Digestion of energy and nutrients in Svalbard reindeer

Feeding trials with 5 male Svalbard reindeer, Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus Vrolik were conducted at the Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Research Station in Adventdalen, Svalbard. Five different diets were used, 1: commercial reindeer food, (RF-71), 2: a mixture of locally harvested grasses and sedges (mainly Dupontia pelligera and Eriphorum scheusczeri), 3: a pure moss (Pleurozium scheberi) diet, 4: a lichen diet using the dominant Svalbard species Cetraria delisei, and 5: a mixed diet of RF-71, moss (P. schreberi) and lichens (mainly Cladonia alpestris and Cladonia rangiferina). When fed the RF-71 diet the digestibility by Svalbard and Norwegian reindeer were similar with respect to dry matter (DM) 75 v 74%) and crude protein (CP) 74 v 70% as were the availabilities of P (72 v 76% )a and Ca (18 v 36%) in the diet. The mixture of grasses and sedges was highly digestible with respect to DM ((66,5%) but had low availabilities of Ca (12%), Mg (10%) and P (-11%). DM digestibility of the lichen C delisei was low (33%) however this lichen could constitute a good source of Ca. Moss palatability was very low (174-252 g or 9-13g/kg 0 75 intake daily). DM, CP and energy digestibilities, respectively 48, 53 and 49%, and the availabilities of P (66%) and Ca (20%) were indicative that they could add to the energy and protein intake while contributing significantly to nutrient balance of Svalbard reindeer when present in a mixed diet.Fordøyelse av energi og næringsstoffer hos Svalbard-rein.Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: Ved MAB-stasjonen i Adventdalen på Svalbard ble det utført foringsforsøk med fem voksne bukker av Svalbardrein, Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus Vrolik. Det ble nyttet fem forskjellige forty per, 1: pelletert reinfor, RF71, 2: en blanding av gras og siv høstet i Adventdalen (vesentlig Dupontia pelligera og Eriophorum scheuchzeri), 3: en ren mosediett (Pleurozium schreberi), 4: lav av den vanlige Svalbard -arten, Cetraria delisei, 5: en blandet diett av RF71, mose (P. schreberi) og lav (hovedsaklig Cladonia alpestris og Cladonia rangiferina). Ved foring med reinfor (RF71) ble det funnet samme tørrstoff fordøyelighet hos Svalbardrein som tidligere rapportert fra norsk rein (75 versus 74%). Tilsvarende tall for råprotein var 74 versus 70%, P 72 versus 76% og Ca 18 versus 36%. Blanding av gras og siv hadde en høy tørrstoff fordøy elighet på 66.5%, mens tilgjengeligheten av Ca (12%), Mg (10%) og P (-11%) var lav. Tørrstoff-fordøyeligheten var lav (33%) for C. delisei, men denne laven kan likevel være en god Ca-kilde. Smakeligheten av mose var lav (foropptak 174-252 g eller 9-13 g/kg0-75 per dag). Fordøy elighet av tørrstoff, råprotein og energi, respektive 48, 53 og 49% og tilgjengeligheten av P (66%) og Ca (20%) indikerer at moser kan være et signifikant tilskudd til mineralbalansen hos Svalbardrein som lever på en blandet diett.Energian ja ravintoaineiden käyttö huippu vuortenpeur alla.Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: MAB:n asemalla Adventdalenissa Svalbardilola tehtiin ruokintakokeita viidellä huippuvuorten-peurauroksilla (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus Vrolik). Kokeessa käytettiin viitä eri ruokintaa, 1: pelle-toitu pororehu, RF 71, 2: heinäan ja saran seosta (pääasiassa Dupentia pelligera ja Eriophorum scheuchze-ri), 3: sammalta (Pleurozium schreberi), 4: Huippuvuorilla tavattavaa jäkälälajia, Cetraria delisei, 5: poro-rehua (RF 71), sammalta (P. schreberi) ja jäkälää (pääasiassa Cladonia alpestris ja Cladonia rangiferina). Ruokittaessa RF 71 - rehulla huippuvuortenpeuralla kuiva-aineen (DM) ja raaka proteenin (CP) sulavuudet olisivat samat kuin aikaisemmin norjalaisilla poroilla mitatut (74 ja 75%, 74 ja 70%). Fosforin ja kalsiu-min saannit olivat vastaavasti 72 ja 76% ja 18 ja 36%. Heinän ja saran seos oli hyvin sulavaa. Kuiva-aineen sulavuus oli 66,5%, mutta kalsiumin, magnesiumin ja fosforin saanit oli alhainen (12, 10 ja 11%) Jäkä-län (C delisei) kuiva-aineen sulavuus oli alhainen (33%), mutta se on hyvä kalsiumin lähde. Sammalen sulavuus oli erittäin alhainen (saanti päivittäin 174-252 g eli 9-13 g/kg0,75). Kuiva-aineen, raaka proteiinein ja energian sulavuudet (48, 53 ja 49%) ja fosforin (66%) ja kalsiumin (20%) saannit osoittavat kuitenkin, että sammal voi lisätä huippuvuortenpeuralla energian ja proteiinin saantia ja on siten merkittävä ravintota-sapainon kannalta.

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Food intake, digestibility and rumen fermentation in reindeer fed baled timothy silage in summer and winter

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600078746 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 127 (4) ◽

pp. 517-523 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

T. H. Aagnes ◽

A. S. Blix ◽

S. D. Mathiesen

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Rangifer Tarandus ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Soluble Carbohydrates ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Apparent Digestibility Coefficient ◽

Natural Range ◽

Feeding Trials

SUMMARYReindeer calves(Rangifer tarandus tarandus) were used in parallel feeding trials with two different qualities of round-bale timothy silage in September 1992 (summer) and April 1993 (winter) in northern Norway, to determine the effect of season on their food intake and ability to utilize silage of different fibre contents. The silages were prepared from first-cut (FC) and regrowth (RG) timothy. The FC silage contained (on a dry matter (DM) basis) 12·3% crude protein, 30·4% cellulose and 6·2% water soluble carbohydrates (WSC), whereas the RG silage contained 14·3% crude protein, 18·7% cellulose and 30·0% WSC. For each trial, six male calves were taken directly from a natural range and divided into two groups of three animals. One group was offered FC silage and one RG silagead libitum, for 46 days. Mean daily DM food intake (g/kg liveweight) was not significantly different in summer compared to winter(P> 0·05), but significantly higher in the animals fed RG silage compared to the animals fed FC silage (P< 0·0001). The apparent digestibility coefficient of DM was high for both silages both in summer and winter, ranging from 74·4 to 86·6%. However, the digestibility in winter was significantly higher than in summer(P< 0·002) and the digestibility of RG silage was higher than that of the FC silage (P< 0·009). The ruminal VFA concentration was significantly higher in winter than in summer (P< 0·03) and in the animals fed RG silage (range 55·3–104·9 mM) compared to the animals fed FC silage (range 35·2–61·7 mM) (P< 0·002). In spite of the high digestibility of both the FC and RG silages, the nitrogen balance was significantly higher in the animals in winter compared to summer(P< 0·0001) and in the animals fed RG silage compared to the animals fed FC silage(P< 0·0001). Thus, utilization of grass silage in reindeer appears to be influenced both by season and by plant quality.

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The influence of the method of preservation of forages on the digestion in dairy cows. 1. Composition of the forages and digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and nitrogen.

Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.18174/njas.v23i1.17196 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 3-9

Author(s):

S. Tamminga ◽

C.J. van der Koelen

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Formic Acid ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Mixed Diet ◽

Apparent Digestibility

1. Grass from the same sward was ensiled without additive, with 14.6 g formic acid/100 g crude protein or 10.8 g formic acid and 10.6 g formaldehyde/100 g crude protein. Similar grass was dried and pelleted. Drying or ensiling with the mixture reduced solubility of N in the preserved grass but formic acid increased it, and ensiling without additive increased it even more. Apparent digestibility of N in the rumen of cows tended to decrease with decrease in solubility. Digestibility in vitro of the mixed diet given to the cows, calculated from digestibility of the separate components, agreed well with the values in vivo for diets with silages, but was high for that with dried grass. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

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Whole grain cereal diets for rabbits

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) ◽

10.1017/s0308229600015087 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 1984 ◽

pp. 154-154

Author(s):

Mary Payne ◽

E. Owen ◽

B.S. Capper ◽

J.F. Wood

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Whole Grain ◽

Tropical Conditions ◽

Gross Energy ◽

Feeding Trials ◽

Pelleted Diet ◽

Whole Grain Cereal

The suitability of feeding whole grain cereal (maize or sorghum) in diets was investigated in three individual-feeding trials conducted under simulated tropical conditions. In each trial rabbits were allocated to one of four diets (Table 1); complete pelleted diet based on maize (PM), whole maize plus pelleted concentrate supplement (WM), complete pelleted diet based on sorghum (PS) or whole sorghum plus pelleted concentrate supplement (WS). In Trial 1 whole maise and whole sorghum contained 84 and 103 g crude protein/kg dry matter (DM) respectively. In Trials 3 and 3 whole maize and whole sorghum contained 60 and 98 g crude protein/kg DM and 18.87 and 18.67 MJ gross energy/kg DM respectively.

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Nutritional quality of grain of Australian cultivars of lablab bead (Lablab purpureus)

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9850169 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 169 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

LJ Lambourne ◽

IM Wood

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Lablab Purpureus ◽

Weight Gains ◽

Feeding Trials ◽

Nutritional Studies

Nutritional studies using rats have shown that the grains of Rongai and Highworth, the current commercial cultivars of lablab bean in Australia, and of CPI41222, a white-seeded accession, have low nutritive value. Diets containing raw beans of the three accessions at levels up to 12% crude protein led to severe weight losses of up to 0.89 g/day compared with weight gains of up to 2.8 g/day with autoclaved soybean meal. Autoclaving for 20 min or boiling the grain improved growth rates only marginally. Increasing the period of autoclaving reduced the feeding value; extraction of the grain with saline solution or treatment with formaldehyde failed to improve it. These results are consistent with previous reports of the presence in lablab beans of a heat-labile phytohaemagglutinin. Blood haemoglobin levels were signifycantly depressed on diets which contained Highworth beans. The proteins of all accessions contained low levels of the sulfur-containing amino acids; a deficiency of methionine was confirmed by feeding trials. The level of histidine in the lablab protein was about 50% higher than in soybean and, in supplementation trials, additions of histidine reduced growth rates. In two feeding trials, there were good correlations (R2=0.85 and 0.92) between weight gains and digestible dry matter intake, indicating that the differences in growth rates were primarily the result of differences in intake. Intakes of digestible dry matter and digestible crude protein and the digestibilities of dry matter and crude protein were all significantly lower with Rongai than with the other two accessions. These differences do not appear to be associated with the quality of the protein as shown by amino acid analyses or by the responses to supplementation with essential amino acids. They also do not appear to be associated with seed coat colour, seed size or crude protein content of the grain.

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Salivary glands in Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) and in Norwegian reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)

Rangifer ◽

10.7557/2.19.1.289 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 25 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Svein D. Mathiesen ◽

V. B. Rædergård ◽

M. A. Vader ◽

Ø. E. Haga ◽

H. J. Norberg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Rangifer Tarandus ◽

Species Differences ◽

Feeding Strategy ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Parotid Glands ◽

Phenotypic Difference ◽

Absolute Size ◽

Svalbard Reindeer ◽

The Mean

The aim of this investigation was to compare the size of salivaty glands in Svalbard reindeer {Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) and in Norwegian reindeer (Rangifer t. tarandus) in relation to feeding strategy, season and reproductive status. The mean body mass (BM, standard deviation j) in adult non-lactating female Svalbard reindeer was 72.0, s = 4.2, kg (n = 8) in September and 46.7, s = 7.1, kg (« = 4) in April. The mean BM of adult non-lactating Norwegian reindeer was 67.5, s = 7.7, kg (» = 8) in September and 59.2, s = 9.6, kg (n = 9) in March. In non-lactating female Svalbard reindeer the mean combined mass of parotid glands was 82.7, s = 4.5, g in September and 58.8, s = 8.7, g in April (P < 0.05). In the Norwegian reindeer the mean combined mass of the parotid glands was 95.2, s = 14.4, g in Septembet and 68.1, s = 9.5, g in Match (P < 0.05). We wete not able to find any sub-species differences in the size of the salivaty glands which could be related to phenotypic difference in feeding strategy. Both sub-species had parotid glands sizes similar to that of intermediate ruminant types, ranging from 0.11-0.14% of BM. The larger absolute size of salivaty glands in summer compared to winter reflects the importance of high rates of production of saliva when the dry matter intake and microbial fermentation is high.

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THE EFFECT OF USE DIFFERENT LEVEL BUFFALOS FERMENTED COMPOST ON THE PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY OF GRASS (PASPALUM CONJUGATUM, BRACHIARIA DECUMBENS, DIGITARIA MILANJIANA)

Jurnal Peternakan Integratif ◽

10.32734/jpi.v5i1.2099 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Prawestri Dwi P ◽

T H Wahyuni ◽

ND Hanafi ◽

E Mirwandhono ◽

N Ginting

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Crude Fiber ◽

Research Station ◽

Brachiaria Decumbens ◽

North Sumatra ◽

Better Than ◽

Plot Design

There seach objective was to determine the productivity and nutrient content of Paspalumconjugatum, Brachiariadecumbens, Digitariamilanjiana by buffalo fermented compost. The research was conducted at the Goat Farm Research Station SeiPutih, SubdistrictGalang, LubukPakam, North Sumatra from October 2015 through February 2016. The design used was split plot design (plots divided) with mainplotwas kind of grass A1 (Paspalumconjugatum), A2 (Brachiariadecumbens), A3 (Digitariamilanjiana) and the subplot was fertilizer dose as the level (0, 10, 20 and 30 t/ha/y). The parameters studied were production of fresh, high plant, number of tillers, dry matter, crude protein, and crude fiber. The results showed that administration of buffalo fermented compost better than without the use of fertilizers. Dosing compost significant affect (P<0.05) in increasing production of fresh, high plant, number of tillers, dry matter, crude protein and crude fiber. The conclusion of this study that the best dose was 30 t/ha/y of buffalo fermented compost and the best interactions was dose of 30 ton/ha/year on Digitariamilanjiana.

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Utilization of nitrogen- and mineral-rich vascular forage plants by reindeer in winter

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859602002344 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 139 (2) ◽

pp. 151-160 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

P. V. STOREHEIER ◽

S. D. MATHIESEN ◽

N. J. C. TYLER ◽

I. SCHJELDERUP ◽

M. A. OLSEN

Keyword(s):

Vascular Plants ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Rangifer Tarandus ◽

Growing Season ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Soluble Carbohydrates ◽

Forage Plants ◽

Water Soluble Carbohydrates

The marginal winter pastures of reindeer and caribou (Rangifer tarandus) in Arctic and sub-Arctic areas are assumed to be nitrogen- and mineral-poor. Reindeer eat a mixed diet consisting of nitrogen-deficient lichens and a wide variety of vascular plants in winter. Some reindeer populations manage to maintain carcass mass outside the growing season and very little is known about the ability of reindeer to utilize vascular plants in this season. The chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of 17 species of vascular forage plants and one species of moss collected mid-winter from beneath the snow at an inland winter pasture in northern Norway were determined. Wintergreen parts of graminoids had a high content of crude protein (0.072–0.108 g/kg dry matter (DM)) and water-soluble carbohydrates (0.098–0.167 g/kg DM) and were highly digestible (50–65% IVDMD) compared with the withered parts of the plants (27–53% IVDMD). The digestibility of both shrubs and graminoids was inversely related to content of cellulose and lignin, but positively correlated with increasing contents of water-soluble carbohydrates. Shrubs were relatively calcium-rich (3.6–6.1 g/kg DM) while wintergreen graminoids contained up to 10.0 g/kg DM of potassium, 1.5 g/kg DM magnesium and 2.1 g/kg DM phosphorus. The present study demonstrates that the wintergreen parts of several species of vascular plants are nutritious, containing high levels of nitrogen and minerals, and that they are highly digestible to reindeer in winter. Vascular plants may, therefore, be more important to reindeer and caribou in winter than previously realized.

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Feeding standards for lactating riverine buffaloes in tropical conditions

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029902005423 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 69 (2) ◽

pp. 173-180 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

SHYAM S. PAUL ◽

ASIT B. MANDAL ◽

NITYA N. PATHAK

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Regression Equations ◽

Tropical Conditions ◽

Feeding Trials ◽

Digestible Crude Protein ◽

Maintenance Requirements ◽

Better Than

Data from 33 feeding trials, conducted on lactating riverine buffaloes from different institutes across India, were subjected to multiple regression analysis to derive nutritional requirements for dry matter (DM), total digestible nutrients (TDN), crude protein (CP) and digestible crude protein (DCP) for maintenance, milk production and body weight gain. Maintenance requirements for DM, TDN, CP and DCP were 59.9, 35.3, 5.43 and 3.14 g/kgW0.75, respectively; corresponding requirements for producing 1 kg 6% FCM were 688, 406, 90.3 and 55.2 g and for 1 g gain in body weight were 3.37, 1.97, 0.327 and 0.23 g. Regression equations had high R2 values (0.61, 0.66, 0.84 and 0.68 for prediction of DM, TDN, CP and DCP, respectively) and the equations (F-value) as well as coefficients were highly significant (P<0.001). Regressed values were used to derive feeding standards. Derived values matched well with the actual intake versus performance of animals under diverse feeding conditions. New standards predicted requirements and intake of nutrients for different production levels better than existing feeding standards. Because they are based on a more thorough analysis of data, the new feeding standards will be appropriate for use widely in India.

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Estimating the daily dry matter intake of Svalbard reindeer in late winter

Rangifer ◽

10.7557/2.7.1.701 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 29 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Nicholas Tyler

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Rangifer Tarandus ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

High Arctic ◽

Energy Requirements ◽

Late Winter ◽

Substantial Part ◽

Svalbard Reindeer ◽

Fat Reserves ◽

Alternative Suggestion

Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) store large reserves of subcutaneous fat during summer and autumn which, it has been suggested, might be sufficient to meet a substantial part of their energy requirements during winter. An alternative suggestion, however, is that fat is not their main source of energy after all and, moreover, that the principal role of their fat reserves is for enhancing reproductive success rather than for substituting for forage (Tyler, in press). Is it realistic to suggest that these high arctic herbivores could meet the greater part of their energy requirements in winter by feeding, given that the aerial biomass of available forage in Svalbard in late winter is very low? This question was investigated by using a simple model to predict what rate of food intake Svalbard reindeer would have to achieve to maintain energy balance in late winter. The results were surprisingly low: pregnant and nonpregnant females could mett their daily energy demands by consuming 3.1 and 1.7 g dry matter per grazing minute, respectively. This supports the suggestion that Svalbard reindeer could live principally off forage in winter.

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A comparison of washed and unwashed bags to determine the apparent fecal digestibility of dry matter, energy and crude protein in feeds for swine using the mobile nylon bag technique

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/a00-121 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 81 (3) ◽

pp. 371-378 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Shiyan Qiao ◽

P. A. Thacker

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Regression Line ◽

Protein Digestibility ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Mixed Diet ◽

Indicator Method ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility ◽

Protein Energy ◽

Line Equation

Five feeds and five castrates were used to study the effects of washing rather than scrapping feces fr om bags on nutrient digestibility obtained with the mobile nylon bag technique (MNBT). Using unwashed bags, the MNBT and the conventional indicator method (CON) produced similar dry matter digestibility (DMD) with barley being the only ingredient where a difference (P < 0.05) was obtained between the two techniques. The linear regression equation was CON DMD = 5.39 + 0.92 MNBT DMD (r2 = 0.95). The MNBT overestimated DMD with a bias of less than 0.1%. When washed bags were used, differences (P < 0.05) were obtained between the two techniques for barley, corn and oats and the MNBT overestimated DMD with a bias of 6.6%. There were no differences in gross energy digestibility (GED) when obtained with the indicator method or the MNBT using unwashed bags. The regression line equation was CON GED = 3.85 + 0.94 MNBT GED (r2 = 0.95) and the MNBT overestimated GED with a bias of 1.4%. When washed bags were used, significant (P < 0.05) differences were obtained between techniques for GED with barley, corn, and oats. The MNBT overestimated GED with a bias of 7.3%. With unwashed bags, there were no differences in crude protein digestibility (CPD) obtained with the indicator method or the MNBT, with the exception of the mixed diet. The regression line equation was CON CPD = 28.16 + 0.60 MNBT CPD (r2 = 0.53) and the MNBT overestimated CPD with a bias of 3%. When washed bags were used, significant (P < 0.05) differences were obtained between techniques for barley, corn, oats, wheat and the mixed diet, and the MNBT overestimated CPD with a bias of 12.8%. The overall results of this experiment indicate that washing bags greatly overestimates nutrient digestibility coefficients obtained with the MNBT. Key words: Nylon bag, pigs, digestibility, protein, energy, cannula

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