scholarly journals Are There Analytical Adjectives in Russian?

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Sokolova ◽  
Bjørg Helene Edberg
Keyword(s):  
Head Noun ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Type B ◽  
Web Page ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
The Third ◽  
Internet Study ◽  
Loan Word ◽  
Nominal Compounds ◽  
N Compounds

In the scholarly literature there has been a discussion on whether modern Russian is developing more analytical tendencies, with special attention to new nominal compounds such as VIP-zal 'VIP lounge', veb- stranica ‘web page’. Traditionally, such units are described in terms of “analytical adjectives”, which covers all nominal non-inflectional units related to a head noun (Panov 1960, 1971). The data analyzed in this article suggest that what has previously been described as “analytical adjectives” constitutes at least three different patterns: 1) nominal [N[N]] compounds that roughly represent two groups: type (a) where the first component (modifier) should be a loan word (units like internet, veb, top, etc., the head noun of such compounds can be of Russian origin); type (b) where the second component (head noun) tends to be a loan word, whereas the modifier can be of Russian origin (this type is characteristic of names and titles like Gorbačev-fond ‘The Gorbachev foundation’) 2) appositions that mostly include abbreviations and names of styles and can be used both pre-positionally and post-positionally to the head noun (units like VIP); 3) a contracted pattern (potential stump compounds, or blends, like internacional-sem’ja from the inflectional adjective internacional’nyj ‘international’ and the noun semja ‘family’). The third pattern was productive in Soviet discourse (cf. zapčasti from zap[asnyje] ‘replacement’ časti ‘parts’) and seems to be regaining productivity. The presence of these three patterns affects not only the system of Russian word-formation but also the Russian grammatical system in general, since it evokes various intermediate cases between adjectives and compounding elements. We present a very general overview of the aforementioned patterns based on the data from a corpus study, an Internet study and a linguistic experiment.

(Pseudo-)Anglicisms as Nominal Compounds in Italian

2020 ◽  
pp. 86-110
Author(s):  
Silvia Cacchiani
Keyword(s):  
Second Generation ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Cognitive Perspective ◽  
Reinforcing Effect ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Press ◽  
Nominal Compounds ◽  
N Compounds

The frequency of (pseudo-)Anglicisms in Italian has steadily increased in the past decades. In Italian, N+N compounds are rare and generally left-headed. Taking a broadly functional-cognitive perspective on the outcomes of contact with English right-headed word formation, the analysis discusses Italian classifying and identifying compounds primarily mediated through the press or coined for use as names and trademarks. The data suggest that English foreign compounding only ever has a reinforcing effect on word formation patterns that are already available to Italian. For example, favouring the spread from learned to non-learned word formation in second-generation neoclassical compounds. Additionally, while the pressure to adapt borrowed compounds from English leads to reductions to simplexes or loan translations, other compounds retain the English order of components. Thus we also find right-headed hybrid analogues and constructs with cognate bases that are formed in Italian by analogy with Anglicisms.

Identical constituent compounds in German

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Finkbeiner
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Context Dependency ◽  
Sources Of Knowledge ◽  
Formation Pattern ◽  
The Status ◽  
Nominal Compounds ◽  
Context Free ◽  
N Compounds

The status of identical constituent compounds (ICCs) (e.g. Künstler-Künstler, ‘artist-artist’) is discussed controversially in the morphological literature on German. In this paper, it is claimed that ICC formation is a productive word formation pattern in German. In the first part of the paper, I investigate the formal, semantic and pragmatic properties of ICCs in German. Based on this description, I discuss in more detail two conflicting claims about their meaning constitution: the ‘prototype reading claim’ and the ‘context-dependency claim’. I argue that ICCs do not behave differently, in principle, from canonical N+N compounds with respect to context-dependency. Based on a discussion of selected theoretical models of nominal compounds, an approach is sketched that takes into account not only semantic and contextual, but also stored conceptual and experiential knowledge as main sources of knowledge in ICC interpretation. In the second part of the paper, the results of a pilot experimental study are presented in which 40 native speakers were asked to paraphrase a set of context-free German ICCs. The findings clearly indicate that ICCs are systematically interpretable in isolation, with a significant preference for ‘prototype’ (e.g. Winter-Winter: ‘very cold winter’) and ‘real’ readings (e.g. Holz-Holz: ‘real wood, not artificial wood’).

Interpretation of Nonsense as a Method of Children Imagination Development (as exemplified in Carroll L. «Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There»)

2020 ◽  
pp. 200-212
Author(s):  
Larisa V. Kalashnikova
Keyword(s):  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Language Model ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
The Third ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
The World ◽  
Looking Glass ◽  
Rules Of The Game ◽  
Powerful Incentive ◽  
Algorithmic Thinking

The article enlightens the probem of nonsense and its role in the development of creative thinking and fantasy, and the way how the interpretation of nonsense affects children imagination. The function of imagination inherent to a person, and especially to a child, has a powerful potential – to create artificially new metaphorical models, absurd and most incredible situations based on self-amazement. Children are able to measure the properties of unfamiliar objects with the properties of known things. It is not difficult for small researchers to replace incomprehensible meanings with familiar ones; to think over situations, to make analogies, to transfer signs and properties of one object to another. The problem of nonsense research is interesting and relevant. The element of the game is an integral component of nonsense. In the process of playing, children cognize the world, learn to interact with the world, imitating the adults behavior. Imagination and fantasy help the child to invent his own rules of the game, to choose language elements that best suit his ideas. The child uses the learned productive models of the language system to create their own models and their own language, attracting language signs: words, morphs, sentences. Children’s dictionary stimulates word formation and language nomination processes. Nonsense-words are the result of children’s dictionary, speech errors and occazional formations, presented in the form of contamination, phonetic transformations, lexical substitution, implemented on certain models. The first two models are phonetic imitation and hybrid speech, based on the natural language model. The third model of designing nonsense is represented by words that have no meaning at all and can be attributed to words-portmonaie. Due to the flexibility of interframe relationships and the lack of algorithmic thinking, children can not only capture the implicit similarity of objects and phenomena, but also create it through their imagination. Interpretation of nonsense is an effective method of developing imagination in children, because metaphors, nonsense as a means of creating new meanings, modeling new content from fragments of one’s own experience, are a powerful incentive for creative thinking.

Migrants, Metaphors and Manipulation: a Multimodal Case Study of Trump’s Speeches on Immigration (2015-2017)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bérengère Lafiandra
Keyword(s):  
Presidential Election ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor Theory ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
The Third ◽  
Metaphor Theory ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Linguistic Aspect

This article intends to analyze the use of metaphors in a corpus of Donald Trump’s speeches on immigration; its main goal is to determine how migrants were depicted in the 2016 American presidential election, and how metaphor manipulated voters in the creation of this image. This study is multimodal since not only the linguistic aspect of speeches but also gestures are considered. The first part consists in presenting an overview of the theories on metaphor. It provides the theoretical framework and develops the main tenets of the ‘Conceptual Metaphor Theory’ (CMT). The second part deals with multimodality and presents what modes and gestures are. The third part provides the corpus and methodology. The last part consists in the corpus study and provides the main source domains as well as other rhetorical tools that are used by Trump to depict migrants and manipulate voters.

scholarly journals Einige Überlegungen zur Wortbildungslehre im fremdsprachlichen Deutschunterricht

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 103-115
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Mac
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Teaching Methods ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Foreign Language Teaching ◽  
The Third

The goal of this article is to expatiate on the important function of the morphological structures in foreign language teaching. Firstly, I will try to answer the question about morphology’s position in foreign language teaching. Furthermore, I will focus on the difficulties arising with implementing teaching methods of word formation rules. The third part deals with the effects of morphology in the didactical field with regard to teaching German as a foreign language.

ADJECTIVE NEOLOGISMS DERIVED FROM LOAN-WORDSTEMS IN THE MODERN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (99) ◽  
pp. 117-129
Author(s):  
NATALIA V. KOZLOVSKAYA ◽  
ALINA S. PAVLOVA
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Loan Word ◽  
Semantic Adaptation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lexical Data ◽  
Modern Russian

The article deals with the semantic analysis and reveals the peculiarities of the adaptation and functioning of the adjective neologismsderived from a borrowed stemby adding a Russian derivational affix.In the course of the first-stage researchthe thematic classification of the above-mentioned “hybrid” adjectivesis made (the current samplecomprises approximately 200 lexical units).The investigation of the lexical data has shown that the majority of “hybrid” adjectives are derived from English stems and mainly consist of relative adjectives. The article analyses the main derivational patterns in the word-formation of adjectives derived from borrowed nouns and adjectives, and the most productive suffixes are revealed. It is stated that the tendency for adjective derivation from the English stems ending in -ing (the trend which was first observed in the 1990s) has been growing rapidly at the beginning of the 21st century.The analysis of variedlexical data has shown that the functioning of “hybrid” adjectives in the texts different in genre and styleis connected with the phenomenon of variationwhich consists in the difference in root spelling, as well as in the competition between the adjective suffixes. In the concluding part of the article, the authors describe peculiar properties of semantic adaptation which are typical of adjective neologisms derived from loan-word stems.

scholarly journals Pulmonary Type B Niemann-Pick Disease Successfully Treated with Lung Transplantation

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
R. S. O’Neill ◽  
N. Belousova ◽  
M. A. Malouf
Keyword(s):  
Lung Transplantation ◽  
Pulmonary Function Tests ◽  
Pulmonary Involvement ◽  
Type B ◽  
Post Transplantation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Niemann Pick Disease ◽  
Niemann Pick ◽  
Bilateral Lung ◽  
Pick Disease

Background. Niemann-Pick Disease (NPD) type B is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterised by hepatosplenomegaly and pulmonary disease, highlighted by preserved volumes and diminished diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) on pulmonary function tests (PFTs). There is no current accepted treatment for the disease. We present a case of a successful bilateral lung transplant in a patient with a DLCO of 14%, and significant pulmonary changes attributable to NPD type B on computed tomography (CT) chest, and both microscopic and macroscopic assessment of the lung explant. To the author’s knowledge this is only the third case of lung transplantation in a patient with NPD type B and is one of two current living patients post lung transplantation for NPD type B. Case Report. A 64-year-old male patient underwent bilateral lung transplantation for NPD type B. Preoperative PFTs demonstrated preserved volumes with significantly decreased DLCO, with imaging showing a diffuse reticular interstitial pattern, typical of chronic fibrotic lung disease. The patient suffered from primary graft dysfunction type 3 in the postoperative period as well as rejection managed with methylprednisolone and intravenous immunoglobulin. The patient improved steadily and was discharged 80 days post-transplantation. Conclusions. This case is only the third reported case of lung transplantation in a patient with NPD type B and the second case of a patient with NPD type B currently living post-transplantation, being at postoperative day (POD) 267 at the time of manuscript drafting. It demonstrates that lung transplantation, although hazardous, is a viable strategy for treatment in patients with NPD type B who have significant pulmonary involvement.

scholarly journals Lexicalization and Spanish derivational morphology

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Carlos Benavides
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Linguistic Theory ◽  
Secondary Process ◽  
Exploratory Search ◽  
Derivational Morphology ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Spanish Word ◽  
Dual Route ◽  
Dual Route Model ◽  
Additional Support

In this study lexicalization refers to derivation where an idiosyncratic component of meaning has been acquired. Being non-compositional, lexicalized items are usually considered irregular. In accordance with an emerging view that irregularity should take a place as one of the central issues in linguistic theory, this article deals with lexicalized derivatives in Spanish within the framework provided by the dual-route model. On the basis of intuitive speculation and an exploratory search of a Spanish corpus, the hypothesis was formulated that a significant majority of derivatives in Spanish are compositional; therefore, lexicalization is a secondary process in Spanish word formation. A corpus study comparing results from two large Spanish corpora was conducted to test the hypothesis. The results, based on an analysis of over 10,000 derivatives confirm the hypothesis, supporting the author’s intuitions and providing additional support for the dual-route model. In addition, the corpus findings suggest that metaphor in Spanish derivation is not as common as may previously have been thought.

scholarly journals Derivatives ending in -чий in the Ukrainian national and literary language

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-16
Author(s):  
Kateryna Horodenska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
National Language ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Common ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Derivatives Of

Abstract: The investigation is grounded on the idea of academic Ukrainian linguistic studies about the absence of active participles with the suffix -ч- in the Ukrainian national language of the XIX century and in the early stages of development of the modern Ukrainian literary language. The paper defines the origin and status of derivatives ending in -ч-(-ий) available in the vocabulary of the modern Ukrainian literary language. The object of study were three types of derivatives: 1) verbal adjectives with the suffix -уч- (-юч-), many of which are former participles that have lost morphological or accent correlation with verbs in the form of the 3rd person plural, and now they denote the attributes of objects or their inherent properties; 2) adjectives formed from qualitative adjectives with the suffixes -уч- (-юч-), -ач- (-яч-), which modify derivatives by word-forming meaning of intense manifestation of the quality; 3) active adverbial participle forms of the present tense with the suffix -ч-, which retain morphological or accent correlation with verbs in the form of the 3rd person plural and are mainly calques from Russian adjectives ending in -щ-(-ий), -ем-(-ый). The author substantiates the normality and expediency of the derivatives ending in -ч-(-ий), which belong to the first two groups and have become a means of expressing the quality of someone or something. At the same time, the author qualifies the derivatives of the third group as non-normative, as they contradict the morphological and word-formation norms of the Ukrainian literary language. This causes their replacement by adjectives with the suffixes -льн-, -івн-, -н- and other equivalent adjectives or complex nouns, which is especially noticeable in terminological systems, as well as in the common usage. These processes reflect the tendency to restore historically formed samples of Ukrainian adjective word formation and the consistent standardization of modern Ukrainian literary language on its national basis. Keywords: derivatives ending in -ч-(-ий), verbal adjectives with the suffix -уч- (-юч-), adjectives with the suffixes -уч- (-юч-), -ач- (-яч-), active present participles with the suffix -ч-, word-formation norm, the Ukrainian national language, the Ukrainian literary language.

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