scholarly journals Distinct subpopulations of mechanosensory chordotonal organ neurons elicit grooming of the fruit fly antennae

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Hampel ◽  
Katharina Eichler ◽  
Daichi Yamada ◽  
Davi D Bock ◽  
Azusa Kamikouchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Chordotonal Organ ◽  
Mechanical Forces ◽  
Comprehensive Description ◽  
Physiological Diversity ◽  
Mechanosensory Neurons ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

Diverse mechanosensory neurons detect different mechanical forces that can impact animal behavior. Yet our understanding of the anatomical and physiological diversity of these neurons and the behaviors that they influence is limited. We previously discovered that grooming of the Drosophila melanogaster antennae is elicited by an antennal mechanosensory chordotonal organ, the Johnston’s organ (JO) (Hampel et al., 2015). Here, we describe anatomically and physiologically distinct JO mechanosensory neuron subpopulations that each elicit antennal grooming. We show that the subpopulations project to different, discrete zones in the brain and differ in their responses to mechanical stimulation of the antennae. Although activation of each subpopulation elicits antennal grooming, distinct subpopulations also elicit the additional behaviors of wing flapping or backward locomotion. Our results provide a comprehensive description of the diversity of mechanosensory neurons in the JO, and reveal that distinct JO subpopulations can elicit both common and distinct behavioral responses.

scholarly journals Convergence of distinct subpopulations of mechanosensory neurons onto a neural circuit that elicits grooming

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Hampel ◽  
Katharina Eichler ◽  
Daichi Yamada ◽  
Hyunsoo Kim ◽  
Mihoko Horigome ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Chordotonal Organ ◽  
Mechanical Forces ◽  
Synaptic Connections ◽  
Mechanosensory Neurons ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Influence Behavior ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractDiverse subpopulations of mechanosensory neurons detect different mechanical forces and influence behavior. How these subpopulations connect with central circuits to influence behavior remains an important area of study. We previously discovered a neural circuit that elicits grooming of the Drosophila melanogaster antennae that is activated by an antennal mechanosensory chordotonal organ, the Johnston’s organ (JO) (Hampel et al., 2015). Here, we describe anatomically and physiologically distinct JO mechanosensory neuron subpopulations and define how they interface with the circuit that elicits antennal grooming. We show that the subpopulations project to distinct zones in the brain and differ in their responses to mechanical stimulation of the antennae. Each subpopulation elicits grooming through direct synaptic connections with a single interneuron in the circuit, the dendrites of which span the different mechanosensory afferent projection zones. Thus, distinct JO subpopulations converge onto the same neural circuit to elicit a common behavioral response.

scholarly journals The neuropeptide Drosulfakinin regulates social isolation-induced aggression in Drosophila

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavan Agrawal ◽  
Damian Kao ◽  
Phuong Chung ◽  
Loren L. Looger
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Sequence Read Archive ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACTSocial isolation strongly modulates behavior across the animal kingdom. We utilized the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster to study social isolation-driven changes in animal behavior and gene expression in the brain. RNA-seq identified several head-expressed genes strongly responding to social isolation or enrichment. Of particular interest, social isolation downregulated expression of the gene encoding the neuropeptide Drosulfakinin (Dsk), the homologue of vertebrate cholecystokinin (CCK), which is critical for many mammalian social behaviors. Dsk knockdown significantly increased social isolation-induced aggression. Genetic activation or silencing of Dsk neurons each similarly increased isolation-driven aggression. Our results suggest a U-shaped dependence of social isolation-induced aggressive behavior on Dsk signaling, similar to the actions of many neuromodulators in other contexts.Data availabilityThe raw sequence data from RNA-seq experiments has been deposited into the Sequence Read Archive (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra) with accession number: PRJNA481582. Supplementary files and figures accompany this article.

Chemical Stimulation of the Brain Makes Stimulating Reading

1975 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 923-924
Author(s):  
MADGE E. SCHEIBEL ◽  
ARNOLD B. SCHEIBEL
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Stimulation ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

High Frequency Vibration of Worst Ear Lobule induced short period of Rapid Inhibition of any Cancer Activity including Advanced Terminal Cancers, Most Malignant Brain Tumor "Glioblastoma" as well as Cancer of Lung, Breast & Gastrointestinal Cancers particularly Pancreatic Cancer.

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-249
Author(s):  
Yoshiaki Omura
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
High Frequency Stimulation ◽  
Frequency Stimulation ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Cancer Activity ◽  
Stimulation Of

While a visiting Professor at the University of Paris, VI (formerly Sorvonne) more than 40 years ago, the Author became very good friends with Dr. Paul Nogier who periodically gave seminars and workshops in Paris. After the author diagnosed his cervical problem & offered him simple help, Dr. Nogier asked the Author to present lectures and demonstrations on the effects of ear stimulation, namely the effects of acupuncture & electrical stimulation of the ear lobules. It is only now, in 2019 that we have discovered 2–5 minute high frequency stimulation of the ear lobule inhibits cancer activity for 1– 4 hours post stimulation. Although the procedure is extremely simple. First take optimal dose of Vitamin D3, which has the most essential 10 unique beneficial factors required for every human cell activity. Next, apply high frequency stimulation to ear lobule while the worst ear lobule is held by all fingers with vibrator directly touching the surface of the worst ear lobule, preferably after patient repeatedly takes optimal dose of Vitamin D3. When the worst ear lobule is held between thumb & index fingers and applying mechanical stimulation of 250 ~ 500 mechanical vibration/second for 2 ~ 5 minutes using an electrical vibrator, there is rapid disappearance of cancer activity in both the brain and rest of the body for short time duration 1 ~ 4 hours. The effect often increases by additional pressure by holding fingers. As of May 2019, the Author found that many people from various regions of the world developed early stages of multiple cancers. For evaluation of this study, U. S. patented Bi-Digital O-Ring Test (BDORT) was used which was developed by the Author while doing his Graduate experimental physics research at Colombia University. BDORT was found to be most essential for determining the beneficial effects as well as harmful effects of any substance or treatment. Using BDORT, Author was the first to recognize severe increasing mid-backache was an early sign of pancreatic cancer of President of New York State Board of Medicine after top pain specialists failed to detect the cause after 3 years of effort, while the BDORT showed early stages of cancer whereas conventional X-Ray of the pancreas did not show any cancer image until 2 months after Author detected with BDORT. For example, the optimal dose of the banana is usually about 2.0 - 2.5 millimeters cross section of the banana. A whole banana is more than 50 ~ 100 times the optimal dose. Any substance eaten in more than 25 times of its optimal dose becomes highly toxic and creates DNA mutations which can cause multiple malignancies in the presence of strong electro-magnetic field. With standard medication given by doctor, patients often become sick and they are unable to reduce body weight, unless medication is reduced or completely stopped. When the amount of zinc is very high, DNA often becomes unstable and multiple cancers can grow rapidly in the presence of strong electromagnetic field. Large amount of Vitamin C from regular orange or orange juice inhibit the most important Vitamin D3 effects. At least 3 kinds of low Vitamin C oranges will not inhibit Vitamin D3. Since B12 particularly methyl cobalamin which is a red small tablet is known to improve brain circulation very significantly we examined its effect within 20 seconds of oral intake we found the following very significant changes. Acetylcholine in both sides of the brain often increases over 4,500 ng. Longevity gene Sirtuin 1 level increases significantly for short time of few hours. Thymosin α1 and Thymosinβ4 both increase to over 1500 ng from 20 ng or less.

scholarly journals Dexamethasone increased the survival rate in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilo Reymão Moreira ◽  
Ana Carolina Musa Gonçalves Uberti ◽  
Antonio Rafael Quadros Gomes ◽  
Michelli Erica Souza Ferreira ◽  
Aline da Silva Barbosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
No Synthase ◽  
Ischemia And Reperfusion ◽  
Inos Inhibition ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Plasmodial Infection ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractThe present study aimed to evaluate the effects of dexamethasone on the redox status, parasitemia evolution, and survival rate of Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Two-hundred and twenty-five mice were infected with Plasmodium berghei and subjected to stimulation or inhibition of NO synthesis. The stimulation of NO synthesis was performed through the administration of L-arginine, while its inhibition was made by the administration of dexamethasone. Inducible NO synthase (iNOS) inhibition by dexamethasone promoted an increase in the survival rate of P. berghei-infected mice, and the data suggested the participation of oxidative stress in the brain as a result of plasmodial infection, as well as the inhibition of brain NO synthesis, which promoted the survival rate of almost 90% of the animals until the 15th day of infection, with possible direct interference of ischemia and reperfusion syndrome, as seen by increased levels of uric acid. Inhibition of brain iNOS by dexamethasone caused a decrease in parasitemia and increased the survival rate of infected animals, suggesting that NO synthesis may stimulate a series of compensatory redox effects that, if overstimulated, may be responsible for the onset of severe forms of malaria.

scholarly journals Induction of Axonal Outgrowth in Mouse Hippocampal Neurons via Bacterial Magnetosomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 4126
Author(s):  
Sara De Vincentiis ◽  
Alessandro Falconieri ◽  
Frank Mickoleit ◽  
Valentina Cappello ◽  
Dirk Schüler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Hippocampal Neurons ◽  
Magnetotactic Bacteria ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Axonal Outgrowth ◽  
Mechanical Forces ◽  
Internalization Process ◽  
Oxide Crystals ◽  
Stimulation Of

Magnetosomes are membrane-enclosed iron oxide crystals biosynthesized by magnetotactic bacteria. As the biomineralization of bacterial magnetosomes can be genetically controlled, they have become promising nanomaterials for bionanotechnological applications. In the present paper, we explore a novel application of magnetosomes as nanotool for manipulating axonal outgrowth via stretch-growth (SG). SG refers to the process of stimulation of axonal outgrowth through the application of mechanical forces. Thanks to their superior magnetic properties, magnetosomes have been used to magnetize mouse hippocampal neurons in order to stretch axons under the application of magnetic fields. We found that magnetosomes are avidly internalized by cells. They adhere to the cell membrane, are quickly internalized, and slowly degrade after a few days from the internalization process. Our data show that bacterial magnetosomes are more efficient than synthetic iron oxide nanoparticles in stimulating axonal outgrowth via SG.

scholarly journals Synergistic Effect of Several Neurotransmitters in PFC-NAc-VTA Neural Circuit for the Anti-Depression Effect of Shuganheweitang in a Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 1934578X2110024
Author(s):  
Xin Chen ◽  
Yuanchun Ma ◽  
Xiongjun Mou ◽  
Hao Liu ◽  
Hao Ming ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Concentration Level ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Mild Stress ◽  
Depression Effect ◽  
Monoamine Neurotransmitters ◽  
Reward Circuitry ◽  
High Doses ◽  
The Brain

Depression, a major worldwide mental disorder, leads to massive disability and can result in death. The PFC-NAc-VTA neuro circuit is related to emotional, neurovegetative, and cognitive functions, which emerge as a circuit-level framework for understanding reward deficits in depression. Neurotransmitters, which are widely distributed in different brain regions, are important detected targets for the evaluation of depression. Shuganheweitang (SGHWT) is a popular prescription in clinical therapy for depression. In order to investigate its possible pharmacodynamics and anti-depressive mechanism, the complex plant material was separated into different fractions. These in low and high doses, along with low and high doses of SGHWT were tested in animal behavior tests. The low and high doses of SGHWT were more effective than the various fractions, which indicate the importance of synergistic function in traditional Chinese medicine. Furthermore, amino acid (GABA, Glu) and monoamine neurotransmitters (DA, 5-HT, NA, 5-HIAA) in the PFC-NAc-VTA neuro circuit were investigated by UPLC-MS/MS. The level trend of DA and 5-HT were consistent in the PFC-NAc-VTA neuro circuit, whereas 5-HIAA was decreased in the PFC, Glu was decreased in the PFC and VTA, and NA and GABA were decreased in the NAc. The results indicate that the pathogenesis of depression is associated with dysfunction of the PFC-NAc-VTA neural circuit, mainly through the neural projection effects of neurotransmitters associated with various brain regions in the neural circuit. PCA and OPLS-DA score plots demonstrated the similarities of individuals within each group and the differences among the groups. In this study, SGHWT could regulate the concentration level of different neurotransmitters in the PFC-NAc-VTA neuro circuit to improve the depression, which benefitted from the recognition of the brain reward circuitry in mood disorders.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document