Teaching Peace or Violence?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Lange
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Ku Klux Klan ◽  
Ethnic Violence ◽  
Hate Groups ◽  
Educational Backgrounds ◽  
Ethnic Consciousness ◽  
Teaching Peace

This chapter argues that education contributes to ethnic violence, in contrast to popular beliefs and the literature suggesting that it promotes peace and tolerance rather than hatred and violence. The chapter first considers a variety of grounds to debunk universal claims that education promotes peaceful social relations before discussing the educational backgrounds of intolerant, hateful, and violent people by focusing on two notorious hate groups of all time: the Nazis and the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). It also shows that terrorists have relatively high levels of education and cites mounting evidence that education commonly contributes to violence against Others. Again using the Nazis and their doctors as examples, the chapter shows that education might strengthen ethnic consciousness, intensify emotional prejudice, create ethnic obligations, and provide mobilizational resources.

The Origins of Ethnic Consciousness

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Lange
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Violence ◽  
Imagined Communities ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Ethnic Consciousness ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The World ◽  
Strong Attachment

This chapter examines the origins of ethnic consciousness, with particular emphasis on the rise of powerful ethnic consciousnesses shared by large numbers of strangers. It first considers the propensity to categorize people into ingroups and outgroups as well as factors that contributed to the rise of new and abstract conceptualizations of community, including citizenship. It then explores the role of the states, education, and religion in creating imagined communities of strangers and in molding and popularizing ethnic consciousness. It also discusses the micro-dynamics and context of ethnic frameworks and concludes with the argument that ethnic consciousness is a necessary condition for ethnic violence because it divides the world into ethnic categories and fosters strong attachment to ethnicity.

The Origins of Ethnic Pluralism

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Lange
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Path Dependence ◽  
Ethnic Violence ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Ethnic Consciousness ◽  
Ethnic Pluralism ◽  
French Case ◽  
The Uk

This chapter examines the origins of ethnic pluralism. Most countries have populations with multiple and opposing ethnic consciousness, and such ethnic pluralism is a necessary condition for ethnic violence. In order to explain ethnic violence, one must therefore consider why only some places turned out like France—a country that has been successful at popularizing a common national consciousness. To help explain the French case, the chapter compares the nation-building processes in France, Spain, and the UK in the context of unity and disunity. It also discusses the interrelationships among path dependence, situationalism, and ethnic consciousness before assessing ethnic pluralism in large empires such as the Ottoman Empire and the former Soviet Union. Finally, it explores the role of overseas colonialism and missionaries in promoting ethnic diversity by focusing on Rwanda, Burundi, and Burma.

scholarly journals Qualitative Study of the Implementation and Potential of a Social Intervention at Nursing Homes in Denmark

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1808
Author(s):  
Anne Sophie Mikkelsen ◽  
Maria Kristiansen
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Home ◽  
Nursing Homes ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Nursing Home Residents ◽  
Social Intervention ◽  
Social Interventions ◽  
Health And Wellbeing ◽  
Educational Backgrounds ◽  
Field Notes

(1) Background: The effect of social relations on health and wellbeing is well documented. However, knowledge about social interventions specifically in nursing homes and their potential for health and wellbeing is inadequate. In this qualitative study, we explore the implementation of a social intervention entitled Tell Stories for Life implemented in Danish nursing homes. (2) Methods: Through a qualitative multi-perspective longitudinal approach, nursing home residents and employees were interviewed from May–December 2016 (N = 14). The authors made participatory observations and took field notes. (3) Results: The intervention did not appear to establish or strengthen social relations between nursing home residents. However, nursing home residents enjoyed participating, narrating and having someone listen to their stories. The identity of nursing home residents and their relationships to nursing home employees facilitating the intervention appeared to be strengthened. Barriers were related to lack of support from management, nursing home employees’ educational backgrounds and experiences, and nursing home residents’ cognitive ability. (4) Conclusions: This study found that the Tell Stories for Life intervention did not appear to strengthen and establish social relations among nursing home residents. However, we found that there might be potential for strengthening residents’ sense of identity and the relation between residents and nursing home employees.

scholarly journals On Problem of National Self-Determination of Autochthonous Peoples by Example of Southern Russia Regions (Late 1980s — Early 1990s)

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (8) ◽  
pp. 301-319
Author(s):  
M. V. Belozerova
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Ethnic Consciousness ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Ethnic Tension ◽  
Personal Archives ◽  
Southern Russia ◽  
Ethnic Memory ◽  
Regional Authorities

The article considers the problem of national self-determination among the autochthonous peoples of Russia as a component of the ethnopolitical processes of the late 1980s and early 1990s. The relevance is determined by the need to study the manifested ethnic interests, inter-ethnic tension and separatist tendencies that have passed from a latent state to an open form among a number of autochthonous peoples. On the basis of comparative analysis, research of archival documents of state, departmental, personal archives and historiographical data, general trends and regional specifics of Khakas, Adygs, Shapsugs, Shors, and Teleuts are revealed. The ethno-political processes on which the ideas of national self-determination were based include the growth of ethnic consciousness, “the politicization” of ethnicity, the change of ideological paradigms, the institutional activity of national elites, the formation of national revival programs, and myth-making. The author reveals the significant commonality of myths (“search for the enemy,” “loss” of national culture and other theses) and differences based on the historical and ethnic memory of each nation. Special attention is paid to the problem of autonomy. It was seen as an emerging component in attempts to implement the idea of national self-determination. The experience of normalization of social relations was considered in the analysis of the tactics used by national elites in achieving political goals, decisions made by regional authorities, and the reaction of various segments of society.

The Future of Ethnic Violence

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Lange
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Ethnic Violence ◽  
Policy Options ◽  
Ethnic Consciousness ◽  
The Future

This chapter summarizes the book's major findings regarding ethnic violence before considering the future of ethnic violence and potential policy prescriptions that might help to limit the prevalence of ethnic violence. The book has presented strong and consistent evidence that modernity promoted ethnic violence by strengthening and proliferating ethnic consciousness. It has also identified two motives that commonly trigger ethnic violence: emotional prejudice and ethnic obligations. Furthermore, modernity enhanced diverse resources that facilitated the mobilization of ethnic violence. The chapter concludes the book by discussing the risk of ethnic violence among early and late modernizers, with a focus on Western Europe and North America. It also considers three policy options for limiting ethnic violence: multiculturalism, federalism, and consociationalism. Finally, it predicts that ethnic violence will continue near present levels over the next decade but should decline slightly due to lower levels of violence among late modernizers.

Modernity and Ethnic Violence in Africa, Asia, and Latin America

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Lange
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Ethnic Violence ◽  
Stable System ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Ethnic Consciousness ◽  
The Social ◽  
Ulterior Motives

This chapter examines the link between modernity and ethnic violence by focusing on Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Modernity interacts with and depends on the local social environment, and the social environments present at the onset of modernity varied by region. Two of modernity's most influential social carriers were colonialism and missionaries, whose biases and ulterior motives often promoted forms of modernity that fostered environments conducive to ethnic violence. The chapter first considers how colonialism promotes ethnic violence, with emphasis on how different combinations of insulation, competition, and stratification made possible “a remarkably stable system of [colonial] rule.” This is followed by a discussion of how missionaries contributed to ethnic violence by promoting ethnic consciousness, using Burma, Assam, and Vietnam as examples. The chapter concludes with an analysis of ethnic violence in the Americas.

Emotional Prejudice and Ethnic Obligations

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Lange
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Violence ◽  
Rational Action ◽  
Ethnic Consciousness ◽  
Polar Opposite ◽  
The Impact

This chapter examines two underlying motives of ethnic violence: emotional prejudice and ethnic obligations. It first considers how instrumental interests motivate ethnic violence before discussing arguments against this notion. It then turns to emotional prejudice, a motive that seems the polar opposite of instrumental-rational action. In particular, it looks at communally oriented emotions and explains how modernity promotes emotional prejudice. It also presents evidence showing that emotions and obligations are very influential motives for ethnic violence. More specifically, emotions and obligations are most likely to motivate ethnic violence when people possess an ethnic consciousness, a typical outcome of modernity. The chapter concludes with two examples that illustrate the impact of emotions and obligations on ethnic violence: genocide in Germany and Rwanda.

Killing Others

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Lange
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Ethnic Violence ◽  
Religious Community ◽  
Ethnic Communities ◽  
Historical Factors ◽  
Ethnic Consciousness ◽  
The World ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Over Time

This book examines the origins, causes, transformations, and future of ethnic violence by focusing on its natural history. Drawing on insight from numerous disciplines combined with a theoretical approach that it calls “cognitive modernism,” the book explores all types of ethnic violence across the world and transformations in ethnic violence over time in order to understand what caused seemingly normal people to kill Others. It argues that modernity is the most common and influential cause of ethnic violence and that communal perceptions and concerns must be analyzed in terms of ethnic consciousness, emotional prejudice, and obligations. This introduction defines key concepts such as ethnic violence, ethnicity, ethnic consciousness, ethnic frameworks, and ethnic structures. It also discusses three cultural and historical factors that delineate ethnic communities and are commonly used interchangeably with ethnicity: nation, race, and religious community.

The SRM Approach to Family Assessment

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 216-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
William L. Cook
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Behaviors ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Family Relationships ◽  
Family Dynamics ◽  
Family Assessment ◽  
High Risk Behaviors ◽  
Analysis Group ◽  
The Social ◽  
Direction Of Effects

Abstract. In family systems, it is possible for one to put oneself at risk by eliciting aversive, high-risk behaviors from others ( Cook, Kenny, & Goldstein, 1991 ). Consequently, it is desirable that family assessments should clarify the direction of effects when evaluating family dynamics. In this paper a new method of family assessment will be presented that identifies bidirectional influence processes in family relationships. Based on the Social Relations Model (SRM: Kenny & La Voie, 1984 ), the SRM Family Assessment provides information about the give and take of family dynamics at three levels of analysis: group, individual, and dyad. The method will be briefly illustrated by the assessment of a family from the PIER Program, a randomized clinical trial of an intervention to prevent the onset of psychosis in high-risk young people.

Meta-Accuracy and Perceived Reciprocity From the Perception-Meta-Perception Social Relations Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-37
Author(s):  
Ben Porter ◽  
Camilla S. Øverup ◽  
Julie A. Brunson ◽  
Paras D. Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Social Relations Model ◽  
Flexible Framework ◽  
Multilevel Structural Equation

Abstract. Meta-accuracy and perceptions of reciprocity can be measured by covariances between latent variables in two social relations models examining perception and meta-perception. We propose a single unified model called the Perception-Meta-Perception Social Relations Model (PM-SRM). This model simultaneously estimates all possible parameters to provide a more complete understanding of the relationships between perception and meta-perception. We describe the components of the PM-SRM and present two pedagogical examples with code, openly available on https://osf.io/4ag5m . Using a new package in R (xxM), we estimated the model using multilevel structural equation modeling which provides an approachable and flexible framework for evaluating the PM-SRM. Further, we discuss possible expansions to the PM-SRM which can explore novel and exciting hypotheses.

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