scholarly journals Naïve individuals promote collective exploration in homing pigeons

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Valentini ◽  
Theodore P Pavlic ◽  
Sara Imari Walker ◽  
Stephen C Pratt ◽  
Dora Biro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Transfer ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Columba Livia ◽  
Collective Learning ◽  
Information Pooling ◽  
Migratory Routes ◽  
Route Information ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Exploration Exploitation ◽  
Different Levels

Group-living animals that rely on stable foraging or migratory routes can develop behavioural traditions to pass route information down to inexperienced individuals. Striking a balance between exploitation of social information and exploration for better alternatives is essential to prevent the spread of maladaptive traditions. We investigated this balance during cumulative route development in the homing pigeon Columba livia. We quantified information transfer within pairs of birds in a transmission-chain experiment and determined how birds with different levels of experience contributed to the exploration–exploitation trade-off. Newly introduced naïve individuals were initially more likely to initiate exploration than experienced birds, but the pair soon settled into a pattern of alternating leadership with both birds contributing equally. Experimental pairs showed an oscillating pattern of exploration over generations that might facilitate the discovery of more efficient routes. Our results introduce a new perspective on the roles of leadership and information pooling in the context of collective learning.

scholarly journals Naïve individuals promote collective exploration in homing pigeons

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Valentini ◽  
Theodore P Pavlic ◽  
Sara Imari Walker ◽  
Stephen C Pratt ◽  
Dora Biro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Group Living ◽  
Columba Livia ◽  
Collective Learning ◽  
Transmission Chain ◽  
Information Pooling ◽  
Migratory Routes ◽  
Route Information ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Exploration Exploitation ◽  
Different Levels

Group-living animals that rely on stable foraging or migratory routes can develop behavioural traditions to pass route information down to inexperienced individuals. Striking a balance between exploitation of social information and exploration for better alternatives is essential to prevent the spread of maladaptive traditions. We investigated this balance during cumulative route development in the homing pigeon Columba livia. We quantified causal interactions within pairs of birds in a transmission-chain experiment and determined how birds with different levels of experience contributed to the exploration–exploitation trade-off. Newly introduced naïve individuals were initially more likely to initiate exploration than experienced birds, but the pair soon settled into a pattern of alternating leadership with both birds contributing equally. Experimental pairs showed an oscillating pattern of exploration over generations that might facilitate the discovery of more efficient routes. Our results introduce a new perspective on the roles of leadership and information pooling in the context of collective learning.

scholarly journals Mini-Review: practice organization beyond memory processes

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 333-341
Author(s):  
Guilherme M. Lage ◽  
Lidiane A. Fernandes ◽  
Tércio Apolinário-Souza ◽  
Nathálya G. H. M. Nogueira ◽  
Bárbara P. Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Perceptual Processing ◽  
Memory Processes ◽  
Oculomotor Behavior ◽  
Practice Organization ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Electroencephalographic Activity ◽  
Variable Practice ◽  
Different Levels

Background: The benefits of variable practice in motor learning have been traditionally explained by the increased demand for memory processes induced by trial-to-trial changes. Recently, a new perspective associating increased demand for perception with variable practice has emerged. Aim: This revision aims to present and discuss the findings in this exciting topic newly opened. Results / Interpretation: In the second half of 2010’s, a number of studies have pointed out differences in perceptual processing when compared variable and repetitive practices. Different levels of (a) hemodynamic activation, (b) electroencephalographic activity, (c) neurochemical activity, and (d) oculomotor behavior have provided evidence that perceptual processes are affected differently by variable and repetitive practices.

scholarly journals Employee domain and non-financial performance: the moderating effect of digital reputation

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosamartina Schena ◽  
Angeloantonio Russo ◽  
Jonatan Pinkse
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
Corporate Sustainability ◽  
Fortune 500 ◽  
Operational Model ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Financial Report ◽  
Innovation Strategies ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Exploration Exploitation

Purpose The purpose of this study is to extend existing knowledge in corporate sustainability (CS) and digitalization literature. Innovation strategies (namely, exploration, exploitation and ambidexterity) are used to identify an innovative employee domain that influences a firm’s non-financial performance. Digital reputation – i.e. the set of stakeholders’ sentiments toward the company’s digital footprint – is observed as a moderating variable able to explain where and when the innovative employee domain impacts the non-financial performance. Design/methodology/approach Using a sample of firms listed on the Fortune 500 list in the period 2015–2018, this study pursued both a qualitative and quantitative analysis. First, content analysis is carried out through a non-financial report-based operational model to operationalize the innovative domain. Second, a regression and moderator analysis are conducted on optimized panel data. Findings Consistent with previous literature, the results show that the employee domain positively impacts a firm’s non-financial performance. It was found that digital reputation operates as a moderator in this relationship. Originality/value This study contributes to the theoretical debate on CS by introducing a new concept relevant to an employee domain of exploration, exploitation and ambidexterity. It enriches the innovation debate by providing a new perspective on how firms can balance exploratory and exploitative innovation strategies in the employee domain to enhance non-financial performance. Finally, it provides a novel definition of digital reputation.

The Rationality of (Over)imitation

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 678-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Keupp ◽  
Tanya Behne ◽  
Hannes Rakoczy
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Social Constraints ◽  
Rational Action ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Human Capacity ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Cognitive Foundations ◽  
Different Levels

Imitation is a powerful and ubiquitous social learning strategy, fundamental for the development of individual skills and cultural traditions. Recent research on the cognitive foundations and development of imitation, though, presents a surprising picture: Although even infants imitate in selective, efficient, and rational ways, children and adults engage in overimitation. Rather than imitating selectively and efficiently, they sometimes faithfully reproduce causally irrelevant actions as much as relevant ones. In this article, we suggest a new perspective on this phenomenon by integrating established findings on children’s more general capacities for rational action parsing with newer findings on overimitation. We suggest that overimitation is a consequence of children’s growing capacities to understand causal and social constraints in relation to goals and that it rests on the human capacity to represent observed actions simultaneously on different levels of goal hierarchies.

scholarly journals The First “Jerusalem” Consul K.M. Basili and the Protection of Russian Pilgrims in Jerusalem

2019 ◽  
pp. 10-21
Author(s):  
Кирилл Вах ◽  
Kirill Vah
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Holy Land ◽  
Greek Orthodox ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Sacred Sites ◽  
Church Hierarchy ◽  
Greek Orthodox Church ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Specific Contribution

The paper explores the perception of the Russian pilgrimage to the sacred sites of the Orthodox East by the Russian government represented by the central office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and by the local diplomats. Having analyzed the archival sources, the author concludes about different assessments and approaches to the phenomenon of pilgrimage across different levels of the Russian government. This helps to take a new perspective and look at the causes of the alienation and mistrust between the Russian authorities and representatives of the Greek Orthodox Church hierarchy in Jerusalem, as well as explain the lack of an adequate response in St. Petersburg to the exacerbating problems with the Russian pilgrims in the East. In addition, the paper researches K.M. Basili’s role and specific contribution to the developing issue of the Russian pilgrims in the Holy Land.

Cognitively Informed Systems

2011 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Eshaa M. Alkhalifa
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Science ◽  
System Design ◽  
Perceptual System ◽  
System Structure ◽  
Underlying Assumption ◽  
Future System ◽  
Efficient Communication ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Different Levels

Cognitively informed systems as introduced by Alkhalifa (2005b) is a perspective that encourages system designers to consider the findings of cognitive science as informative to the design of their systems. This relies on an underlying assumption that the presentation, interaction abilities, as well as the system structure, are likely to achieve more efficient communication if the design is aligned with the expectations of the human cognitive machine. In other words, this perspective deals with issues such as how to best present materials for the perceptual system to isolate the required differences and focus on the correct points in the image, how to offer sufficient interaction to enhance learning, or how to elicit different levels of cognitive engagement with the system. This chapter offers a survey of the main areas of the field and examples are given of how these areas can inform particular aspects of future system design. A case study is also presented as support to this perspective. The main conclusion thatcan be drawn is that this new perspective is not only practical but also worthwhile.

scholarly journals Disease implications of animal social network structure: a synthesis across social systems

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pratha Sah ◽  
Janet Mann ◽  
Shweta Bansal
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
List Type ◽  
Network Organization ◽  
Social Network Structure ◽  
The Social ◽  
Disease Costs ◽  
New Perspective

SummaryThe disease costs of sociality have largely been understood through the link between group size and transmission. However, infectious disease spread is driven primarily by the social organization of interactions in a group and not its size.We used statistical models to review the social network organization of 47 species, including mammals, birds, reptiles, fish and insects by categorizing each species into one of three social systems,relatively solitary,gregariousandsocially hierarchical. Additionally, using computational experiments of infection spread, we determined the disease costs of each social system.We find that relatively solitary species have large variation in number of social partners, that socially hierarchical species are the least clustered in their interactions, and that social networks of gregarious species tend to be the most fragmented. However, these structural differences are primarily driven by weak connections, which suggests that different social systems have evolved unique strategies to organize weak ties.Our synthetic disease experiments reveal that social network organization can mitigate the disease costs of group living for socially hierarchical species when the pathogen is highly transmissible. In contrast, highly transmissible pathogens cause frequent and prolonged epidemic outbreaks in gregarious species.We evaluate the implications of network organization across social systems despite methodological challenges, and our findings offer new perspective on the debate about the disease costs of group living. Additionally, our study demonstrates the potential of meta-analytic methods in social network analysis to test ecological and evolutionary hypotheses on cooperation, group living, communication, and resilience to extrinsic pressures.

scholarly journals DESIGNING CURRICULUM, CAPACITY OF INNOVATION, AND PERFORMANCES: A STUDY ON THE PESANTRENS IN NORTH SUMATRA

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jafar Syahbuddin Ritonga
Keyword(s):  
Social Entrepreneurship ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Inferential Statistics ◽  
Multiple Regressions ◽  
Know How ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Almost All ◽  
North Sumatra ◽  
Different Levels

<strong>Abstrak: </strong>Sebenarnya cukup banyak artikel dan studi tentang pesantren yang telah dipublikasikan secara meluas. Hampir semua dari literatur tersebut adalah men-diskusikan tentang pesantren dari perspektif Islam (keagamaan) semata. Artikel ini mencoba menawarkan suatu perspektif baru dalam bidang pesantren, yaitu sebagai suatu entitas bisnis. Artikel berbasis riset ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana prestasi kerja suatu pesantren yang dipengaruhi oleh (kegiatan) mendeisain kurikulum pada tingkat kapasitas inovasi yang berbeda-beda. Data akan dianalisa dengan menggunakan metode stastikal deskriptif dan inferensial melalui frekuensi, regresi berganda, dan regresi bertingkat. Pada akhirnya, hipotesa dan kesimpulan akan diajukan. Artikel ini menunjukkan pengaruh dari aktivitas merancang kurikulum yang modern dan islami dari suatu pesantren dengan prestasi kerja yang diharapkan akan berbeda-beda sesuai dengan tingkat kapasitas inovasi yang ada di dalam pesantren tersebut.<br /> <br /><strong>Abstract: Desain Kurikulum, Kemampuan Inovasi dan Performa: Studi Pesantren di Sumatera Utara. </strong>There have been many articles and studies on Pesantren that have been published. Unfortunately, Almost all of them discuss about the Pesantren from the perspective of Islam exclusively. This paper tries to offer a new perspective in looking at the Pesantren: as an entity of business. This is a research paper which aims to know how Pesantrens’ performances are influenced by designing curriculum at different levels of capacity of innovation. The data are analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, namely frequency, multiple regressions and hierarchical regression. This paper analyzes the influence of designing the curriculum on performances of the Pesantren and the important effects of capacity of innovation on them. This paper reveals that the influence of designing modern Islamic currciculum to the Pesantren’s performances is expected to be varied according to the levels of capacity of innovation at the Pesantren.<br /> <br /><strong>Keywords:</strong> pesantren, social entrepreneurship, curriculum, performance, innovation

Wsparcie rozwoju psychospołecznego ucznia – propozycja nowego modelu działań poradni psychologiczno-pedagogicznej

2021 ◽  
pp. 79-92
Author(s):  
Justyna Siemionow
Keyword(s):  
School Environment ◽  
Emerging Technologies ◽  
Psychological Support ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Behavioural Problems ◽  
Paradigm Shifts ◽  
School Life ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Children’S Behaviour ◽  
Different Levels

Psychological and pedagogical counselling is a multidimensional activity that is permanently inscribed in the school environment. The main goal of counselling in schools is to recognise educational, emotional and social needs of adolescents as well as to offer them support in solving problems and contribute to a perfect realisation of harmony in their development. Changes in pupils’ characteristics, emerging technologies, and paradigm shifts in the disciplines themselves predict unique opportunities and challenges for the future. In this paper I aim to present the activity of the psycho-pedagogical centres in a new perspective which is much more efficient and explicitly includes counselling actions and psychological support for pupils, their parents and teachers. The model under discussion brings many benefits in the field of counselling activity within the school at different levels. Therefore, it contributes to a higher level of effectiveness of psycho-pedagogical activities. The relations with the families and teachers are an important element of the presented counselling activity. The family’s involvement in school life is achieved through participation in parents’ meetings, lectures, main teaching classes or in any other activity from or outside the curriculum. In intervention situations a specialist’s role is to guide the parents with the aim of modelling their children’s behaviour. The groups of specialists are not only permanently attentive to pupils’ needs but their emotional, social and behavioural problems as well. The specialist has a double role in the school environment: a preventive and an intervention role in order to deal with the above mentioned situations and difficulties. The presented article also includes an example of such a model in one of the schools.

Differences in Individual Learning Between Group-Foraging and Territorial Zenaida Doves

Behaviour ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 133 (15-16) ◽  
pp. 1197-1207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Lefebvre ◽  
Pascal Carlier
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Foraging Ecology ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Columba Livia ◽  
Group Foraging ◽  
Learning Differences ◽  
Learning Abilities ◽  
General Process ◽  
Social Tasks ◽  
Reward Contingencies

AbstractAdaptive views of learning predict that natural selection should lead to differences in specialized learning abilities between animals that face different ecological pressures. Group-living is thought to favour social learning, but previous comparative work suggests that differences between gregarious feral pigeons (Columba livia) and territorial Zenaida doves (Zenaida aurita) exceed the specialized effect on social tasks predicted by the adaptive hypothesis. In this paper, we show that group-foraging Zenaida doves from Barbados learn an individual shaping task more quickly than territorial Zenaida doves from a site 9 km away. These results suggest that the scramble competition associated with group-foraging favours several types of leaming, both social and non-social, and that its effects are more wide-ranging than previously thought. Since genetic isolation between Zenaida dove populations is highly unlikely, the results also suggest that differences in foraging ecology may lead to different learned responses to local reward contingencies as well as natural selection for different genotypes affecting learning. In some cases, the standard comparative prediction of ecologically-correlated learning differences may therefore not distinguish between adaptive specialization and general process theories.

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