scholarly journals Ryszard Jaxa Małachowski – architekt, który stworzył Limę na nowo

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-74
Author(s):  
Jedrzej Kotarski
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Development

The article presents the figure of an outstanding Polish architect, the last of the group of political emigrants who came to Peru at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. This figure, despite his merits, is poorly known in Poland, but highly appreciatedin Peru. The documenta-tion and photos found and collected by the author of the article show the profile of R. Jaxa Małachowski from a much broader perspective, not only from the perspective of his profes-sional achievements in the reconstruction of the capital of Peru at the beginning of the second decade of the 20th century, but also his contribution to scientific development of the whole country. This text is subordinated to the thesis that Malachowski’s contribution to shaping the modern capital of Peru is much greater than we previously thought

scholarly journals The Roles of Mathematics in the History of Science: The Mathematization Thesis

2020 ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Ciro Tomazella Ferreira ◽  
Cibelle Celestino Silva
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
Edmund Husserl ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Mathematical Approach ◽  
New Science ◽  
History Of

In this paper, we present an analysis of the evolution of the history of science as a discipline focusing on the role of the mathematization of nature as a historiographical perspective. Our study is centered in the mathematization thesis, which considers the rise of a mathematical approach of nature in the 17th century as being the most relevant event for scientific development. We begin discussing Edmund Husserl whose work, despite being mainly philosophical, is relevant for having affected the emergence of the narrative of the mathematization of nature and due to its influence on Alexandre Koyré. Next, we explore Koyré, Dijksterhuis, and Burtt’s works, the historians from the 20th century responsible for the elaboration of the main narratives about the Scientific Revolution that put the mathematization of science as the protagonist of the new science. Then, we examine the reframing of the mathematization thesis with the narrative of two traditions developed by Thomas S. Kuhn and Richard Westfall, in which the mathematization of nature shares space with other developments taken as equally relevant. We conclude presenting contemporary critical perspectives on the mathematization thesis and its capacity for synthesizing scientific development.

scholarly journals KEMIČNO OROŽJE – POSEBNOST PRVE SVETOVNE VOJNE ALI ŠE DANES PRETEČA NEVARNOST

2014 ◽  
pp. 31-49
Author(s):  
VALERIJA BERNIK
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Final Outcome ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Chemical Weapons ◽  
Great War ◽  
Mustard Gas ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
World War ◽  
The Great War

Kemično orožje je svoj največji razmah doživelo med prvo svetovno vojno, ko so ga uporabljale sile obeh v vojno vpletenih strani, čeprav je bila s haaškimi deklaracijami uporaba strupov v bojne namene prepovedana že pred vojno. Med prvo svetovno vojno je bilo razvitih in uporabljenih več vrst kemičnega orožja, pri čemer so največjo uporabnost ter uničevalno moč pokazali klor, fosgen in iperit. Odziv na uporabo smrtonosnega tihega orožja je bil razvoj zaščitnih mask, pri čemer pa mnoge niso zadoščale standardom in so se v kriznih trenutkih pokazale kot neučinkovite. Uporaba kemičnega orožja je v prvi svetovni vojni povzročila veliko žrtev, vendar ni odločilno vplivala na končni izid vojne. Zaradi izjemne smrtonosnosti in uničujočih fizioloških ter psiholoških posledic, ki jih je povzročilo kemično orožje v času tako imenovane Velike vojne, so si mednarodne sile po letu 1918 prizadevale zagotoviti, da se ta tihi ubijalec ne bi več uporabljal v bojne namene. To je bil tudi eden izmed vzrokov, zakaj ni prišlo do večjega razmaha uporabe kemičnega orožja po tem letu. Prizadevanja mednarodne skupnosti po izkoreninjenju bojnih strupov pa niso preprečila razvoja znanosti, ki je v 20. stoletju prinesel odkritja novih strupenih orožij, ki jih v prvi svetovni vojni še niso poznali. Chemical weapons saw their largest growth during World War I, when it was used by the forces of both involved parties despite the fact that the use of casualty agents had been banned by Hague declarations even before the war. Several types of chemical weapons were used and developed during World War I with chloride, phosgene and mustard gas proving to be most useful and destructive. As a response to the use of this lethal silent weapon protection masks were developed. However, many of them did not meet the standards and proved to be ineffective during crisis. The use of chemical weapons in World War I caused numerous casualties, but did not decisively impact the final outcome of the war. Due to the extremely lethal nature and devastating physiological and psychological consequences caused by chemical weapons during the Great War, international forces after 1918 made every effort to never use this silent murderer in combat again. This was also one of the reasons why chemical weapons did not see too large of a development after this period. However, international efforts to root out casualty agents did not prevent the scientific development, which in the 20th century brought the discovery of new toxic weapons which had not been known during World War I.

scholarly journals THE BIOGRAPHY OF DOCTOR CHARLES LAUGIER (1875- 1830)

2014 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-295
Author(s):  
Elena Steluţa Dinu
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Medical System ◽  
Scientific Development

This paper presents the life  and works of the famous doctor, hygienist, folklore researcher and sanitary mentor, Charles Laugier, whose contribution to the development of the medical system of Oltenia marked the beginning of the 20th century. He is noted for his research in hygiene, in the treatment of some diseases like: tuberculosis, malaria, pellagra, and also as the founder of numerous societies which contributed to the cultural and scientific development of the region of Oltenia and even of its small localities.

Incommensurability in Science

Philosophy ◽  
2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Oberheim ◽  
Paul Hoyningen-Huene
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Scientific Theories ◽  
Scientific Revolutions ◽  
Structure Of Scientific Revolutions ◽  
Human And Social Sciences ◽  
Paul Feyerabend ◽  
Continuous Progress ◽  
Complete Contact

In 1962 in independent, influential publications, Thomas S. Kuhn and Paul Feyerabend suggested the provocative idea that some scientific theories (concepts, paradigms, worldviews) separated by a scientific revolution are incommensurable. They have “no common measure.” The idea of incommensurability became central to both Kuhn’s historical philosophy and Feyerabend’s philosophical pluralism. In The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), Kuhn 1996, cited in Thomas S. Kuhn on Incommensurability dramatically claims that the history of science reveals proponents of competing paradigms failing to make complete contact with each other’s views, so that they are always talking at least slightly at cross-purposes. Kuhn calls the collective causes of such miscommunication the incommensurability between pre- and postrevolutionary scientific traditions, claiming that the Newtonian paradigm is incommensurable with its Cartesian and Aristotelian predecessors in physics, just as Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier’s paradigm is incommensurable with that of Joseph Priestley’s in chemistry. These competing paradigms lack a common measure, because they use different concepts and methods to address different problems, limiting communication across the revolutionary divide. Incommensurability is also central to the aims and methods of Kuhn’s hermeneutic “new historiography of science,” which attempts to transform our image of science. Instead of the traditional image of continuous progress toward truth, Kuhn argues that scientific development is an evolutionary process away from anomalies. Kuhn’s The Structure of Scientific Revolutions is unprecedentedly popular across the human and social sciences, widely touted as among the most influential academic books of the 20th century. Feyerabend first used the term “incommensurable” in 1962 to characterize the relationship between the concepts of universal scientific theories interpreted realistically, claiming that they have no common measure. The idea of incommensurability remained central to his pluralistic approach to philosophy from his early work to his infamous Against Method (1975; Feyerabend 2010, cited in Paul Feyerabend on Incommensurability) through to his late, postmodern phase. For example, two main themes of The Tyranny of Science (Feyerabend 2011, cited in Feyerabend, Reality, and Incommensurability) are the disunity of science and the abundance of nature, which are lessons he learned directly through his experience with incommensurability. With incommensurability, Kuhn and Feyerabend appeared to be challenging the idea that science is rational, and they were called the “worst enemies of science” in the journal Nature. By now incommensurability has become a well-worn catchphrase of 20th-century philosophy, used across a range of interrelated disciplines to mean many different things in any number of controversial discussions.

scholarly journals Women and science: Reflections on female access to university studies in Chile in the 20th century

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 003
Author(s):  
Romané V. Landaeta Sepúlveda
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Latin America ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Access To Higher Education ◽  
University Studies ◽  
Women And Science ◽  
The University ◽  
The 19Th Century

This text examines the different stages of women’s access to higher education in Chile throughout the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. It inquires into the reflections that emerged on the need to educate women in Latin America, examines the scientific development of women in Chilean universities and It investigates the debates that emerged in the Chilean society regarding to the entry of women in the University. The paper also makes a reflexion about the problems that women had to face they made the decision to enter in the university.

scholarly journals The Gravity of Mystical Ascent

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew W. Hass
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Hannah Arendt ◽  
Space Exploration ◽  
Maurice Blanchot ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Western Imagination ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Way

This article explores the way shifting notions of gravity within the development of Western imagination and thinking challenge both the above/below dichotomy and the spiritual/physical dualism that so often attend them. In moving from ancient conceptions of gravity and gravitas, particularly as informed by Aristotle, to modern conceptions based on scientific development since Galileo, Bacon, Newton, and Pascal, the article shows how gravity has always operated with a certain paradox of movement: inherent in moving down or up is its opposite. This paradox, influencing equally our physical and spiritual understandings of reality, becomes a mystical movement, as exemplified by Bonaventure’s 13th-century The Journey of the Mind to God. But as 20th-century writers as diverse as Hannah Arendt and Maurice Blanchot tell us, this mysticism does not necessarily diminish as modernity advances and can be invoked even in the modern scientific advancements, and disorientations, of space exploration.

Scientism and social justice: Meghnad Saha's critique of the state of science in India

2002 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abha Sur
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
The State ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
The Social

Meghnad Saha, India's most distinguished astrophysicist of the 20th century, was a zealous advocate of large-scale industrialization and scientific development. Yet Saha became an outspoken critic of the science and industrialization policies of the Nehru era that seemed in accord with his own views. This paper examines the nature of the differences——ideological and hierarchical——between the social outlook and worldviews of Saha and Nehru's coterie of scientists, and thus offers an understanding of the state of science and technology in India during their time.

scholarly journals MUNICIPAL SELF-GOVERNMENT OF DNIPRO UKRAINE OF THE LAST QUARTER OF 18th – EARLY 20th CENTURY IN THE HISTORICAL DISCOURSE OF THE EMPIRE ERA

2020 ◽  
pp. 16-21
Author(s):  
O. Bondarenko
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Power Distribution ◽  
Municipal Government ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Historical Discourse ◽  
Essential Condition ◽  
Local Reference ◽  
History Of

The extent of scientific development of the history of municipal self-government in Dnipro Ukraine of the last quarter of the 18th – early 20th century has been analyzed. An essential condition for the establishment of civil society in Ukraine is effective local self-government. Municipal self-government plays a key role as one of its subjects in today's urban world. It has been determined that the historiography of this problem is represented by a considerable historiographic massif. During the imperial era, many scientific and popular educational works of local, reference and historical, and journalistic nature were accumulated. They presented the problems of the history of municipal self-government with different levels of completeness. It was found out that in the centre of attention of scientists, first of all historians and jurists, were various issues of history of creation, formation and activity of municipal self-government, reasons of changes of legislative acts concerning self-governing institutions, relations of municipal government with state authorities, the main of which were in the sphere of power distribution. It was found that a specific feature of the first chronological stage was the dominance of the formal legal approach and a constricted source base of research. That did not allow authors to go beyond comments and descriptions of legislative acts. A characteristic feature of the research approach of the authors of works on the history of municipal self-government of the second and third stages is, firstly, the predominance of legal and specific-historical approaches to the coverage of the topic. Secondly, there was certain ambiguity and fuzziness of conceptual and categorical apparatus which conditioned insufficient depth of theoretical analysis of the problem. At the same time, scholars of the imperial era laid a solid scientific foundation for the study of this institution by modern authors.

scholarly journals FORMS OF FUNCTIONING OF THE OPTATIVE MOOD IN THE TEXTS OF TATAR-LANGUAGE ARABIC SCRIPT PERIODICAL PRESS OF THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY

2021 ◽  
pp. 96-103
Author(s):  
Бахтияр Кимович Миннуллин
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Study ◽  
National Language ◽  
Genetic Identification ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Periodical Press ◽  
Linguistic Description ◽  
Arabic Script

Настоящая статья является попыткой научного исследования вопросов функционирования элементов грамматической системы старотатарского письменного литературного языка начала ХХ века. В работе выявлены и проанализированы грамматические формы, участвующие в реализации желательного наклонения глаголов, функционирующих в текстах органов татароязычной арабографической периодической печати межреволюционного периода 1905-1917 гг.Научное изучение текстов периодической печати рассматриваемого периода является актуальным, так как именно в текстах газет и журналов, наряду с текстами художественных произведений, происходило развитие старотатарского письменного литературного языка и его дальнейшее преобразование в национальный язык татарского народа.В качестве фактического материала были использованы морфологические показатели, зафиксированные в текстах газет «Борхане таракки» и «Кояш». В ходе исследования текстов газет нами был применены методы лингвистического описания, генетического отождествления установленных фактов, а также методы сравнительно-исторического и сравнительно-сопоставительного анализа.В результате исследования мы обнаружили, что в изученных текстах для реализации желательного наклонения употребляется ряд синтетических и аналитических форм. Наиболее употребительной является синтетическая форма на -aj, -yj. В текстах газеты «Борхане таракки», в отличие от текстов газеты «Кояш», реализация первого лица множественного числа желательного наклонения происходит посредством традиционной общетюркской грамматической формы на -lym/-lem. This article examines the functioning of the grammatical system of the Old Tatar written literary language of the beginning of the 20th century. The article identifies and analyzes the grammatical forms involved in the implementation of the Optative Mood of the verbs that function in the texts of the Tatar-language Arabic script periodical press of 1905-1917.The scientific study of the texts of the periodical press is relevant. In the texts of newspapers and magazines, along with the literary texts, there was a development of the Old Tatar written literary language and its transformation into the national language of the Tatars.Morphological indicators recorded in the texts of the newspapers “Borkhane Tarakki” and “Koyash” were used as factual material. During the scientific development, the author applied the methods of linguistic description, genetic identification of facts, the methods of comparative and comparative historical analysis.As a result of the research, the author has identified that a number of synthetic and analytical forms of the Optative Mood are used in the studied texts. The most common is the synthetic -aj, -yj form. In the texts of the “Borkhane Tarakki”, in contrast to the texts of the “Koyash”, the traditional general- Turkic grammatical -lym/-lem form is used.

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