Early Life

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
Saw Ralph ◽  
Naw Sheera ◽  
Stephanie Olinga-Shannon
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Missionary School

This chapter chronicles the early life of Saw Ralph. It discusses his family history and especially how his parents met. His father's name was John Farren Hodgson. He worked for the Burma Railways as a permanent way inspector. Saw Ralph's mother, Naw Thet Po, was a student at a school Hodgson visited. Both eventually married, and Ralph grew up comfortably in a big three-story house. He was the eighth of eleven children. By blood, Ralph was Karen-Anglo-Arakanese, though he considered himself Karen. Because the British ruled Burma and he went to a Baptist missionary school, Saw Ralph and his siblings all learned English very well. As the chapter follows his reminiscences of his schoolboy days, it also considers the changes taking place during that period.

The Dupont family: collectors, dealers and naturalists in nineteenth-century Paris

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Mearns ◽  
Laurent Chevrier ◽  
Christophe Gouraud
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Family History ◽  
Natural History ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Special Interest ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Anatomical Models ◽  
The Family ◽  
Small Collection

In the early part of the nineteenth century the Dupont brothers ran separate natural history businesses in Paris. Relatively little is known about their early life but an investigation into the family history at Bayeux corrects Léonard Dupont's year of birth from 1795 to 1796. In 1818 Léonard joined Joseph Ritchie's expedition to North Africa to assist in collecting and preparing the discoveries but he did not get beyond Tripoli. After 15 months he came back to Paris with a small collection from Libya and Provence, and returned to Provence in 1821. While operating as a dealer-naturalist in Paris he published Traité de taxidermie (1823, 1827), developed a special interest in foreign birds and became well known for his anatomical models in coloured wax. Henry Dupont sold a range of natural history material and with his particular passion for beetles formed one of the finest collections in Europe; his best known publication is Monographie des Trachydérides (1836–1840). Because the brothers had overlapping interests and were rarely referred to by their forenames there has been confusion between them and the various eponyms that commemorate them. Although probably true, it would be an over-simplification to state that birds of this era named for Dupont refer to Léonard Dupont, insects to Henry Dupont, and molluscs to their mother.

scholarly journals Blunted stress reactivity reveals vulnerability to early life adversity in young adults with a family history of alcoholism

Addiction ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 114 (5) ◽  
pp. 798-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Lovallo ◽  
Andrew J. Cohoon ◽  
Ashley Acheson ◽  
Kristen H. Sorocco ◽  
Andrea S. Vincent
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Family History ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Stress Reactivity ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals Bedside clinical assessment predicts recurrence after hospitalization due to viral lower respiratory tract infection in young children

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 756-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Arroyo ◽  
Kyle P Salka ◽  
Geovanny F Perez ◽  
Carlos E Rodriguez-Martinez ◽  
Jose A Castro-Rodriguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Family History ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Individual Risk Factors

Infants requiring hospitalization due to a viral lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) have a high risk of developing recurrent respiratory illnesses in early life and asthma beyond childhood. Notably, all validated clinical scales for viral LRTI have focused on predicting acute severity instead of recurrence. We present a novel clinical approach combining individual risk factors with bedside clinical parameters to predict recurrence after viral LRTI hospitalization in young children. A retrospective longitudinal cohort of young children (≤3 years) designed to define clinical predictive factors of recurrent respiratory illnesses within 12 months after hospitalization due to PCR-confirmed viral LRTI. Data collection was through electronic medical record. We included 138 children hospitalized with viral LRTI. Using automatic stepwise logistic model selection, we found that the strongest predictors of recurrence in infants hospitalized for the first time were severe prematurity (≤32 weeks’ gestational age, OR=5.19; 95% CI 1.76 to 15.32; p=0.002) and a clinical score that weighted hypoxemia, subcostal retractions and wheezing (OR=3.33; 95% CI 1.59 to 6.98; p<0.001). After the first hospitalization, the strongest predictors of subsequent episodes were wheezing (OR=5.62; 95% CI 1.03 to 30.62; p=0.04) and family history of asthma (OR=5.39; 95% CI 1.04 to 27.96; p=0.04). We found that integrating individual risk factors (eg, prematurity or family history of asthma) with bedside clinical assessment (eg, wheezing, subcostal retractions or hypoxemia) can predict the risk of recurrence after viral LRTI hospitalization in infants. This strategy may enable clinically oriented subsetting of infants with viral LRTI based on individual predictors for recurrent respiratory illnesses during early life.

Associations of early-life exposure to famine with abdominal fat accumulation are independent of family history of diabetes and physical activity

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Xiang Hu ◽  
Junping Wen ◽  
Weihui Yu ◽  
Lijuan Yang ◽  
Wei Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Family History ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Central Obesity ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Family History Of Diabetes ◽  
Fat Accumulation ◽  
Early Life Exposure ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Function

Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the association of early-life exposure to famine with abdominal fat accumulation and function and further evaluate the influence of first-degree family history of diabetes and physical activity on this association. The present work analysed parts of the REACTION study. A total of 3033 women were enrolled. Central obesity was defined as waist circumferences (W) ≥ 85 cm. Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI) was used to evaluate visceral adipose distribution and function. Partial correlation analysis showed BMI, W, glycated Hb and CVAI were associated with early-life exposure to famine (both P < 0·05). Logistic regression showed that the risks of overall overweight/obesity and central obesity in fetal, early-childhood, mid-childhood and late-childhood exposed subgroups were increased significantly (all P < 0·05). Compared with the non-exposed group, the BMI, W and CVAI of fetal, early- to late-childhood exposed subgroups were significantly increased both in those with or without first-degree family history of diabetes and in those classified as physically active or inactive, respectively (all P < 0·05). The associations of BMI, W and CVAI with early-life exposure to famine were independent of their associations with first-degree family history of diabetes (all P < 0·01) or physical activity status (all P < 0·001). Early-life exposure to famine contributed to abdominal fat accumulation and dysfunction, which was independent of the influence of genetic background and exercise habits. Physical activity could serve as a supplementary intervention for women with high risk of central obesity.

scholarly journals Phenotypic characterisation of early COPD: a prospective case–control study

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 00047-2020
Author(s):  
Borja G. Cosío ◽  
Sergi Pascual-Guardia ◽  
Alicia Borras-Santos ◽  
Germán Peces-Barba ◽  
Salud Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Airflow Limitation ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Phenotypic Characterisation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Control Study

The phenotypic characteristics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in individuals younger than 50 years of age (early COPD) are not well defined. This prospective, multicentre, case–control study sought to describe these characteristics and compare them with those of smokers (≥10 pack-years) of similar age with normal spirometry (controls).We studied 92 cases (post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) <0.7) and 197 controls. Results were contrasted with participants with similar inclusion criteria recruited into the ECLIPSE and COPDGene cohorts.Cases had moderate airflow limitation (FEV1 71.3±20.8%) but were often symptomatic, used healthcare resources frequently, had air trapping (residual volume 150.6±55.5% ref.), had reduced diffusing capacity (84.2±20.7% ref.) and had frequent evidence of computed tomography (CT) emphysema (61%). Of note, less than half of cases (46%) had been previously diagnosed with COPD. Interestingly, they also often reported a family history of respiratory diseases and had been hospitalised because of respiratory problems before the age of 5 years more frequently than controls (12% versus 3%, p=0.009). By and large, these observations were reproduced when available in the ECLIPSE and COPDGene cohorts.These results show that early COPD is associated with substantial health impact and significant structural and functional abnormalities, albeit it is often not diagnosed (hence, treated). The fact that a sizeable proportion of patients with early COPD report a family history of respiratory diseases and/or early-life events (including hospitalisations before the age of 5 years) renders further support to the possibility of early-life origin of COPD.

Congenital absent radii without thumb aplasia: the first case in Iraq and the early documentation of the condition in the literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-46
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Physical Examination ◽  
Newborn Infant ◽  
Similar Condition ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
Congenital Absence ◽  
Rare Occurrence ◽  
First Case

Background: The vast majority of the reported cases of congenital absent radii without thumb aplasia were associated with congenital thrombocytopenia or thrombocytopenia occurring early life. The occurrence of congenital absent radii without thumb aplasia and without evidence congenital thrombocytopenia or thrombocytopenia occurring early life is extremely rare and has not been reported in Iraq. Patients and methods: An Iraqi newborn infant with congenital absent radii without evidence of congenital thrombocytopenia during the first week is presented, and the relevant literatures were reviewed with aim of describing the early documentation of the condition in the medical literature. Results: A newborn infant with congenital absence of the radii without thumb aplasia. The neonate was followed for one week without the occurrence of thrombocytopenia. The rest of physical examination was normal and no other abnormalities could be detected. The parents were consanguineous, but family history was negative for a similar condition. Conclusion: The extremely rare occurrence congenital absence of the radii without thumb aplasia without evidence of thrombocytopenia during the first week of life is reported in an Iraqi newborn.

scholarly journals 4535 Development of a Mouse Model to study interactions between parental history of alcohol use and early life adversity on behavioral and neurobiological development of offspring

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (s1) ◽  
pp. 5-5
Author(s):  
Grace Porter ◽  
Juan Morales ◽  
Roslyn Valdespino ◽  
Ashley Acheson ◽  
Jason O’Connor
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Family History ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Ethanol Exposure ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
History Of

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Individuals with a family history of alcoholism (FH+) are more likely to develop an alcohol use disorder than those with no such history. Early life adversity has a high coincidence with FH+ making pathogenic studies difficult in clinical studies. Here, we developed a mouse model to study pathogenic mechanisms underlying these risk factors. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Male and female C57BL6/J mice were exposed to increasing concentrations of ethanol (3-21%) or water for 15 days prior to breeding. Ethanol was not present during gestation. Offspring were either removed from the home cage and isolated for 3 hours or left undisturbed from postnatal days 1-21. Beginning on PND 56 offspring mice were assessed for clinically relevant behavioral disruptions in social behavior, cognitive working memory, locomotor activity, anxiety-like phenotypes, ethanol preference and binge drinking behavior. In a separate experiment, brains of Cx3cr2+/GFPxCcr2+/RFP mice from ELA or control conditions were collected every 7 days after birth for assessment of neuroinflammation and central immune cell morphology and density. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Mice with a family history of ethanol exposure and ELA are predicted to exhibit behavioral changes (impaired working memory, reduced social behavior, increased anxiety-like behaviors, increased ethanol consumption) to a greater extent than mice with a family history of ethanol exposure or ELA alone. We expect markers of neuroinflammation (cytokine expression, immune cell activation) to predict the behavioral changes in these mice. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Alcohol consumption and stressful life events are known environmental precipitants to neuroinflammation, which in turns may predispose individuals to anti-social and risky behavior. A mouse model of these early postnatal conditions will allow basic scientists to unravel the biological underpinnings of the behaviors driven by these factors.

Early-Life Exposure to Antibiotics and Risk for Crohn’s Disease: A Nationwide Danish Birth Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Mark-Christensen ◽  
Aksel Lange ◽  
Rune Erichsen ◽  
Trine Frøslev ◽  
Buket Öztürk Esen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Adjusted Hazard Ratio ◽  
First Year ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Year Of Life

Abstract Background Early-life antibiotic use can alter the intestinal flora and modify the risk of developing Crohn disease (CD), but rigorous epidemiological evidence is limited, with inconsistent results. Methods We identified all children born in Denmark from 1995 to 2009 and followed them from birth until death, emigration, a diagnosis of CD, or January 1, 2013. Using Cox regression, we assessed the association between antibiotic exposure in the first year of life and subsequent risk for CD, adjusting for sex, degree of urbanization, birth order, birth year, route of delivery, gestational age, smoking during pregnancy, intake of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the first year of life, and family history of CD. Results During a median 9.5 years (9.3 million total person-years), CD was diagnosed in 208 of 979,039 children. Antibiotic use in the first year of life was associated with a higher risk of CD (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-1.8), with the highest risk with ≥6 courses of antibiotics (adjusted hazard ratio, 4.1; 95% CI, 2.0-8.5). A family history of CD did not modify these risk associations. The cumulative risk of CD at the 11th birthday for children exposed to antibiotics in their first year of life was 0.16‰ (95% CI, 0.11‰–0.22‰) compared to 0.11‰ (95% CI, 0.08‰–0.15‰) for children unexposed to antibiotics in their first year of life. Conclusions Antibiotic use in the first year of life is associated with a modestly increased risk for CD, although the absolute risk is very low.

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