Salivary glands in Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) and in Norwegian reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)

Svein D. Mathiesen; V. B. Rædergård; M. A. Vader; Ø. E. Haga; H. J. Norberg; W. Sørmoe; N. J. C. Tyler

doi:10.7557/2.19.1.289

Salivary glands in Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) and in Norwegian reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)

Rangifer ◽

10.7557/2.19.1.289 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 25 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Svein D. Mathiesen ◽

V. B. Rædergård ◽

M. A. Vader ◽

Ø. E. Haga ◽

H. J. Norberg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Rangifer Tarandus ◽

Species Differences ◽

Feeding Strategy ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Parotid Glands ◽

Phenotypic Difference ◽

Absolute Size ◽

Svalbard Reindeer ◽

The Mean

The aim of this investigation was to compare the size of salivaty glands in Svalbard reindeer {Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) and in Norwegian reindeer (Rangifer t. tarandus) in relation to feeding strategy, season and reproductive status. The mean body mass (BM, standard deviation j) in adult non-lactating female Svalbard reindeer was 72.0, s = 4.2, kg (n = 8) in September and 46.7, s = 7.1, kg (« = 4) in April. The mean BM of adult non-lactating Norwegian reindeer was 67.5, s = 7.7, kg (» = 8) in September and 59.2, s = 9.6, kg (n = 9) in March. In non-lactating female Svalbard reindeer the mean combined mass of parotid glands was 82.7, s = 4.5, g in September and 58.8, s = 8.7, g in April (P < 0.05). In the Norwegian reindeer the mean combined mass of the parotid glands was 95.2, s = 14.4, g in Septembet and 68.1, s = 9.5, g in Match (P < 0.05). We wete not able to find any sub-species differences in the size of the salivaty glands which could be related to phenotypic difference in feeding strategy. Both sub-species had parotid glands sizes similar to that of intermediate ruminant types, ranging from 0.11-0.14% of BM. The larger absolute size of salivaty glands in summer compared to winter reflects the importance of high rates of production of saliva when the dry matter intake and microbial fermentation is high.

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Methane emissions from young and mature dairy cattle

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an15102 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 56 (11) ◽

pp. 1897 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

C. A. Ramírez-Restrepo ◽

H. Clark ◽

S. Muetzel

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Emission Factor ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Sulfur Hexafluoride ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Tracer Technique ◽

Ch4 Emissions ◽

Dairy Heifers ◽

Age Related ◽

The Mean

Daily methane (CH4) emissions (g) and CH4 yield (g/kg dry matter intake) were measured from 10 dairy heifers (<1 year old) and nine rumen-fistulated cows (>6 years old) fed ryegrass (Lolium perenne) chaffage indoors. The CH4 emissions were estimated using the sulfur hexafluoride tracer technique in four ~5-day periods beginning in June 2008 and repeated 4, 6 and 7 months later. Respiratory chambers were used in four ~13-day periods beginning in November 2008 and repeated 2, 5 and 6 months later. Third and fourth sulfur hexafluoride tracer periods overlapped with the first and second chamber measurement periods, respectively. Averaged over the four measurement periods the CH4 yields determined using both techniques were similar for heifers and cows. The mean CH4 yield estimated by the sulfur hexafluoride tracer technique was 25.3 ± 0.52 for heifers and 24.1 ± 0.55 for mature cows, whereas the mean CH4 yield measured in respiratory chambers was 23.7 ± 0.66 for heifers and 23.6 ± 0.66 for mature cows. Averaged over the eight measurements irrespective of technique, CH4 yields for heifers (24.5 ± 0.42) and cows (23.8 ± 0.43) were similar. There was also no difference between CH4 methods for assessing CH4 yield during the overlapping measurement periods. It was concluded that no consistent differences in CH4 yield existed between heifers and mature cows. Therefore, we do not recommend adoption of an age-related emission factor for cattle in the national inventory calculations for New Zealand.

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Energy expenditure of free-living reindeer estimated by the doubly labelled water method

Rangifer ◽

10.7557/2.20.4.1516 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 20 (2-3) ◽

pp. 211 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Geir Gotaas ◽

Eric Milne ◽

Paul Haggarty ◽

Nicholas J.C. Tyler

Keyword(s):

Energy Expenditure ◽

Rangifer Tarandus ◽

Water Flux ◽

Co2 Production ◽

Wild Ungulates ◽

Free Living ◽

Doubly Labelled Water ◽

Svalbard Reindeer ◽

Mountain Pasture ◽

The Mean

The doubly labelled water (DLW) method was used to measure total energy expenditure (TEE) in three male reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) aged 22 months in winter (February) while the animals were living unrestricted at natural mountain pasture in northern Norway (69°20'N). The concentrations of 2H and l8O were measured in water extracted from samples of faeces collecred from the animals 0.4 and 11.2 days after injection of the isotopes. Calculated rates of water flux and CO2-production were adjusted to compensate for estimated losses of 2H in faecal solids and in methane produced by microbial fermentation of forage in the rumen. The mean specific TEE in the three animals was 3.057 W.kg-1 (range 2.436 - 3.728 W.kg1). This value is 64% higher than TEE measured by the DLW method in four captive, non-pregnant adult female reindeer in winter and probably mainly reflects higher levels of locomotor activity in the free-living animals. Previous estimates of TEE in free-living Rangifer in winter based on factorial models range from 3.038 W.kg-1 in female woodland caribou (R. t. caribou) to 1.813 W.kg-1 in female Svalbard reindeer (R. t. platyrhynchus). Thus, it seems that existing factorial models are unlikely to overestimate TEE in reindeer/caribou: they may, instead, be unduly conservative. While the present study serves as a general validation of the factorial approach, we suggest that the route to progress in the understanding of field energetics in wild ungulates is via application of the DLW method.

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389 Effects of energy source on performance and carcass characteristics in hair lambs finished in feedlot

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz258.319 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 155-156

Author(s):

Roman Castañeda-Serrano ◽

Fabian Gutierrez-Oviedo ◽

Marcela Diaz-Cristancho ◽

Jairo Pardo-Guzman ◽

Paula Lozano-Morales ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Source ◽

Body Weight ◽

Feed Efficiency ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Carcass Characteristics ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Feeding Trial ◽

The Mean ◽

Dietary Treatments

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different energy sources on performance, and carcass characteristics in hair lambs finished in feedlots. Twenty-eight hair lambs with an initial body weight (BW) 20.8 ± 3.01, were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments included with seven lambs per treatment. The dietary treatments included an energy source included at 18% Dry matter: S. spectabilis flour (SF), palm kernel (PK), corn bran (CB) and rice bran (RB) in a diet based in corn silage, ground corn, soybean meal formulated to 13.0% PC and 2.6 Mcal/Kg of DM. The feeding trial was performed for 13 weeks. Water was allowed ad libitum. Animals were slaughtered after the feeding trial, and the carcasses were kept at 4°C for 24 h under Colombian standard guidelines. Data were analyzed by using the ANOVA procedure, SAS version 9.1 to perform a randomized complete experiment with four diets. For each studied variable, the mean and standard error of the mean (SEM) were calculated and differences between means were evaluated Using Tukey′s Test (P ≤ 0.05). Final body weight, hot carcass weight, cold carcass weight, hot dressing carcass (%), and cold dressing weight (%) were not different between the four treatments (P > 0.05). Dry matter intake was superior to the S. spectabilis flour (P < 0,001). Feed efficiency was higher in the CB and RB treatments (P < 0,05). These results indicate that the inclusion of S. spectabilis and palm kernel could improve the dry matter intake and corn bran and rice bran the feed efficiency without effects on carcass characteristics

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Multinutritional blocks as a food strategy to optimize the use of concentrate for lactating goats

Acta Scientiarum Animal Sciences ◽

10.4025/actascianimsci.v41i1.47441 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 47441

Author(s):

Joao Paulo De Farias Ramos ◽

Wandrick Hauss de Sousa ◽

Iara Tamires Rodrigues Cavalcante ◽

Juliana Silva Oliveira ◽

Edson Mauro Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Milk Production ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Feeding Strategy ◽

Control Diet ◽

Latin Squares ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Economic Viability ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Lactating Goats ◽

Dunnett Test

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of multinutritional blocks (BMs) associated with the concentrate content in the diet of lactating goats and their effects on milk production and economic viability. Eight goats Parda Alpina, multiparas were distributed in two Latin squares (4x4). The experiment consisted of four treatments (0.971, 0.746, 0.521 and 0.296 kg concentrate day-1 per goat) and BMs ad libitum. It was evaluated the consumption, milk monitoring and the system was analyzed economically. If there was a significant effect of the concentrate, the control treatment was compared to the others using the Dunnett test and 5% regression analysis. When the concentrate contents were high in the diets, the total dry matter intake decreased linearly. However, there was an inverse behavior for the consumption of BMs. Milk production (PL kg day-1) was linear and positively related to the increase of concentrate levels in the diets. The PL was lower for the decreasing levels of concentrate when compared to the control diet. The economic parameters indicate that the use of low concentrate levels associated with BMs is the best feeding strategy for lactating goats. The multinutritional blocks can be used to feed lactating goats to partially replace the concentrate.

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The effect of wilting of herbage on silage composition and its feeding value for milk production

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100024971 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 171-178 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

F. J. Gordon

Keyword(s):

Body Condition ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Post Partum ◽

Live Weight ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Significant Depression ◽

Feeding Value ◽

The Mean ◽

Block Experiment

ABSTRACTA randomized block experiment was used to assess the effects of wilting of herbage prior to ensiling. Three silages, each a composite of three harvests taken over the season, were prepared by ensiling herbage as unwilted, medium-wilted or high-wilted material with mean dry-matter contents in the resulting silages of 192, 254 and 455g/kg respectively. The silages were ensiled in bunker silos using the same harvesting machinery and with formic acid applied at the rate of 2 81/t of herbage. The silages were offered to 81 January- and February-calving cows from the 8th day post partum until going to pasture on 27 April, with a mean period on treatmen t of 92 days. In addition, all animals received a fixed concentrate allowance of 7·6 kg/day. Wilting increased silage dry-matter intake, the mean intakes being 9·2, 9·4 and 10·0kg/day for the unwilted, medium-wilted and high-wilted material respectively, but resulted in a significant depression in milk yield, with the yields obtained during the final 14 days on treatment being 23·6, 21 -8 and 21·5kg/day respectively. Milk composition, live weight, body condition, total ration digestibility and nitrogen-balance data are also presented.

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The value of a poultry litter and wheat mixture in the drought feeding of weaner sheep

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9680401 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 8 (33) ◽

pp. 401 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

P McInnes ◽

PJ Austin ◽

DL Jenkins

Keyword(s):

Serum Calcium ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Poultry Litter ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Matter Content ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Digestible Organic Matter ◽

Litter Mixture ◽

The Mean

At the end of 23 weeks the mean daily dry matter intake of Merino weaners was 190 g of poultry litter and 235 g of wheat. The mean weekly body weight gain, 210 g per sheep, was not significantly different to weaners that consumed a mean daily dry matter intake of 365 g of wheat grain and gained 180 g weekly. The mean digestible organic matter content of wheat and poultry litter were calculated to be 88 and 31 per cent respectively. Weaners fed wheat only were not supplemented with limestone (1.5 per cent) for 13 weeks by which time two of the eight weaners had serum calcium levels below 8 mg per 100 ml. One of these weaners had gained weight, the other had lost weight and died three weeks after limestone supplementation. The addition of limestone did not increase the mean serum calcium levels significantly, but at the end of the trial all weaners had levels above 8 mg per 100 ml. ' Serum glutamate oxalacetate transaminase and bilirubin concentrations were higher for weaners fed wheat-litter mixture, but below levels normally associated with liver dysfunction. Reasons for caution in the use of poultry litter in the manufacture of commercial feedstuffs for ruminants are discussed.

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The temporal character of feeding behaviour in captive tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii Desmarest)

Australian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1071/zo98027 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 46 (6) ◽

pp. 579 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

R. G. Lentle ◽

K. J. Stafford ◽

M. A. Potter ◽

B. P. Springett ◽

S. Haslett

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Feeding Strategy ◽

Video Recording ◽

Rest Period ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Feeding Time ◽

High Quality ◽

Event Duration ◽

Nutrient Density

Four tammar wallabies, maintained in a fixed 12 : 12 light : dark cycle, were fed ad libitum, one of three foods, of differing nutrient density and fibre content, consecutively, each for a period of two weeks. During the second week, food consumption was assessed daily and the temporal feeding pattern was monitored by visible and infrared video recording. Apart from a short rest period around noon, feeding continued throughout the 24-hour cycle, peaking crepuscularly. Total daily feeding time corrected to metabolic body weight was significantly longer, but dry-matter intake corrected to metabolic body weight was significantly lower than that of larger macropod species, indicating greater investment in chewing. Feed-event duration, inter-feed-event interval, rate of feeding, and dry matter intake all increased significantly on pelleted foods of low nutritional density. Rate of feeding and feed-event duration increased significantly on diced carrot such that dry-matter intake was not significantly different to that on high-quality pelleted food. Survivorship curves of inter-feed-event intervals were predominantly linear. This and the consistently higher positive correlations between the duration of individual feed events and inter-feed-event intervals than between meals and inter-meal intervals, indicated a nibbling rather than a meal-based feeding strategy. Levels of correlation of feed-event duration with inter-feed-event interval were generally low but there was a significant increase in positive correlation when food of lower quality was given. The duration of successive feed events tended to increase on low-quality and decrease on high-quality food more consistently than did successive inter-feed-event intervals.

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Effects of nutrition on serum levels of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)

Rangifer ◽

10.7557/2.1.1.395 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 4 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Morten Ryg ◽

Endre Jacobsen

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Rangifer Tarandus ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Serum Concentrations ◽

Seasonal Differences ◽

Hormone Levels ◽

Qualitative And Quantitative ◽

Rangifer Tarandus Tarandus ◽

Serum T3

We have investigated effects of qualitative and quantitative differences in feed on serum concentrations on the thyorid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). We have recorded hormone levels in groups of animals of different sex, age and weight. They were fed either a pelleted reindeer feed (RF 71, 13,7% protein) or lichen (3,4 protein), or a combination of RF 71 and lichen. 1. When going over from restricted to ad lib. feeding with the same kind of feed (RF 71), serum T3 increased, but nok T4. 2. Serum T3 or T4 did nok change when feed was changed from RF 71 to the same amount of dry matter of a combination of RF 71 and lichen. Neither were there any significant differences between a group fed RF 71 and a group fed a combination of RF 71 and lichen. 3. Serum T3 and dry matter intake were well correlated. We conclude that seasonal differences in T4 are partly independent of nutrition, while T3 was heavily influenced by nutrition, specifically the amount of dry matter consumed. Serum T3 can possibly be used to estimate dry matter intake.Ravitsemuksen vaikutus poron (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) seerumin tyroksiini ja trijodityroniinitasoon.Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Olemme tutkineet poron ravinnonsaannissa esiintyvien kvalitatiivisten ja kvantitathvisten erojen vaikutusta seerumin kilpirauhashormonien trijodityroniinin (T3) ja tyroksiinin (T4) konsentraatioon. Olemme rekisteroineet hormonipitoisuuksia iån, sukupuolen ja painon perusteella erilaisissa ryhmisså. Ruokinnassa on kåytetty pelletoitua poronrehua (RF 71, 13,7% proteiini ja/tai jåkålåå (3,4% proteiinia). 1. Siirryttåesså rajoitetusta rehunsaannista ad lib. ruokintaan samalla rehulla (RF 71), seerumin T3-taso kohosi, mutta ei T4-taso. 2. Siirryttåesså ruokinnassa RF 71-rehun kåytostå kuiva-ainepitoisuudeltaan vastaavan RF 71-rehun ja jåkålå-yhdistelmån kåyttoon ei havaittu merkitseviå muutoksia T3- tai T4-tasoisaa. Verrattaessa RF 71-rehua kåyttånyttå ryhmåå ja toista ryhmåå, jota ruokittiin rehun ha jåkålån yhdistelmållå ei myoskåån havaittu merkitseviå eroja. 3. Nautitun kuiva-ainemåårån ja seerumin T3-konsentraation vålillå vallitsee selvå korrelaatio. Me pååttelemme, ettå T4-tason vuodenaikaisvaihtelut ovat osittain riippumattomia ravitsemuksesta, kun taas ravinto selvåsti vaikuttaa T3-tasoon. Seerumin T3-arvoa voidaan ehkå kåyttåå poron nauttiman kuiva-ainemåårån arvioimiseen.Virkninger av ernæring på serumnivåer av thyroxin og triiodothyronin hos rein (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: Vi har undersøkt virkningen av kvalitative og kvantitative forskjeller i næringstilgang på konsentrasjonene av skjoldbruskkjertelhormonene triiodothyronin (T3) og thyroxin (T4) i serum hos rein. Vi har registrert hormonnivåer hos grupper av dyr med forskjellig alder, kjønn og vekt. De har vært foret med et pelletert reinfor (RF 71, 13,7% protein), og/eller lav (3,4% protein). 1. Ved overgang fra begrenset til ad lib. foring med samme for (RF 71) økte serum T3, men ikke T4. 2. Ved overgang fra RF 71 til samme tørrstoffmengde av en kombinasjon av RF 71 og lav, var det ikke signifikante endringer i T3 eller T4. Det var heller ikke signifikante forskjeller mellom en gruppe som ble foret med RF 71 og én som ble foret med RF 71 og lav. 3. Det var en god korrelasjon mellom tørrstoffinntak og serumkonsentrasjon av T3. Vi konkluderer med at årstidsvariasjonene i T4 delvis er uavhengige av ernæring, mens T3 er strengt ernæringsregulert. Serum T3 kan kanskje brukes til å estimere tørrstoffinntak hos rein.

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Digestion of energy and nutrients in Svalbard reindeer

Rangifer ◽

10.7557/2.8.1.725 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 2 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Hans Staaland ◽

Nils A. Øritsland ◽

Robert G. White

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Rangifer Tarandus ◽

Nutrient Balance ◽

Pleurozium Schreberi ◽

Research Station ◽

Mixed Diet ◽

Svalbard Reindeer ◽

Feeding Trials ◽

Cladonia Rangiferina

Feeding trials with 5 male Svalbard reindeer, Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus Vrolik were conducted at the Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Research Station in Adventdalen, Svalbard. Five different diets were used, 1: commercial reindeer food, (RF-71), 2: a mixture of locally harvested grasses and sedges (mainly Dupontia pelligera and Eriphorum scheusczeri), 3: a pure moss (Pleurozium scheberi) diet, 4: a lichen diet using the dominant Svalbard species Cetraria delisei, and 5: a mixed diet of RF-71, moss (P. schreberi) and lichens (mainly Cladonia alpestris and Cladonia rangiferina). When fed the RF-71 diet the digestibility by Svalbard and Norwegian reindeer were similar with respect to dry matter (DM) 75 v 74%) and crude protein (CP) 74 v 70% as were the availabilities of P (72 v 76% )a and Ca (18 v 36%) in the diet. The mixture of grasses and sedges was highly digestible with respect to DM ((66,5%) but had low availabilities of Ca (12%), Mg (10%) and P (-11%). DM digestibility of the lichen C delisei was low (33%) however this lichen could constitute a good source of Ca. Moss palatability was very low (174-252 g or 9-13g/kg 0 75 intake daily). DM, CP and energy digestibilities, respectively 48, 53 and 49%, and the availabilities of P (66%) and Ca (20%) were indicative that they could add to the energy and protein intake while contributing significantly to nutrient balance of Svalbard reindeer when present in a mixed diet.Fordøyelse av energi og næringsstoffer hos Svalbard-rein.Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: Ved MAB-stasjonen i Adventdalen på Svalbard ble det utført foringsforsøk med fem voksne bukker av Svalbardrein, Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus Vrolik. Det ble nyttet fem forskjellige forty per, 1: pelletert reinfor, RF71, 2: en blanding av gras og siv høstet i Adventdalen (vesentlig Dupontia pelligera og Eriophorum scheuchzeri), 3: en ren mosediett (Pleurozium schreberi), 4: lav av den vanlige Svalbard -arten, Cetraria delisei, 5: en blandet diett av RF71, mose (P. schreberi) og lav (hovedsaklig Cladonia alpestris og Cladonia rangiferina). Ved foring med reinfor (RF71) ble det funnet samme tørrstoff fordøyelighet hos Svalbardrein som tidligere rapportert fra norsk rein (75 versus 74%). Tilsvarende tall for råprotein var 74 versus 70%, P 72 versus 76% og Ca 18 versus 36%. Blanding av gras og siv hadde en høy tørrstoff fordøy elighet på 66.5%, mens tilgjengeligheten av Ca (12%), Mg (10%) og P (-11%) var lav. Tørrstoff-fordøyeligheten var lav (33%) for C. delisei, men denne laven kan likevel være en god Ca-kilde. Smakeligheten av mose var lav (foropptak 174-252 g eller 9-13 g/kg0-75 per dag). Fordøy elighet av tørrstoff, råprotein og energi, respektive 48, 53 og 49% og tilgjengeligheten av P (66%) og Ca (20%) indikerer at moser kan være et signifikant tilskudd til mineralbalansen hos Svalbardrein som lever på en blandet diett.Energian ja ravintoaineiden käyttö huippu vuortenpeur alla.Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: MAB:n asemalla Adventdalenissa Svalbardilola tehtiin ruokintakokeita viidellä huippuvuorten-peurauroksilla (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus Vrolik). Kokeessa käytettiin viitä eri ruokintaa, 1: pelle-toitu pororehu, RF 71, 2: heinäan ja saran seosta (pääasiassa Dupentia pelligera ja Eriophorum scheuchze-ri), 3: sammalta (Pleurozium schreberi), 4: Huippuvuorilla tavattavaa jäkälälajia, Cetraria delisei, 5: poro-rehua (RF 71), sammalta (P. schreberi) ja jäkälää (pääasiassa Cladonia alpestris ja Cladonia rangiferina). Ruokittaessa RF 71 - rehulla huippuvuortenpeuralla kuiva-aineen (DM) ja raaka proteenin (CP) sulavuudet olisivat samat kuin aikaisemmin norjalaisilla poroilla mitatut (74 ja 75%, 74 ja 70%). Fosforin ja kalsiu-min saannit olivat vastaavasti 72 ja 76% ja 18 ja 36%. Heinän ja saran seos oli hyvin sulavaa. Kuiva-aineen sulavuus oli 66,5%, mutta kalsiumin, magnesiumin ja fosforin saanit oli alhainen (12, 10 ja 11%) Jäkä-län (C delisei) kuiva-aineen sulavuus oli alhainen (33%), mutta se on hyvä kalsiumin lähde. Sammalen sulavuus oli erittäin alhainen (saanti päivittäin 174-252 g eli 9-13 g/kg0,75). Kuiva-aineen, raaka proteiinein ja energian sulavuudet (48, 53 ja 49%) ja fosforin (66%) ja kalsiumin (20%) saannit osoittavat kuitenkin, että sammal voi lisätä huippuvuortenpeuralla energian ja proteiinin saantia ja on siten merkittävä ravintota-sapainon kannalta.

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Methane emissions from weaned lambs measured at 13, 17, 25 and 35 weeks of age compared with mature ewes consuming a fresh forage diet

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea07258 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 240 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

T. W. Knight ◽

G. Molano ◽

H. Clark ◽

A. Cavanagh

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Sulfur Hexafluoride ◽

Methane Emissions ◽

The Other ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Ch4 Emission ◽

Tracer Technique ◽

Ch4 Emissions ◽

The Mean ◽

Measurement Period

Daily methane (CH4) emissions and dry matter intake (DMI) were measured on 14 mature ewes (3–4 years old) and 13 lambs when the lambs were 13, 17, 25 and 35 weeks of age. During the four CH4 measurement periods, all animals were kept in individual metabolism cages and fed pasture cut daily and fed at 1.5 times maintenance. Feed was offered in equal amounts at 0800 and 1500 hours daily. Methane emissions were measured using the sulfur hexafluoride tracer technique and values reported were the mean of measurement on 4–5 days for each animal. In the intervals between CH4 measurements, ewes and lambs grazed separate paddocks containing predominantly ryegrass. Daily CH4 emissions for the ewes ranged from 21.5 to 22.5 ± 1.50 g/day and were significantly higher than those of the lambs which ranged from 10.7 to 17.5 ± 1.50 g/day. Averaged across all four periods, the overall mean CH4 emission for lambs was 8% lower (P < 0.05) than for ewes (21.9 v. 23.8 ± 0.95 g CH4/kg DMI). However, within each measurement period, the emissions of CH4/kg DMI from lambs was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of ewes only in the fourth period when the lambs were 35 weeks of age (17.9 v. 21.9 g/kg DMI for lambs and ewes, respectively). The pasture offered to both ewes and lambs in this period was of higher quality than in the other periods (organic matter digestibility of 80% DM v. 68–71% DM at other times) and CH4 emission per kg DMI was lower in both groups of animals than in the other periods. This study supports the hypothesis that young sheep have lower CH4 emissions per unit of intake than mature animals. However, the age at which the lambs produced similar CH4/kg DMI to adult sheep could not be determined precisely because of the changes in pasture quality between different measurement periods.

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