scholarly journals Muscling in on the third dimension

eLife ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Afshar Bakooshli ◽  
Penney M Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Human Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Muscle Disorders ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Disorders

The development of a functional three-dimensional model of human skeletal muscle tissue could accelerate progress towards new and personalized treatments for skeletal muscle disorders.

Problems Associated with the Use of Skirts on Hovercraft

1967 ◽  
Vol 182 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-218
Author(s):  
W. A. Crago
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Model Tests ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Rough Water ◽  
Delamination Life ◽  
First Time

The lecture commences with a brief description of early hovercraft work and shows how the advent of flexible extensions to the peripheral jets—or ‘skirts’—constituted a breakthrough without which the hovercraft would never have become a practical proposition with the ability to operate over waves and rough ground. It is shown that the introduction of skirts, whilst providing a solution in one respect, also led to a series of problems and three of these are singled out for further discussion. First it is shown that whilst a relatively high internal skirt pressure is desirable to maintain skirt shape under operational conditions, this pressure can also lead to a high rough water drag. The second problem is that of ‘plough in’ and overturning, which is intimately associated with the use of skins. The hydrodynamic mechanisms of both these undesirable phenomena are for the first time explained in detail and are illustrated by means of data obtained from two- and three-dimensional model tests. The third problem raised by the introduction of skirts is skirt oscillation and wear. The techniques necessary to investigate delamination are described and some of the factors which have been shown to be important in increasing delamination life are outlined.

scholarly journals A Survey of Stakeholder Visualization Approaches

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1,2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Cenek ◽  
Ondřej Částek
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Third ◽  
Model Based ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

The aim of this paper is to present an overview of studies for the representation/visualization of stakeholders with a proposal of our own method of visualization. The following text examines the existing representational methods and at the same time critically evaluates their advantages and disadvantages. In addition, our own proposed approach is also presented.The need to develop visualization methods for use in the concept of stakeholders has been accepted by researchers, and it is possible to encounter number of various alternatives which have been applied more or less successfully. The shared weakness of the majority of the models is that they only represent two main attributes simultaneously. When such models do contain three variables, then the third one is only a complementary aspect of the relationship compared to the two dominant attributes.Our proposed visualisation model based on three Mitchell´s (1997) stakeholder attributes should overcome the before mentioned disadvantage. Also, it takes into account the development over time in accordance with the dynamic of the relationships with the stakeholders. Therefore, the proposed three-dimensional model meets these needs and simultaneously removes the shortcomings of the other models, which are identified in our overview presented in this paper.

Three-Dimensional Diffusion of Carbon Monoxide in an Alveolar Capillary

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali A. Merrikh ◽  
Jose´ L. Lage
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Gas Diffusion ◽  
Numerical Results ◽  
Gas Transfer ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Third Dimension

Theoretical capillary gas exchange models available in the literature are limited to either two-dimensional or axisymmetric configurations. The present study investigates shortcomings of a two-dimensional capillary CO-gas transfer model by comparing it to a more realistic three-dimensional configuration. Numerical results from both models, compared to measurements obtained experimentally via the rebreathing technique, demonstrate that CO-diffusion model results are strongly affected when a third dimension is included. The effect of including a third dimension is to increase the gas exchange from the alveolar region into the RBCs, due to a larger gas diffusion surface within the capillary, leading to a significant increase in the resulting CO diffusing capacity. The results also show a better agreement between the experimental results and the numerical results obtained with the three-dimensional model than with the two-dimensional model. Finally, the strong sensitivity of the results vis-a`-vis the domain lengths (keeping the capillary volume constant) highlight the importance of considering the three-dimensional capillary morphology very carefully.

Using a three-dimensional model of the Ankle–Foot Orthosis/leg to explore the effects of combinations of axis misalignments

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefania Fatone ◽  
William Brett Johnson ◽  
Samuel Kwak
Keyword(s):  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Transverse Plane ◽  
Tibial Rotation ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Ankle Foot Orthosis ◽  
Ankle Foot Orthoses ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
Foot Orthosis

Background and Aim: Misaligning the mechanical axes of Ankle–Foot Orthoses with the ankle axis may lead to tissue damage, reduced gait efficiency, and mechanical wear on the orthosis. Previous models developed to describe the consequences of joint misalignments have only been applied to the sagittal plane. In this study, a previously developed three-dimensional model of the Ankle–Foot Orthosis/leg system was used to determine the effects of misalignments in the frontal and transverse planes and how they interact with misalignments in the sagittal plane. Technique: The motion of two corresponding points on the leg and Ankle–Foot Orthosis was calculated for different binary combinations of translational and rotational misalignments of the mechanical axis, and the resulting displacements between those points recorded. Discussion: Misaligning the mechanical joint axis of the Ankle–Foot Orthosis in the transverse plane led to much greater displacements than other misalignments. Results from the model suggest the importance of prioritizing transverse plane alignment by appropriately accounting for tibial rotation. Clinical relevance: Misalignments in the transverse plane had a dominating effect on relative motion between the Ankle–Foot Orthosis and leg emphasizing the importance of including the third dimension in the model and prioritizing accuracy of alignment in the transverse plane.

The Recreation and Evaluation of a Human Hand Using Low-Cost Reverse Engineering and 3D Printing Systems

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Jacobsen ◽  
E. Ashe ◽  
R. Noorani
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Engineering ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Human Hand ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
3D Scanner ◽  
Joint System ◽  
The Third ◽  
Motion System

The primary goal of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of a low-cost reverse engineering system to recreate a physical, three-dimensional model of a human hand. In order to achieve the goal of this research, three key objectives were fulfilled: (1) the first objective was to recreate the physical model of the human hand using a low-cost experimental setup (<$5000), (2) the second objective was to assess the ability of the reverse engineered hand to perform common tasks of everyday life, and (3) the third objective was to investigate the potential biomedical applications of the reverse engineered human hand. A chosen test subject had his or her hand molded and cast into a plaster three-dimensional model that could be held steady and scanned very precisely by a NextEngine Desktop 3D Scanner. Other methods could have been employed to achieve the scanned model, but given the experimental setup and timeline a casted model was assumed to be the most appropriate method to achieve the best results. The plaster casting of the subject’s hand was scanned several times using different orientations of the model relative to the stationary 3D scanner. From these scans, a computer CAD model of the human hand was generated, modified, and 3D printed using a Makerbot Replicator 2. The printed model was evaluated by its ability to perform common every-day tasks such as picking up a cup/bottle, holding a pen/pencil, or opening/closing around an object. Several iterations of the printed human hand were evaluated in order to determine the best design for the fingers’ joints and cable-driven motion system. The first iteration of the printed hand featured a snap-in joint system. This joint design suffered from requiring a large number of individual pieces and poor tolerances of the Makerbot printer. The second iteration featured a press fit style joint system. This system was hindered by tolerances similar to the first iteration as well as plastic deformation of the printed material due to inadequate elasticity. The third and final iteration of the joint system featured a single printed assembly for which the entire prosthetic could be printed at one time. It was expected that the hand would be able to translate the rotational movement of an individual’s wrist to tension the cables of the motion system thereby closing the fingers into a first. This movement will allow the user to close the prosthetic hand around everyday objects and pick them up with relative ease. Although the possibilities of reverse engineering and 3D printing systems have greatly expanded as a result of greater affordability and increased accuracy, their applications in the biomedical field have yet to be fully explored.

Three-Dimensional Model for Virtual Surgical Simulation, during Complex Skull Base Surgery and Aneurysm Surgery

Skull Base ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (S 01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akio Morita ◽  
Toshikazu Kimura ◽  
Shigeo Sora ◽  
Kengo Nishimura ◽  
Hisayuki Sugiyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skull Base ◽  
Surgical Simulation ◽  
Skull Base Surgery ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Aneurysm Surgery ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model
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