The Body Fluids in Pediatrics. Medical, Surgical, and Neonatal Disorders of Acid-Base Status, Hydration, and Oxygenation.

1974 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 132
Keyword(s):  
Body Fluids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Acid Base Status

Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Horacio J Adrogué ◽  
Nicolaos E Madias
Keyword(s):  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Respiratory Acidosis ◽  
Respiratory Alkalosis ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Acid Base Equilibrium ◽  
Therapeutic Principles ◽  
The Impact

Respiratory acid-base disorders are those disturbances in acid-base equilibrium that are expressed by a primary change in CO2 tension (Pco2) and reflect primary changes in the body’s CO2 stores (i.e., carbonic acid). A primary increase in Pco2 (and a primary increase in the body’s CO2 stores) defines respiratory acidosis or primary hypercapnia and is characterized by acidification of the body fluids. By contrast, a primary decrease in Pco2 (and a primary decrease in the body’s CO2 stores) defines respiratory alkalosis or primary hypocapnia and is characterized by alkalinization of the body fluids. Primary changes in Pco2 elicit secondary physiologic changes in plasma [HCO3ˉ] that are directional and proportional to the primary changes and tend to minimize the impact on acidity. This review presents the pathophysiology, secondary physiologic response, causes, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and therapeutic principles of respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis.  This review contains 4 figures, 3 tables, and 59 references. Key words: Respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, primary hypercapnia, primary hypocapnia, hypoxemia, pseudorespiratory alkalosis

A review: the trend of progress about pH probes in cell application in recent years

The Analyst ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 142 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongkang Yue ◽  
Fangjun Huo ◽  
Songyi Lee ◽  
Caixia Yin ◽  
Juyoung Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Intracellular Ph ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Ph Probes ◽  
In Cells

Intracellular pH values are some of the most important factors that govern biological processes and the acid–base homeostasis in cells, body fluids and organs sustains the normal operations of the body.

scholarly journals Conditions ofMytilus edulisextracellular body fluids and shell composition in a pH-treatment experiment: Acid-base status, trace elements andδ11B

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. n/a-n/a ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnes Heinemann ◽  
Jan Fietzke ◽  
Frank Melzner ◽  
Florian Böhm ◽  
Jörn Thomsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Treatment Experiment ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
Shell Composition

scholarly journals Interaction between temperature and hypoxia in the alligator

1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (6) ◽  
pp. R1339-R1343 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. Branco ◽  
H. O. Portner ◽  
S. C. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Plasma Lactate ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Terrestrial Vertebrates ◽  
Beneficial Response ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Selected Body Temperature

Hypoxia elicits behavioral hypothermia in alligators. Under normoxic conditions, the selected body temperature is 27.8 +/- 1.2 degrees C. However, when inspired O2 is lowered to 4%, selected body temperature decreases to 15.4 +/- 1.0 degrees C. The threshold for the behavioral hypothermia is between 4 and 5% inspired O2, the lowest threshold measured so far in terrestrial vertebrates. This study assessed the physiological significance of the behavioral hypothermia. The body temperature was clamped at 15, 25, and 35 degrees C for measurements of ventilation, blood gases, metabolic rate, plasma lactate, and acid-base status. Hypoxia-induced changes in ventilation, acid-base status, oxygen consumption, and lactate were proportional to body temperature, being pronounced at 35 degrees C, less at 25 degrees C, and absent at 15 degrees C. The correlation between selected body temperature under severe hypoxia and the measured parameters show that behavioral hypothermia is a beneficial response to hypoxia in alligators.

scholarly journals Oestrogen-related receptor α is required for transepithelial H + secretion in zebrafish

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1825) ◽  
pp. 20152582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying-Jey Guh ◽  
Chao-Yew Yang ◽  
Sian-Tai Liu ◽  
Chang-Jen Huang ◽  
Pung-Pung Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
The Body ◽  
Acidic Ph ◽  
Orphan Nuclear Receptor ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Renal Epithelia ◽  
Regulation Mechanisms ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
First Time

Oestrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) is an orphan nuclear receptor which is important for adaptive metabolic responses under conditions of increased energy demand, such as cold, exercise and fasting. Importantly, metabolism under these conditions is usually accompanied by elevated production of organic acids, which may threaten the body acid–base status. Although ERR α is known to help regulate ion transport by the renal epithelia, its role in the transport of acid–base equivalents remains unknown. Here, we tested the hypothesis that ERR α is involved in acid–base regulation mechanisms by using zebrafish as the model to examine the effects of ERR α on transepithelial H + secretion. ERR α is abundantly expressed in H + -pump-rich cells (HR cells), a group of ionocytes responsible for H + secretion in the skin of developing embryos, and its expression is stimulated by acidic (pH 4) environments. Knockdown of ERR α impairs both basal and low pH-induced H + secretion in the yolk-sac skin, which is accompanied by decreased expression of H + -secreting-related transporters. The effect of ERR α on H + secretion is achieved through regulating both the total number of HR cells and the function of individual HR cells. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that ERR α is required for transepithelial H + secretion for systemic acid–base homeostasis.

scholarly journals Recovery from Anaerobiosis in the Intertidal Worm Sipunculus Nudus: II. Gas Exchange and Changes in the Intra- and Extracellular Acid-Base Status

1986 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-64
Author(s):  
H. O. PÖRTNER ◽  
S. VOGELER ◽  
M. K. GRIESHABER
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Time Course ◽  
The Body ◽  
Coelomic Fluid ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Extracellular Acidosis ◽  
Sipunculus Nudus ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
Negative Base

Intra- and extracellular acid-base status and changes of coelomic PCOCO2 were investigated during recovery following 24 h of anaerobiosis in Sipunculus nudus L. Metabolism, gas exchange and acid-base status were compared in animals collected during March and October. Anaerobiosis led to an uncompensated metabolic acidosis, the degree of the acidosis depending on the metabolic rate of the animals. During initial recovery in March animals, the acidosis was transiently aggravated in the extracellular, but not in the intracellular, compartment, indicating an efficient regulation of intracellular pH as soon as oxygen was available in the coelomic fluid. The extracellular acidosis was predominantly of non-respiratory origin. The non-respiratory part of the acidosis is attributed to the repletion of the phospho-l-arginine pool. The proton yield calculated from phosphagen resynthesis was highly correlated in time and in quantity to the observed negative base excess in the extracellular compartment. In October animals, strombine accumulation may have contributed to the acidosis that develops during recovery. The amount of succinate, propionate, and acetate in the coelomic plasma had already decreased when the acidosis developed. This discrepancy supports the conclusion that protons move between the body compartments independent of the distribution of anionic metabolites. The respiratory part of the acidosis is attributed to the repayment of an oxygen debt. The increase of PCOCO2 is higher in October than in March animals, probably because of differences in metabolic rate The time course of acid-base disturbances and their compensation is discussed in relation to the time course of metabolic events during recovery and to the priorities of the different processes observed.

Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Horacio J Adrogué ◽  
Nicolaos E Madias
Keyword(s):  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Respiratory Acidosis ◽  
Respiratory Alkalosis ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Acid Base Equilibrium ◽  
Therapeutic Principles ◽  
The Impact

Respiratory acid-base disorders are those disturbances in acid-base equilibrium that are expressed by a primary change in CO2 tension (Pco2) and reflect primary changes in the body’s CO2 stores (i.e., carbonic acid). A primary increase in Pco2 (and a primary increase in the body’s CO2 stores) defines respiratory acidosis or primary hypercapnia and is characterized by acidification of the body fluids. By contrast, a primary decrease in Pco2 (and a primary decrease in the body’s CO2 stores) defines respiratory alkalosis or primary hypocapnia and is characterized by alkalinization of the body fluids. Primary changes in Pco2 elicit secondary physiologic changes in plasma [HCO3ˉ] that are directional and proportional to the primary changes and tend to minimize the impact on acidity. This review presents the pathophysiology, secondary physiologic response, causes, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and therapeutic principles of respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis.  This review contains 4 figures, 3 tables, and 59 references. Key words: Respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, primary hypercapnia, primary hypocapnia, hypoxemia, pseudorespiratory alkalosis

scholarly journals Dietary acid load and renal function have varying effects on blood acid-base status and exercise performance across age and sex

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (12) ◽  
pp. 1330-1340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enni-Maria Hietavala ◽  
Jeffrey R. Stout ◽  
Lynda A. Frassetto ◽  
Risto Puurtinen ◽  
Hannu Pitkänen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
The Body ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Dietary Acid Load ◽  
Dietary Acid ◽  
Acid Load ◽  
Acid Base Status

Diet composition influences acid-base status of the body. This may become more relevant as renal functional capacity declines with aging. We examined the effects of low (LD) versus high dietary acid load (HD) on blood acid-base status and exercise performance. Participants included 22 adolescents, 33 young adults (YA), and 33 elderly (EL), who followed a 7-day LD and HD in a randomized order. At the end of both diet periods the subjects performed a cycle ergometer test (3 × 10 min at 35%, 55%, 75%, and (except EL) until exhaustion at 100% of maximal oxygen uptake). At the beginning of and after the diet periods, blood samples were collected at rest and after all workloads. Oxygen uptake, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and heart rate (HR) were monitored during cycling. In YA and EL, bicarbonate (HCO3−) and base excess (BE) decreased over the HD period, and HCO3−, BE, and pH were lower at rest after HD compared with LD. In YA and EL women, HCO3− and BE were lower at submaximal workloads after HD compared with LD. In YA women, the maximal workload was 19% shorter and maximal oxygen uptake, RER, and HR were lower after HD compared with LD. Our data uniquely suggests that better renal function is associated with higher availability of bases, which may diminish exercise-induced acidosis and improve maximal aerobic performance. Differences in glomerular filtration rate between the subject groups likely explains the larger effects of dietary acid load in the elderly compared with younger subjects and in women compared with men.

scholarly journals ACID-ALKALINE STATE OF THE ORGANISM AS A REGULATOR OF THE MINERAL STATUS OF RATS’ BLOOD AT CADMIUM POISONING

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Voroshylova ◽  
◽  
Nelia Melnikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Mineral Metabolism ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
Livestock Products

The work is devoted to the study of the influence of changes in the acid-base state on the indices of mineral metabolism in the body of cadmium sulphate-poisoned 6 months age-rats. It is known that the entry of cadmium salts into the body causes disorders of protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and mineral metabolism. As well-known, the endotoxicants affect cellular structures and activate lysosomal enzymes, block mitochondrial oxidation and ribosomal synthesis, initiate free radical processes, that are accompanied by disturbance of rheology and blood coagulation, micro- and macro-circulation, water-electrolyte balance. Such caused alterations in macro- and microelement composition of poisoned animals’ organisms disrupt the course of numerous metabolic processes. The research was conducted on the basis of the Department of Biochemistry and Vivarium of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine using adult 6 months-age outbred rats breeding of the Research and Production Center of Laboratory Animal Husbandry of Educational and Scientific Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Quality and Safety of Livestock Products. Biological models of introduction of rats into the state of experimental metabolic acidosis and alkalosis before and after cadmium sulphate poisoning have been developed, as well as indices of acid-base status and mineral metabolism of the developed experimental models have been studied. The influence of the changes of parameters of acid-base state of the body on the content in the blood of poisoned rats of macronutrients (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphorus) and trace elements (copper, zinc, and iron). At compare of the changes in parameters of acid-base status of the blood of cadmium sulfate-poisoned animals, it was noted that the state of experimental metabolic acidosis is more expressed than alkalosis, that is more effective for correction and normalization of mineral metabolism in poisoned rats.

scholarly journals Acid-base regulation in tadpoles of Rana catesbeiana exposed to environmental hypercapnia.

1997 ◽  
Vol 200 (19) ◽  
pp. 2507-2512 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Busk ◽  
E H Larsen ◽  
F B Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Rana Catesbeiana ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Regulatory Response ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Internal Buffer ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Tail Muscle

Tadpoles of Rana catesbeiana were exposed to different levels of environmental hypercapnia. The acid-base regulatory response differed from that in adult amphibians in showing a high degree of pH compensation in the extracellular fluid (65-85%) and complete compensation in the intracellular fluid (tail muscle and liver) within 24 h. Hypercapnia induced a massive transfer of HCO3- equivalents and Ca2+ from the tadpoles to the environment, which lasted some 4-6 h. Bicarbonate accumulated in the body fluids came mainly from internal buffer sources (probably CaCO3 in lime sacs and/or skin deposits). It is suggested that the large bicarbonate efflux from the animal is a consequence of the dissolution of CaCO3 stores and the delayed adjustment of bicarbonate-retaining mechanisms. Re-exposure of tadpoles to hypercapnia after 1-3 weeks of normocapnic recovery only affected transepithelial fluxes of acid-base equivalents marginally, suggesting that mobilisable CaCO3 stores were depleted during the first exposure to hypercapnia and that they were not refilled. The CaCO3 stores may normally be mobilised during the slowly developing internal hypercapnia that occurs during metamorphosis.

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