from South Africa SMSA (Engelbrecht 1994). Typical Ralstonia solanacearum colonies grew on SMSA medium for 100 of the 108 samples after incubation for 48h at 28°C and were identified as Ralstonia solanacearum using diagnostic PCR with 759/760 primers (Opina et al. 1997). A phylotype-specific multiplex PCR (Fegan and Prior 2005) classified all the strains in R. solanacearum Phylotype IIA. A subset of 11 strains was selected for sequevar identification. All the strains were identified as sequevar I-39 (100% nucleotide identity with strain ANT92 - Genbank accession EF371828), by partial egl sequencing (Fegan and Prior 2005) (GenBank Accession Nos. MT314067 to MT314077). This sequevar has been reported to be widespread in the Caribbean and tropical America on vegetable crops (particularly on tomato), but not on P. amboinicus (Deberdt et al. 2014; Ramsubhag et al. 2012; Wicker et al. 2007). To fulfil Koch’s postulates, a reference strain, isolated from diseased P. amboinicus (CFBP 8733, Phylotype IIA/sequevar 39), was inoculated on 30 healthy P. amboinicus plants. A common tomato cultivar grown in Martinique (cv. Heatmaster) was also inoculated on 30 plants with the same bacterial suspension. Three-weeks-old plants of both crops grown in sterilized field soil were inoculated by soil drenching with 20 ml of a calibrated suspension (108 CFU/mL). P. amboinicus and tomato plants drenched with sterile water served as a negative controls. Plants were grown in a fully controlled environment at day/night temperatures of 30–26°C ± 2°C under high relative humidity (80%). The P. amboinicus plants started wilting 9 days after inoculation, and within four weeks 60% of the P. amboinicus plants had wilted. The tomato plants started wilting 5 days after inoculation with 62% of wilted plants within four weeks. R. solanacearum was recovered from all symptomatic plants on modified SMSA medium. No symptoms were observed and no R. solanacearum strains were isolated from negative controls plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of R. solanacearum causing bacterial wilt on Gwo ten (P. amboinicus) in Martinique. The importance of this discovery lies in the reporting of an additional host for R. solanacearum, which can be associated with other crops as tomato crop in order to reduce the abundance of insect-pests. Further studies need to be conducted to assess the precise distribution of bacterial wilt disease on P. amboinicus in Martinique and to develop a plan of action avoiding its association with R. solanacearum host crops as tomato for reducing epidemic risk.

scholarly journals POTENTIAL OF MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACTS IN INDUCING PLANT RESISTANCE ON GINGER AGAINST BACTERIAL WILT DISEASE

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
SRI YUNI HARTATI ◽  
SUPRIADI SUPRIADI ◽  
SRI RAHAYUNINGSIH
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Bacterial Wilt Disease ◽  
Medicinal Plant Extracts

ABSTRACT<br />Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most<br />destructive diseases on ginger. The aim of this study was to evaluate the<br />potential use of five different medicinal plants extracts (Acalypha indica,<br />Andrographis paniculata, Centella asiatica, Curcuma xanthorrhiza, and<br />Spinosa oleracea) as sources of plant resistance inducer compounds<br />(elicitor) against bacterial wilt disease on ginger. Salicylic acid was used<br />as a standard synthetical compound, as well as, water as a control<br />treatment. The study was conducted at the Indonesian Spice and Medicinal<br />Crops Research Institute, Bogor in 2010-2011. Research was conducted in<br />Completely Randomized Design that consisted of 7 treatments, 3<br />replicates, and 10 plants/ replicate. Ginger seeds were planted in a mixture<br />of soil and manure in polybags. One-month old ginger plants were sprayed<br />or drenched with each of the medicinal plant extract before and after R.<br />solanacearum inoculation. This experiment indicated that the medicinal<br />plant extracts tested were effective in reducing wilt disease incidence on<br />ginger. Their effectiveness varied depended on the plant species and the<br />application method used. Among those five medicinal plant extracts tested,<br />A. indica, A. paniculata, and C. xanthorrhiza were the most stable and<br />effective.  Their  effectiveness  were  comparable  with  the  standard<br />compound of salicylic acid. This finding indicated that A. indica, A.<br />paniculata, and C. xanthorrhiza were potentially used as sources of<br />botanical elicitor compounds. The use of those medicinal plant extracts as<br />sources of botanical elicitor, hopefully could increase ginger resistance and<br />rhizome production, as well as reduce the use of synthetic pesticides.<br />Keywords:  Medicinal  plant  extracts,  elicitor  compounds,  induced<br />resistance, ginger, wilt disease<br />ABSTRAK<br />Layu  bakteri  yang  disebabkan  oleh  Ralstonia  solanacearum<br />merupakan salah satu penyakit yang merusak tanaman jahe. Penelitian ini<br />bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi potensi lima jenis ekstrak tanaman obat<br />(akar kucing, sambiloto, pegagan, temulawak, dan bayam duri) sebagai<br />sumber senyawa penginduksi ketahanan (elisitor) tanaman jahe terhadap<br />penyakit layu. Pada penelitian ini digunakan asam salisilat sebagai<br />senyawa sintetik standard dan air sebagai perlakuan kontrol. Penelitian<br />dilaksanakan di Balai Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat, Bogor pada<br />tahun  2010-2011.  Percobaan  dilaksanakan  dengan  menggunakan<br />rancangan acak lengkap yang terdiri atas 7 perlakuan, 3 ulangan, dan 10<br />tanaman/ ulangan. Rimpang jahe ditanam pada media campuran tanah dan<br />pupuk kandang di dalam polibeg. Jahe umur satu bulan disemprot atau<br />disiram dengan ekstrak tanaman obat sebelum dan setelah diinokulasi R.<br />solanacearum. Hasil penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa ekstrak tanaman<br />obat yang diuji efektif dapat mengurangi kejadian penyakit layu pada<br />tanaman jahe. Efektivitas dari tanaman tersebut bervariasi tergantung dari<br />spesies tanaman dan cara aplikasinya. Diantara kelima tanaman obat yang<br />diuji, akar kucing, sambiloto, dan temulawak paling stabil dan efektif<br />dalam mengurangi terjadinya penyakit layu. Efektivitas dari ketiga<br />tanaman obat tersebut sama dengan senyawa asam salisilat. Hasil<br />penelitian menunjukkan bahwa akar kucing, sambiloto, dan temulawak<br />berpotensi untuk digunakan sebagai sumber senyawa elisitor botanis.<br />Penggunaan  ekstrak tanaman  obat  sebagai  sumber  elisitor  botanis<br />diharapkan dapat meningkatkan ketahanan tanaman dan produksi jahe<br />serta mengurangi penggunaan pestisida sintetik.<br />Kata kunci: Ekstrak tanaman, senyawa elisitor, induksi ketahanan, jahe,<br />penyakit layu.

scholarly journals Combined use of a microbial restoration substrate and avirulent Ralstonia solanacearum for the control of tomato bacterial wilt

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuefang Zheng ◽  
Yujing Zhu ◽  
Jieping Wang ◽  
Ziran Wang ◽  
Bo Liu
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Control Effect ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Promote Plant Growth ◽  
Tomato Bacterial Wilt

AbstractTomato bacterial wilt (BW) caused by Ralstonia solanacearum seriously restricts tomato production and no effective control measures are available. A microbial restoration substrate (MRS) had been proved to be effective control of tomato BW in a greenhouse cultivation. In this study, MRS was combined with an avirulent Ralstonia solanacearum (aRS) strain to control the disease under an open field condition. In the two consecutive year (2017 and 2018) trials, the combined use of aRS and MRS resulted in better disease control compared with either aRS or MRS alone. Moreover, the combined treatment was more effective than expected and suggesting a synergistic control effect. Compared with control (CK, non-aRS or MRS), the application of aRS and MRS treatments alone or in combination could all promote plant growth, increase root activity and yield (e.g. the yield for the treatment of aRS + MRS increased by 463.64% in 2017). Soil nutrients, including soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium contents were also significantly increased by the application of aRS and MRS treatments alone or in combination (P < 0.05). The application of MRS or in combination with aRS changed the soil from acidic to neutral, which is one of the key factors for controlling BW. The soil enzymatic activities were notably influenced by the combined use of aRS and MRS, which increased urease (87.37% in 2017 and 60.89% in 2018), catalase (93.67% in 2017 and 279.37% in 2018) and alkaline phosphatase activities (193.77% in 2017 and 455.73% in 2018). These results suggest that the combination of MRS and aRS could effectively control tomato BW and thus represents a promising new tool to control this disease.

Ralstonia solanacearum (bacterial wilt of potato).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebrahim Osdaghi
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Weed Host ◽  
Race 1

Abstract Ralstonia solanacearum is included in the A2 (high risk) list of quarantine organisms by the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). EPPO Code for R. solanacearum is RALSSO, while the phytosanitary categorization of the species in EPPO A2 list is no.58, EU: I/A2 (EPPO, 2018). Bacterial wilt disease was first reported in southern USA in the late nineteenth century on tomato plants (Smith, 1896). Infected plant materials (e.g. potato tubers) transmit the pathogen over long distances; hence, quarantine inspections and plant sanitary practices are the cornerstone of disease management (EPPO, 2018). R. solanacearum strains in the race 3 group are a select agent under the US Agricultural Bioterrorism Protection Act of 2002 (USDA, 2005). Peculiarly, the organism, if not yet already present in North America in pelargonium (Strider et al., 1981), was introduced with cuttings of this host by American companies producing these cuttings for their markets in countries like Kenya and Guatemala (Norman et al., 1999, 2009; Kim et al., 2002; Williamson et al., 2002; O'Hern, 2004). A similar situation led to introductions of the pathogen from Kenya into some northern European nurseries. Once the source (contaminated surface water) was recognized and proper control measures (use of deep soil water, disinfection of cutting producing premises and replacement of mother stock), the problem was solved and the disease in greenhouses eradicated (Janse et al., 2004). Similarly race 1 has been introduced into greenhouses with ornamental plants (rhizomes, cuttings or fully grown plants) such as Epipremnum, Anthurium, Curcuma spp. and Begonia eliator from tropical areas (Norman and Yuen, 1998, 1999; Janse et al., 2006; Janse, 2012). Introduction can and did occur from Costa Rica and the Caribbean, Indonesia, Thailand and South Africa. However, this idea of placing pathogens on bioterrorist list for unclear and perhaps industry-driven reasons and its effects, is strongly opposed in a recent publication from leading phytobacteriologists. This is because R. solanacearum is an endemic pathogen, causing endemic disease in most parts of its geographic occurrence, moreover normal quarantine regulations are already in place where the disease is not present or only sporadically and are thought to be more efficient and less damaging to trade and research than placing this pathogen on select agent lists and treating it as such (Young et al., 2008). Peculiarly, it has been used in the control of a real invasive species, the weed kahili ginger (Hedychium gardenarium) in tropical forests in Hawaii. This is not without risks because strains occurring on this weed host were thought to be non-virulent, but later appeared to be virulent on many edible and ornamental ginger species as well (Anderson and Gardner, 1999; Paret et al., 2008). Another threat for these countries could be strains belonging to race 1, biovar 1 (phylotype I) that have already been reported from field-grown potatoes in Portugal (Cruz et al., 2008).

scholarly journals Meeting the Local Rice Needs in Nigeria through Effective Weed Management

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Ismaila ◽  
A. C. Wada ◽  
E. Daniya ◽  
A. U. Gbanguba
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Control Cost ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
And Control ◽  
Major Impediment ◽  
Agro Ecological Zones

<p>Nigeria is blessed with natural and human resources required to produce rice to meet its local consumption. These resources are spread across all the agro-ecological zones of the country. Despite the availability of these resources, rice production in Nigeria could still not meet the local consumption and over 40% of the crop is imported annually to complement the local production. Several studies have revealed biotic and abiotic stresses as the major impediment to the production of the crop. Weeds are the most prominent of all the stresses across all the ecologies in term of yield reduction, labour demand and control cost. Yield losses of 35-75% and 70-100% have been recorded in low land and upland ecologies respectively as a result of weed interference. The problem of weed is worse than any of the other stress mentioned above except for water stress in low land ecology. This paper reviews the various weed management options that could be adopted for optimal rice yield, by the resource poor farmers of Nigeria.</p>

Plant-parasitic nematodes in some economically important crops in Myanmar – species, possible damage and control measures

Nematology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Yu Min ◽  
Koki Toyota
Keyword(s):  
Control Measures ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Cropping Patterns ◽  
Oilseed Crops ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Collective Information ◽  
And Control ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Rice, pulses and oilseed crops are major exporting crops in Myanmar. Many plant-parasitic nematodes, such asMeloidogyne incognita,M. javanica,M. graminicola,Ditylenchus angustus,Hirschmanniella oryzae,Heterodera cajaniandPratylenchusspp., have been detected in these crops in different cropping patterns and are considered one of the reasons for their low yields. Previous surveys have shown potential impact to yield losses in the crops. This Forum article provides collective information on species of the major plant-parasitic nematodes, possible damage and available control measures to such economically important crops in Myanmar.

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