scholarly journals Trends in social neuroscience: from biological motion to joint actions

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Crivelli ◽  
Michela Balconi
Keyword(s):  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Biological Motion ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Social Neuroscience ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Brain Functioning ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
The Brain

It has been argued that our social nature represents what makes us human. Social neuroscience aims at exploring biological basis of social cognition, interested in how social behaviour and context can influence short-term and long-term brain functioning and how the brain functioning can foster, create social behaviour, and actively process social context. This paper focuses on the recent progress in social perception and cognition by a neuropsychological point of view, and opens some questions. After a brief introduction on social neuroscience development and on neural correlates that have been associated to social-related functions, we will outline biological motion and joint action topics, highlighting the evolutionary course that links them.

scholarly journals Short-term and long-term international scientific mobility of Italian PhDs: An analysis by gender

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-40
Author(s):  
Valentina Tocchioni ◽  
Alessandra Petrucci ◽  
Alessandra Minello
Keyword(s):  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Early Career ◽  
International Mobility ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Academic Mobility ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Brain

In the last years, there has been a large increase in high-educated and high-skilled people’s mobility as a consequence of the internationalization and globalization, the weakening of research and university systems of sending countries (the “brain drain” process), the increase in skilled demand and improvements in higher education of host countries (the “brain gain” process). At the micro-level, academic mobility has positive consequences on occupational prospects and careers of researchers, both in the short- and long- run. Nevertheless, numerous research studies have demonstrated the challenges of engaging in international academic mobility for people with caring responsibilities, particularly women. Using Italian data on occupational conditions of PhDs collected in 2018 by Istat and modelling multinomial logistic regression analyses, we intend to verify if female researchers are associated with a lower international mobility irrespective their field of study, and the extent to which gender interacts differently in the various fields of study in affecting the probability of moving abroad after PhD qualification. Also, the distinction between long-term and short-term mobility, which has been mainly neglected in the literature concentrating on longer stays, has taken into account. In this respect, short-term mobility is a potentially high-value investment that may be pursued also by those researchers and scientists who cannot move for longer periods, such as women with caring responsibilities. In the literature, it is acknowledged that an experience abroad during early career may have positive effects on future occupational prospects. With our work, we intend to shed light on potential disparities on moving abroad that may exist among researchers in their early career by gender, and which could contribute to leave behind women in academia.

scholarly journals Functional Connectivity within Brain Networks of Long Term and Short term Meditators

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2S) ◽  
pp. 29-34
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Temporal Correlation ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Invasive Technique ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Statistical Concept ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Meditative Practices

Meditation refers to a state of mind of relaxation and concentration, where generally the mind and body is at rest. The process of meditation reflects the state of the brain which is distinct from sleep or typical wakeful states of consciousness. Meditative practices usually involve regulation of emotions and monitoring of attention. Over the past decade there has been a tremendous increase in an interest to study the neural mechanisms involved in meditative practices. It could also be beneficial to explore if the effect of meditation is altered by the number of years of meditation practice. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is a very useful imaging technique which can be used to perform this analysis due to its inherent benefits, mainly it being a non-invasive technique. Functional activation and connectivity analysis can be performed on the fMRI data to find the active regions and the connectivity in the brain regions. Functional connectivity is defined as a simple temporal correlation between anatomically separate, active neural regions. Functional connectivity gives the statistical dependencies between regional time series. It is a statistical concept and is quantified using metrics like Correlation. In this study, a comparison is made between functional connectivity in the brain regions of long term meditation practitioners (LTP) and short-term meditation practitioners (STP) to see the differences and similarities in the connectivity patterns. From the analysis, it is evident that in fact there is a difference in connectivity between long term and short term practitioners and hence continuous practice of meditation can have long term effects.

Design of Microgrid Energy Management System Based on LabVIEW

2014 ◽  
Vol 960-961 ◽  
pp. 1562-1566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teng Yu Ge ◽  
Bu Han Zhang ◽  
Jun Li Wu ◽  
Bing Jie Jin ◽  
Shuang Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Management ◽  
Management System ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
System Structure ◽  
Energy Management System ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Optimization Management ◽  
Term Energy ◽  
Microgrid Energy Management

Microgrid can be applied in different locations, relative to traditional power technology. It can improve the reliability of users of electricity and power system operation. Distributed power in microgrid needs real-time and multi-objective optimization management. This paper discusses functions and structure of microgrid energy management system(MGEMS) when connected with the main grid. Problems in long-term and short-term energy management of microgrid are discussed. From the point of view of the software platform, the system structure of MGEMS software are proposed. On this basis, this paper discusses the way to construct modules of MGEMS and their functions.

The Benefits of Social Networking Sites in Building Reputation for Enterprises

2019 ◽  
pp. 65-85
Author(s):  
María Victoria Carrillo-Durán ◽  
Juan Luis Tato-Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Social Networking ◽  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Digital Environment ◽  
Short Term

This chapter aims to clarify the role of social networking sites (SNSs) such as Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn in building the reputation of enterprises. SNSs have a vast potential in the digital environment to build reputation and thus a long-term competitive advantage for companies. The chapter opts for a literature review with which to discuss the difficulties and possibilities companies have in building reputation through SNSs. The SNSs used in companies are marketing-centered. Engagement is promoted only with customers, and is short-term and centered on results instead of being long-term and centered on competitive advantage and promoting engagement with different stakeholders. This issue is not dependent on the size of the company. Instead, it is dependent on understanding the concept of reputation from a strategic point of view, with companies adapting their management to their own particularities and to the different possibilities offered by SNSs.

Prolonged retention of the anorectic cobalt protoporphyrin in the hypothalamus and the resulting expression of Fos

2004 ◽  
Vol 287 (2) ◽  
pp. R465-R471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Galbraith ◽  
Ilean Hodgdon ◽  
Michele S. Grimm ◽  
Margaret A. Vizzard
Keyword(s):  
Male Rats ◽  
Halothane Anesthesia ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Prolonged Duration ◽  
Cobalt Protoporphyrin ◽  
Prolonged Retention ◽  
The Brain

The anorectic cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP) is known to elicit short-term hypophagia and long-term weight loss through unknown mechanisms in the brains of experimental animals. The goal of this work was to determine 1) if the prolonged duration of action of CoPP is related to its prolonged retention within the brain; and 2) with the use of immunohistochemical detection of Fos, the product of the early-immediate gene c-fos, which cells are activated after exposure to CoPP. These studies were carried out in male rats after intracerebroventricular administration of CoPP, 0.4 μmol/kg body wt, given under light halothane anesthesia. Residence of CoPP in the brain was determined by residual counts in dissected brains of 57CoPP-injected rats. Fos immunoreactivity was mapped in coronal sections of rat brains 4–6 h after injection with CoPP. The results showed that 57CoPP was retained in the hypothalamus preferentially compared with the cortex of the brain and could be detected in the hypothalamus for in excess of 5 wk. Fos activation was increased by CoPP, detected predominantly in neuronal rather than glial cells, and was markedly more robust in the hypothalamus than in other brain areas. Thus CoPP remains in the hypothalamus for prolonged periods and activates Fos expression in the hypothalamus.

Naturalism and Kantianism

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-123
Author(s):  
Valentin A. Bazhanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Research ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
External Data ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain

An article by T. Rockmore, published in the journal “Epistemology and Philosophy of Science” in 2009 (Vol. XXII. No. 4, pp. 14‒29), claim that naturalism is by its nature an example of anti-Kantianism, for it treats philosophy as a continuation science and recognizes science as a legitimate source of knowledge, does not allow a priori, relies on an a posteriori approach, empiricism in the pre-Kantian sense, and insists on the possibility of revising the knowledge acquired. This article has a goal to show that T. Rockmore point of view should be revised due to the progress of modern cognitive research and, first of all, neuroscience, in which all the features of the naturalistic approach are implemented and in which the “Kantian program” of brain research is developed. In the context of this program, the existence on the ontological level (i.e., in the brain) of certain neural structures that make it possible and play a crucial role in the cognitive activity of a person is recognized. Those concepts that Kant treated as components of cognitive activity in modern neuroscience acquired ontological status in the form of the activity of certain neural structures, which turn out to be prerequisites and components of this activity. We claim that in the context of the Kantian research program in neuroscience, the metaphor “Kantian brain” naturally entered the vocabulary of neuroscientists, and certain specific operations and functions of the brain began to be associated with individual elements of Kant's ideas. It is in this context attempts are made to comprehend the mechanisms of the brain in the “stimulus – activity” mode, when an external effect leads to the excitation of certain neural structures. The brain is capable to anticipate the long-term results of certain actions of the subject. In the case of foresight, the brain generates “internal” models and uses for their correction external data that constantly provided from reality across the subject. At the same time, some kind of self-correcting mechanisms implements, which from a formal point of view described by the Bayes theorem, using a priori evaluations of upcoming events and changes in these evaluations as result of experience. Thus, naturalism and Kantianism understood in the context of the progress of modern science, despite T. Rockmore idea, are completely compatible.

A Mathematical Model of Short-Term Memory

SIMULATION ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 46-51
Author(s):  
W. Ross Adey ◽  
N.V. Findler
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Neuron Density ◽  
Receptor Neurons ◽  
The Brain

It is attempted in this paper to give a mathematical description of the short-term memory. Instead of using the microscopic properties of individual neu rons, such as the number of interconnections, neuron density, threshold value, etc., the cerebral cortex is regarded as a "neuron gas" that is a vast conglomer ate of neurons with statistically distributed charac teristics. Stimuli from the environment cause the receptor neurons to emit virtual electromagnetic waves into the brain. A self-optimizing process of the brain tis sue is here described by which the useful, informa tion-carrying energy reaching the long-term memory tends to maximum. It is emphasized that in the following a brain model is described and the physical processes in volved may have no direct equivalent in reality.

scholarly journals The roles of sensitization and neuroplasticity in the long-term regulation of blood pressure and hypertension

2015 ◽  
Vol 309 (11) ◽  
pp. R1309-R1325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Kim Johnson ◽  
Zhongming Zhang ◽  
Sarah C. Clayton ◽  
Terry G. Beltz ◽  
Seth W. Hurley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Blood Pressure Response ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Neural Network ◽  
The Face ◽  
Ontogenetic Periods ◽  
The Brain

After decades of investigation, the causes of essential hypertension remain obscure. The contribution of the nervous system has been excluded by some on the basis that baroreceptor mechanisms maintain blood pressure only over the short term. However, this point of view ignores one of the most powerful contributions of the brain in maintaining biological fitness—specifically, the ability to promote adaptation of behavioral and physiological responses to cope with new challenges and maintain this new capacity through processes involving neuroplasticity. We present a body of recent findings demonstrating that prior, short-term challenges can induce persistent changes in the central nervous system to result in an enhanced blood pressure response to hypertension-eliciting stimuli. This sensitized hypertensinogenic state is maintained in the absence of the inducing stimuli, and it is accompanied by sustained upregulation of components of the brain renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and other molecular changes recognized to be associated with central nervous system neuroplasticity. Although the heritability of hypertension is high, it is becoming increasingly clear that factors beyond just genes contribute to the etiology of this disease. Life experiences and attendant changes in cellular and molecular components in the neural network controlling sympathetic tone can enhance the hypertensive response to recurrent, sustained, or new stressors. Although the epigenetic mechanisms that allow the brain to be reprogrammed in the face of challenges to cardiovascular homeostasis can be adaptive, this capacity can also be maladaptive under conditions present in different evolutionary eras or ontogenetic periods.

An Analysis of Restaurant Characteristics and Meal Prices in Melbourne, Australia

1996 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pemasiri J. Gunawardana ◽  
Inka I. Havrila
Keyword(s):  
Investment Decisions ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Function Approach ◽  
Hedonic Price ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Hedonic Price Function ◽  
Price Functions ◽  
Restaurant Meals

This paper applies the hedonic price function approach to identify and estimate the variations in meal prices according to various characteristics of a sample of restaurants in Melbourne, Australia. The estimated hedonic price functions have important implications for restaurant marketing strategies and provide useful information to customers, and may serve to improve the efficiency in the market for restaurant dining. From the point of view of restaurant operators, the results indicate how short-term and long-term investment decisions may be made to impart particular characteristics. From the perspective of customers, the results provide information on price premia and discounts for restaurant meals according to each of the characteristics, including locations.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document