scholarly journals Septoria nodorum blotch of wheat

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucky Mehra ◽  
Urmila Adhikari ◽  
Christina Cowger ◽  
Peter S Ojiambo
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Susceptibility Gene ◽  
Gene Interaction ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Septoria Nodorum ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Septoria Nodorum Blotch

Septoria nodorum blotch occurs in wheat-growing areas worldwide, but the disease is more prevalent in areas with warm and moist weather, such as the southeastern United States, parts of Europe, southern Brazil, and Australia. The disease affects both the quantity and quality of yield, and the pathogen is capable of affecting wheat at both seedling and adult stages. Historically, losses up to 50% have been reported, in addition to lower grain quality, although in the U.S., lower levels of loss are typical. The yield losses are highest when flag leaf, F-1 (leaf below flag leaf), and F-2 (leaf below F-1) are infected. The disease is known to reduce thousand-kernel-weight, a yield parameter. The fungus undergoes regular cycles of sexual recombination due to the availability of both mating types, and creates genetic variation in its population, thus enhancing its potential to overcome control measures. The pathosystem is also a model system for necrotrophic plant pathogens. So far, nine necrotrophic effectors and host susceptibility gene interaction have been identified, which have the potential to be used in marker assisted selection for breeding resistant wheat varieties.

scholarly journals Septoria nodorum blotch of wheat

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucky Mehra ◽  
Urmila Adhikari ◽  
Christina Cowger ◽  
Peter S Ojiambo
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Susceptibility Gene ◽  
Gene Interaction ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Septoria Nodorum ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Septoria Nodorum Blotch

Septoria nodorum blotch occurs in wheat-growing areas worldwide, but the disease is more prevalent in areas with warm and moist weather, such as the southeastern United States, parts of Europe, southern Brazil, and Australia. The disease affects both the quantity and quality of yield, and the pathogen is capable of affecting wheat at both seedling and adult stages. Historically, losses up to 50% have been reported, in addition to lower grain quality, although in the U.S., lower levels of loss are typical. The yield losses are highest when flag leaf, F-1 (leaf below flag leaf), and F-2 (leaf below F-1) are infected. The disease is known to reduce thousand-kernel-weight, a yield parameter. The fungus undergoes regular cycles of sexual recombination due to the availability of both mating types, and creates genetic variation in its population, thus enhancing its potential to overcome control measures. The pathosystem is also a model system for necrotrophic plant pathogens. So far, nine necrotrophic effectors and host susceptibility gene interaction have been identified, which have the potential to be used in marker assisted selection for breeding resistant wheat varieties.

scholarly journals Septoria nodorum blotch of wheat

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucky Mehra ◽  
Urmila Adhikari ◽  
Christina Cowger ◽  
Peter S Ojiambo
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Susceptibility Gene ◽  
Gene Interaction ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Septoria Nodorum ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Septoria Nodorum Blotch

Septoria nodorum blotch occurs in wheat-growing areas worldwide, but the disease is more prevalent in areas with warm and moist weather, such as the southeastern United States, parts of Europe, southern Brazil, and Australia. The disease affects both the quantity and quality of yield, and the pathogen is capable of affecting wheat at both seedling and adult stages. Historically, losses up to 50% have been reported, in addition to lower grain quality, although in the U.S., lower levels of loss are typical. The yield losses are highest when flag leaf, F-1 (leaf below flag leaf), and F-2 (leaf below F-1) are infected. The disease is known to reduce thousand-kernel-weight, a yield parameter. The fungus undergoes regular cycles of sexual recombination due to the availability of both mating types, and creates genetic variation in its population, thus enhancing its potential to overcome control measures. The pathosystem is also a model system for necrotrophic plant pathogens. So far, nine necrotrophic effectors and host susceptibility gene interaction have been identified, which have the potential to be used in marker assisted selection for breeding resistant wheat varieties.

scholarly journals Evaluation of disease, yield and economics associated with fungicide timing in Canadian Western Red Spring wheat

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahnoor Asif ◽  
Sheri Strydhorst ◽  
Stephen Strelkov ◽  
Allen Terry ◽  
Michael Harding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Leaf Spot Disease ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
Yield Quality ◽  
Herbicide Timing ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Disease Pressure

Protection from fungal plant pathogens is key for optimizing the yield and quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum). However, current grower practices and historical research do not always align with respect to optimum fungicide timing to maximize disease control, yield, quality and profitability of Canadian Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheat. Six fungicide treatments were evaluated at eight site-years across Alberta in 2018 and 2019 to determine the optimum time for fungicide application. The treatments included early fungicide applications at BBCH 22-23 (herbicide timing), early to mid-season application at BBCH 30-32 (plant growth regulator timing), ‘traditional’ timing at BBCH 39-45 (flag leaf), and head timing at BBCH 61-63 (fusarium head blight timing), and were compared with a non-treated control. Yield responses to fungicide treatments occurred at 50% of the site-years when disease pressure was 32% higher than in non-responsive site-years. Responsive site-years were characterized by higher relative humidity (65.4 - 74.0%) and an average 273 mm of precipitation. At responsive site-years, McFadden leaf spot disease severity ratings were 50% greater in early August when fungicides were applied at BBCH 22-23 and 30-32 versus at BBCH 39-45. At responsive sites, yield and thousand-kernel weight were 9.3% and 5.2%, higher, respectively, for fungicide applications at BBCH 39-45 and BBCH 61-63 compared with fungicide applications at BBCH 22-23 and BBCH 30-32. The most economically beneficial practices were applications of propiconazole, benzovindiflupyr and azoxystrobin (Trivapro A+B) at BBCH 39-45 or prothioconazole and tebuconazole (Prosaro XTR) at BBCH 61-63 when environmental conditions were conducive for disease development.

THE QUANTITATIVE INHERITANCE IN SPRING WHEAT OF MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURES ABOVE THE FLAG LEAF NODE

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 738-742
Author(s):  
P. Hsu ◽  
P. D. Walton
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Additive Genetic Variance ◽  
Diallel Cross ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Leaf Node ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Additive Variance ◽  
Partial Dominance

A diallel cross between five spring wheat varieties showed that structures above the flag leaf node which contributed to the overall photosynthetic area of this region were highly heritable. For most of the characters studied additive genetic variance was significant while non-additive variance was not. The number of ears per plant and the yield per plant showed full dominance, while for the 1,000-kernel weight overdominance was present. Partial dominance was significant for peduncle length, the extrusion of the head from the leaf sheath and for the ear length.

scholarly journals A wheat chromosome 5AL region confers seedling resistance to both tan spot and Septoria nodorum blotch in two mapping populations

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 809-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjing Hu ◽  
Xinyao He ◽  
Susanne Dreisigacker ◽  
Carolina P. Sansaloni ◽  
Philomin Juliana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Chromosome ◽  
Tan Spot ◽  
Septoria Nodorum ◽  
Seedling Resistance ◽  
Septoria Nodorum Blotch ◽  
Mapping Populations

scholarly journals Microbial antagonists against plant pathogens in Iran: A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 404-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrdad Alizadeh ◽  
Yalda Vasebi ◽  
Naser Safaie
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Plant Disease Management ◽  
Published Research

AbstractThe purpose of this article was to give a comprehensive review of the published research works on biological control of different fungal, bacterial, and nematode plant diseases in Iran from 1992 to 2018. Plant pathogens cause economical loss in many agricultural products in Iran. In an attempt to prevent these serious losses, chemical control measures have usually been applied to reduce diseases in farms, gardens, and greenhouses. In recent decades, using the biological control against plant diseases has been considered as a beneficial and alternative method to chemical control due to its potential in integrated plant disease management as well as the increasing yield in an eco-friendly manner. Based on the reported studies, various species of Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus were the most common biocontrol agents with the ability to control the wide range of plant pathogens in Iran from lab to the greenhouse and field conditions.

scholarly journals Abiotic Stress Response of Near-Isogenic Spring Durum Wheat Lines under Different Sowing Densities

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 2053
Author(s):  
Judit Bányai ◽  
Marco Maccaferri ◽  
László Láng ◽  
Marianna Mayer ◽  
Viola Tóth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Abiotic Stress Response ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Isogenic Lines

A detailed study was made of changes in the plant development, morphology, physiology and yield biology of near-isogenic lines of spring durum wheat sown in the field with different plant densities in two consecutive years (2013–2014). An analysis was made of the drought tolerance of isogenic lines selected for yield QTLs (QYld.idw-2B and QYld.idw-3B), and the presence of QTL effects was examined in spring sowings. Comparisons were made of the traits of the isogenic pairs QYld.idw-3B++ and QYld.idw-3B−− both within and between the pairs. Changes in the polyamine content, antioxidant enzyme activity, chlorophyll content of the flag leaf and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of the plot were monitored in response to drought stress, and the relationship between these components and the yield was analyzed. In the case of moderate stress, differences between the NIL++ and NIL−− pairs appeared in the early dough stage, indicating that the QYld.idw-3B++ QTL region was able to maintain photosynthetic activity for a longer period, resulting in greater grain number and grain weight at the end of the growing period. The chlorophyll content of the flag leaf in phenophases Z77 and Z83 was significantly correlated with the grain number and grain weight of the main spike. The grain yield was greatly influenced by the treatment, while the genotype had a significant effect on the thousand-kernel weight and on the grain number and grain weight of the main spike. When the lines were compared in the non-irrigated treatment, significantly more grains and significantly higher grain weight were observed in the main spike in NIL++ lines, confirming the theory that the higher yields of the QYld.idw-3B++ lines when sown in spring and exposed to drought stress could be attributed to the positive effect of the “Kofa” QTL on chromosome 3B.

scholarly journals Leishmaniasis: Current Status of Vaccine Development

2001 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuela Handman
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Mononuclear Phagocytes ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Dna Encoding ◽  
And Control

SUMMARY Leishmaniae are obligatory intracellular protozoa in mononuclear phagocytes. They cause a spectrum of diseases, ranging in severity from spontaneously healing skin lesions to fatal visceral disease. Worldwide, there are 2 million new cases each year and 1/10 of the world's population is at risk of infection. To date, there are no vaccines against leishmaniasis and control measures rely on chemotherapy to alleviate disease and on vector control to reduce transmission. However, a major vaccine development program aimed initially at cutaneous leishmaniasis is under way. Studies in animal models and humans are evaluating the potential of genetically modified live attenuated vaccines, as well as a variety of recombinant antigens or the DNA encoding them. The program also focuses on new adjuvants, including cytokines, and delivery systems to target the T helper type 1 immune responses required for the elimination of this intracellular organism. The availability, in the near future, of the DNA sequences of the human and Leishmania genomes will extend the vaccine program. New vaccine candidates such as parasite virulence factors will be identified. Host susceptibility genes will be mapped to allow the vaccine to be targeted to the population most in need of protection.

Effect of leaf spotting diseases on grain yield and seed traits of wheat in southern Saskatchewan

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Wang ◽  
M. R. Fernandez ◽  
F. R. Clarke ◽  
R. M. DePauw ◽  
J. M. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Seed Traits ◽  
Grain Protein Concentration ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
Weight Test

Although leaf spotting diseases have been reported to have a negative effect on grain yield and seed characteristics of wheat (Triticum spp.), the magnitude of such effects on wheat grown on dryland in southern Saskatchewan is not known. A fungicide experiment was conducted at Swift Current (Brown soil) and Indian Head (Black soil) from 1997 to 1999 to determine the effect of leaf spotting diseases on yield and seed traits of wheat. Two fungicides, Folicur 3.6F and Bravo 500, were applied at different growth stages on three common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and three durum wheat (T. turgidum L. var durum) genotypes. Fungicide treatments generally did not affect yield, kernel weight, test weight or grain protein concentration, and these effects were relatively consistent among genotypes. Folicur applied at head emergence in 1997 and at flag leaf emergence and/or head emergence in 1998 increased yield at Indian Head (P < 0.05). Fungicides applied at and before flag leaf emergence tended to increase kernel weight. Grain protein concentration increased only in treatments of Bravo applications at Indian Head in 1998. These results suggested that under the dryland environment and management in southern Saskatchewan leaf spotting diseases generally have a small effect on yield, kernel weight, test weight and protein concentration. Key words: Wheat, leaf spotting diseases, fungicide, yield

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