Confessional Coexistence in the Habsburg Netherlands

For decades, early modern historians have stressed the religious differences between the Dutch Republic and the Habsburg Netherlands. The former is usually represented as a tolerant Reformed state, while the latter is represented as a repressive Catholic regime. By consequence, the similarities in terms of confessional coexistence have never been considered. This article seeks to fill that gap by reviewing the Geuzenhoek, a small rural Reformed minority group in Flanders. Fortunately, a plethora of available sources allows us to research the interactions between the Protestants and the Catholic majority. This article shows that the divide between public worship and private devotion played a key role in keeping peaceful interreligious relations and that a stable system of connivance dominated the local framework. This situation was very similar to that of the Dutch Republic. As a result, this study concludes that confessional coexistence in the Habsburg Netherlands should be re-evaluated and merits further investigation. Vroegmoderne historici hebben jarenlang vooral de religieuze verschillen tussen de Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden en de Habsburgse Nederlanden benadrukt. De een werd gewoonlijk voorgesteld als een tolerante gereformeerde staat, terwijl de andere bekendstond als een repressief katholiek regime. De gelijkenissen op vlak van confessionele co-existentie zijn daarom nooit nader onderzocht. Dit artikel wil dit hiaat opvullen door de Geuzenhoek, een kleine landelijke gereformeerde minderheidsgroep in Vlaanderen, onder de loep te nemen. Dankzij een ruime collectie aan bronnen konden de interacties tussen de protestanten en de katholieken in beeld gebracht worden. Dit artikel toont aan dat de scheiding tussen publieke en private devotie een grote invloed had op het bewerkstelligen van vredige contacten, en dat in deze lokale context een systeem van ‘oogluikendheid’ domineerde. Deze situatie is vergelijkbaar met die in de Republiek. De conclusie van deze studie is dan ook dat de confessionele co-existentie in de Habsburgse Nederlanden een herevaluatie en verder onderzoek verdient. ActualiteitsparagraafVrienden noch vijanden? Katholieken en protestanten in vroegmodern Vlaanderen Over de interacties van protestanten en katholieken in het verleden overheersen ook vandaag nog hardnekkige clichés: ze konden elkaars bloed wel drinken, geweld tussen religieuze groepen kwam vaak voor en verdraagzaamheid was vrijwel onbestaand. Toch was de historische realiteit vaak anders. Roman Roobroeck toont in zijn artikel in BMGN – Low Countries Historical Review over de Geuzenhoek aan dat de verhoudingen tussen katholieken en protestanten in het zeventiende-eeuwse overwegend katholieke Vlaanderen opvallend vreedzaam waren. Tussen de leden van deze rurale protestantse groep nabij Oudenaarde en hun katholieke buren ontsponnen zich conflicten, maar over het algemeen waren hun relaties vreedzaam. De protestantse dorpelingen profiteerden van het afwachtende beleid van de Habsburgers en ontwierpen samen met de lokale katholieken een gedoogsamenleving. Deze vorm van religieuze co-existentie kwam dus niet enkel in de Noordelijke Nederlanden voor, maar ook in de Habsburgse Nederlanden. Misschien was het religieuze klimaat in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden dan toch niet zo rigide als vaak gedacht?

Profitability vs. Stability: The Choice of Trading Strategies in a Capacity Sharing Supply Chain

Supported by a third-party capacity sharing platform, manufacturers can share capacities with others to match the rapidly changing demand. Both the capacity requestor and the capacity provider can choose to seek or wait for matches, forming different trading strategies (capacity- and demand-driven strategies). Based on the game and chaos theories, this paper analyzes the preference of the capacity provider, the capacity requestor, and the capacity platform operator on different trading strategies from the aspects of profitability and stability. It finds that the platform operator values stability much more than profitability, although the latter may reach higher optimal expected profits. The preference of each supply chain member is influenced by the production cost, potential market size, and the limited capacity of the capacity requestor. A stable system can result in higher long-run profits than a profitable system. We further propose the all-win situation for the capacity provider, capacity requestor, and platform operator.

Sensorless Estimation Based on Neural Networks Trained with the Dynamic Response Points

In the present work, a neuronal dynamic response prediction system is shown to estimate the response of multiple systems remotely without sensors. For this, a set of Neural Networks and the response to the step of a stable system is used. Six basic characteristics of the dynamic response were extracted and used to calculate a Transfer Function equivalent to the dynamic model. A database with 1,500,000 data points was created to train the network system with the basic characteristics of the dynamic response and the Transfer Function that causes it. The contribution of this work lies in the use of Neural Network systems to estimate the behavior of any stable system, which has multiple advantages compared to typical linear regression techniques since, although the training process is offline, the estimation can perform in real time. The results show an average 2% MSE error for the set of networks. In addition, the system was tested with physical systems to observe the performance with practical examples, achieving a precise estimation of the output with an error of less than 1% for simulated systems and high performance in real signals with the typical noise associated due to the acquisition system.

Finite Time Synchronization of Chaotic Systems Without Linear Term and Its Application in Secure Communication

A definition of finite time synchronization of chaotic system was proposed, and a special theorem was proposed to solve the difficult problem of constructing a finite time stable system. After that, a hybrid construction method was proposed by integrating a common stable system and a finite time stable system. That reveals how to construct a finite time stable system, and it is very useful in secure communication since the convergence time is a very important factor that will affect its application in engineering realization. Above theorem and method was applied in the chaotic synchronization and two kinds of synchronization methods were proposed with estimation of unknown parameters. At last, a secure communication scheme was constructed by using above finite time synchronous method of chaotic systems. Also, numerical simulation was done, and the rightness of all the above proposed theorems and methods was shown.

Kodowanie wartości prawnych w przepisach Konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z 1997 roku. Perspektywa aksjologicznej wykładni prawa

The derivative theory of interpretation of law assumes the rationality of the lawmaker according to which the lawmaker is guided in their work by a coherent, hierarchical and relatively stable system of values comprising three categories: legally binding, reference values and universal values. In order to adequately reconstruct the legally binding category, the directives of the axiological interpretation are used. Thus, each word and phrase of every text of a normative act, including the Polish Constitution, can be assigned a function of the carrier of legal values provided that they meet the conditions imposed on them by the appropriate interpretation directives.

Analysis of Allowable Unbalanced Load Conditions for T-type Three-Level PWM Converter

Since a T-type three-level PWM converter has several advantages in terms of harmonics and conduction loss, it has been widely adopted for various low voltage applications. However, a neutral point voltage control is necessarily required for stable system operation, and an offset voltage can effectively provide the required neutral point current under unbalanced load conditions. Nevertheless, all types of unbalanced loads cannot be accommodated; in other words, there is a limitation on how much unbalanced load conditions can be allowed. Therefore, this paper analyzed the maximum allowable unbalanced load conditions in the T-type three-level PWM converter. This result can be properly utilized for an effective design verification considering unbalanced load conditions as well as a comprehensive approach for the stable system operation. The feasibility of the analytical result is verified through simulation and experimental tests.

Stylistic Features of Works for Choir A Cappella by Dmitry Smirnov on the Example of Choir Concerto “Insomnia”

В творчестве современного петербургского композитора Дмитрия Валентиновича Смирнова (р. 1952) хоровые сочинения занимают особое место. В жанровом отношении именно концерт для хора представляет собой своеобразное «зеркало» творческого поиска композитора. Начиная с ранних сочинений начала 1980-х годов («Приявший мир», «Рождение крыла», Концерт для хора на стихи Н. Некрасова) и вплоть до созданного в 2006 году цикла «Набоковские песнопения» многочастные композиции хоровых концертов играли ключевую роль в процессе становления и постепенного усложнения хорового письма автора. Хоровой концерт «Бессонница» (1986) открывает новый этап в творчестве композитора. В этот период происходит окончательное формирование устойчивой системы стилистических особенностей музыкального языка; композитор обращается к созданию сложных многочастных композиций для хора a cappella. К данному периоду можно отнести такие сочинения, как Концерт для хора на стихи И. Анненского «Кипарисовый ларец», Концерт для хора на стихи О. Мандельштама «Я рожден в девяносто четвертом, я рожден в девяносто втором…» и «Молитвословия» из Литургии Св. Иоанна Златоуста. Сочинения указанного периода отличает многоуровневая смысловая полифоничность, которая находит свое отражение в усложнении драматургии цикла и значительном расширении комплекса музыкально-выразительных средств композиторского письма. Таким образом, происходит окончательное формирование основных стилистических особенностей хорового языка Дмитрия Смирнова. Choral works occupy a special place in the work of the contemporary Petersburg composer Dmitry V. Smirnov (born 1952). In terms of genre, it is the concert for choir that is a kind of “mirror” of the composer’s creative search. Beginning with the early compositions of the early 1980s (“The One Who Accepted the World”, “Birth of Wing”, Concerto for Choir on poems by Nikolay Nekrasov) and up to the cycle “Nabokov’s chants”, multi-movement compositions of choral concerts played a key role in the formation and gradual complication of the author's choral writing. The choir concerto “Insomnia” (1986) opens a new stage in the composer’s work. This is a period of final formation of a stable system of stylistic features of the musical language; the composer turns to creation of complex multi-movement compositions for a cappella choir. This period includes such compositions as Concerto for Choir on the poems of Innokentiy Annensky “Cypress Casket”, a Concerto for Choir on the verses of Osip Mandelstam “I was born in the ninety-fourth, I was born in the ninety-second...” (1989) and “Prayers” from the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom (1992). The works of this period are distinguished by multilevel semantic polyphony, which is reflected in complication of the cycle's drama and a significant expansion of the complex of musical and expressive means of composer writing. Thus, the final formation of the main stylistic features of the choral language of Dmitry Smirnov takes place.

New evidence of a Roman road in the Venice Lagoon (Italy) based on high resolution seafloor reconstruction

This study provides new evidence of the presence of an ancient Roman road in correspondence to a paleobeach ridge now submerged in the Venice Lagoon (Italy). New high resolution underwater seafloor data shed new light on the significance of the Roman remains in the lagoon. The interpretation of the data through archive and geo-archaeological research allowed a three-dimensional architectural reconstruction of the Roman road. The presence of the ancient Roman road confirms the hypothesis of a stable system of Roman settlements in the Venice Lagoon. The study highlights the significance of this road in the broader context of the Roman transport system, demonstrating once more the Roman ability to adapt and to handle complex dynamic environments that were often radically different from today.

A new 2-D multi-stable chaotic attractor and its MultiSim electronic circuit design

<span>A new multi-stable system with a double-scroll chaotic attractor is developed in this paper. Signal plots are simulated using MATLAB and multi-stability is established by showing two different coexisting double-scroll chaotic attractors for different states and same set of parameters. Using integral sliding control, synchronized chaotic attractors are achieved between drive-response chaotic attractors. A MultiSim circuit is designed for the new chaotic attractor, which is useful for practical engineering realizations.</span>