The State and Rural Development in East Asia

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Kristen E. Looney
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
East Asian ◽  
The State ◽  
Urban Bias ◽  
Developmental States ◽  
Ruling Elites

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the state and rural development in East Asia. In many developing countries, ruling elites pursue industrial development at the expense of the rural sector. They regard industry as critical for national security and economic competitiveness, and many believe that industry-led growth is sufficient to reduce poverty. This preference for industry is known as urban bias. In contrast with most developing countries, East Asia emerged in the post-World War II period as a region that seemed to defy the logic of urban bias, achieving both urban-industrial growth and rural-agricultural development. Nevertheless, it is also true that East Asian governments exploited agriculture, eroding the prospects for long-term development and giving rise to significant rural–urban disparities. Focusing on Taiwan, South Korea, and China, the book examines how and why East Asia achieved rural development, and it advances a theory to explain variation among East Asian countries. It demonstrates that rural transformation in East Asia was not a byproduct of industrialization, but the result of aggressive interventions by strong and activist (if not exactly developmental) states.

The Role of Rural Institutions and State Campaigns in Development

2020 ◽  
pp. 14-48
Author(s):  
Kristen E. Looney
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
Developmental States ◽  
Rural Institutions

This chapter discusses the role of rural institutions and state campaigns in development. Most accounts of rural development in East Asia privilege the role of land reform and the emergence of developmental states. However, this narrative is incomplete. A thorough examination of rural sector change in the region reveals the transformative effects of rural modernization campaigns, which can be defined as policies demanding high levels of bureaucratic and popular mobilization to overhaul traditional ways of life in the countryside. East Asian governments' use of campaigns runs counter to standard portrayals of the developmental state as wholly technocratic and demonstrates that rural development was not the inevitable result of industrialization. Rather, it was an intentional policy goal accomplished with techniques that aligned more with Maoism or Leninism than with market principles or careful economic management. The chapter begins by assessing common explanations for East Asian rural development in the post-World War II period. It then turns to the case of China and explores some of the reasons for rural policy failures in the Mao era (1949–1976) and successes in the reform era (1978–present). Finally, the chapter revisits the case of Japan and concludes with a few points about why existing theories of state-led development need to be reexamined.

scholarly journals The Public-Private-Partnership and Rural Development in Taiwan

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun-Jung Liao ◽  
Shih-Kai Lin
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
South Korea ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Public Private Partnership ◽  
The State ◽  
Private Partnership ◽  
Agricultural Modernization ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Government

This paper discusses a significant public-private partnership (PPP) formed by the government and Taiwanese Farmer Associations. Particularly, it will investigate a pattern of the PPP that has successfully promoted rural development and agricultural modernization in Taiwan since 1950s. Taiwanese Farmer Associations (hereafter TFAs), similar to agricultural cooperatives in South Korea and Japan, have played a policy agent in fostering rural development in this island state since 1950s. TFA’s performance inherently came from Japanese Cooperatives before World War II. The Performances of those farmer organizations are combinations of economic, social, and educational synergies.  The rural development experiences in Taiwan demonstrate that success of rural modernization is carried out by a special public-private partnership (PPP). First, this paper discusses formation and development of farmer cooperative organizations in East Asian societies and compare the similarities and differences of practice of those organizations and their relations to the governments among Taiwan, South Korea, and Japan.  Secondly, this paper examines collaborative mold and process in which both the government and Taiwan Farmer Associations have been extensively involved.  A specific cooperative apparatus between the government and TFA functioning and operating as a perfect PPP has been formed under administrative guidance of the state.  Thirdly, this paper looks at input and various supports in financial and policy perspective by the public sector.  Fourthly, the paper discusses legal framework, administrative apparatus, and governance pattern for TFA. Fifthly, the paper discuses that a specific PPP successfully involving in rural modernization in Taiwan is significantly derived from the state’ guidance that properly regulates a collaboration between the government and TFA.  So-call East Asian model of PPP in agricultural modernization and rural community development may become a valuable experience for most of developing countries.

The Developmental Trading State

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex J. Bellamy
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
East Asia ◽  
National Economy ◽  
East Asian ◽  
The State ◽  
State Model ◽  
Principal Function ◽  
Mass Violence ◽  
The Way

This chapter demonstrates that the downwards pressure that state consolidation placed on mass violence was amplified by the type of state that emerged. Across East Asia, governments came to define themselves as “developmental” or “trading” states whose principal purpose was to grow the national economy and thereby improve the economic wellbeing of their citizens. Governments with different ideologies came to embrace economic growth and growing the prosperity of their populations as the principal function of the state and its core source of legitimacy. Despite some significant glitches along the way the adoption of the developmental trading state model has proven successful. Not only have East Asian governments succeeded in lifting hundreds of millions of people out of poverty, the practices and policy orientations dictated by this model helped shift governments and societies away from belligerent practices towards postures that prioritized peace and stability. This reinforced the trend towards greater peacefulness.

East Asian Exceptionalism to Western Populism and Migration Crisis

2018 ◽  
pp. 196-210
Author(s):  
John Lie
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
East Asia ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
World War ◽  
Post World War Ii ◽  
The World ◽  
Migration Crisis ◽  
And Migration

In the 2010s, the world is seemingly awash with waves of populism and anti-immigration movements. Yet virtually all discussions, owing to the prevailing Eurocentric perspective, bypass East Asia (more accurately, Northeast Asia) and the absence of strong populist or anti-immigration discourses or politics. This chapter presents a comparative and historical account of East Asian exceptionalism in the matter of migration crisis, especially given the West’s embrace of an insider-outsider dichotomy superseding the class- and nation-based divisions of the post–World War II era. The chapter also discusses some nascent articulations of Western-style populist discourses in Northeast Asia, and concludes with the potential for migration crisis in the region.

Sino-Soviet Relations and the Emergence of the Chinese Communist Regime, 1946–1950: New Documents, Old Story

2007 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 115-124
Author(s):  
Sergey Radchenko
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Civil War ◽  
East Asia ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Far East ◽  
Communist Regime ◽  
World War ◽  
Soviet Policy ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Long Time

Andrei Ledovskii, a long-time Soviet diplomat with a particular expertise on East Asian affairs, and several other Russian specialists on Soviet policy in the Far East have published a massive collection of declassified documents about Soviet policy vis-à-vis China in the first five years after World War II. The authors seek to show that the Communist victory in the Chinese civil war was attributable to Soviet fraternal help, that Josif Stalin wholeheartedly embraced the Chinese Communists' struggle for power, and that the Sino-Soviet alliance from beginning to end enjoyed unstinting Soviet support. But in fact the documents reveal that Stalin's policy toward the Chinese Communists was opportunistic and utilitarian, that he refrained from decisively supporting the Communists in the Civil War until almost the end, and that all the talk of proletarian internationalism in the Sino-Soviet alliance was but a cloak for Soviet expansionist ambitions in East Asia.

Internationalization of the State under Japanese Quasi-Hegemony: Marginalizing Northern Workers, 1980–2000

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Glassman
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Value Added ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Exporting Firms ◽  
Post World War Ii ◽  
Agrarian Society ◽  
Political Dominance

The internationalization of the Thai economy and the Thai state analysed in the last two chapters was—like all processes of internationalization—highly uneven. The modern Thai state was formed historically through collaboration between the Siamese monarchy, based in Bangkok, and British colonial officials, with Chinese merchants playing an important subsidiary role (Suehiro 1989; Chaiyan 1994; Thongchai 1994). By the early twentieth century, internationalization of capital and the state under this triple alliance had already led to the emergence of the Bangkok-centred political economy and strongly centralized state that has characterized Thailand throughout the past one hundred years (Dixon and Parnwell 1991). Thus, by the time rapid agrarian and industrial transformation began to take hold in the post-World War II period, it did so against a backdrop of already substantial Bangkok primacy and political dominance. The patterns of internationalization that have developed in the post-World War II period have largely strengthened this primacy and political dominance. Bangkok was the centre of the new triple alliance based on collaboration between military capitalists, Chinese merchants, and the US Cold War state (Suehiro 1989). As Cold War counter-insurgency and development projects proceeded, significant numbers of displaced peasants left agrarian society to seek urban-industrial employment and, as the overwhelmingly dominant centre of industry, Bangkok received a disproportionate share of the rural-tourban migration stream, with secondary cities remaining small and economically underdeveloped (Tables 4.1 and 4.2; London 1980; 1985). Consequently, the transformation of urban-industrial labour and the labour relations system described in Chapter 3 took place fundamentally in and around Bangkok, which remained the core area of manufacturing growth. For most of the post-World War II period up to 1985, the BMR’s industrial development was centred on low-wage, low value-added products such as textiles, garments, and low end electronics components, and though there were a number of very large firms in these lines, most manufacturers remained very small in scale, this being the case even among investment-constrained exporting firms. Small size was even more the norm with firms in upcountry regions, where manufacturing development was largely very rudimentary and generally centred in industries such as textiles, garments, and food processing (Table 4.3; Department of Labour 1985–6).

Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 155-160
Author(s):  
Kristen E. Looney
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
Transformative Change ◽  
Important Lesson ◽  
Urban Bias ◽  
Political Problem ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Rural Institutions

This concluding chapter assesses what lessons can be drawn from the East Asian experience of rural development. While rural development, like industrial development, was a state-led phenomenon in East Asia, it embodied a distinct political logic, melding technocratic with mobilizational approaches to development in order to effect transformative change. An important lesson, which is evident in the cases of Taiwan, South Korea, and China, is simply that rural development needs state support. Policymakers must recognize that it is not a natural outgrowth of industrialization and that urban bias is a political problem that demands a political solution. Rural development requires public investment and institutions capable of providing tenure security, credit services, extension programs, market access, and other public goods to smallholders. Campaigns can speed up the pace of change, but in the absence of strong and participatory rural institutions, they are unlikely to make a long-term difference and can easily spiral out of control.

scholarly journals Analysis on Spatial Pattern and Driving Factors of Carbon Emission in Urban–Rural Fringe Mixed-Use Communities: Cases Study in East Asia

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 3101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoqing Zhu ◽  
Tiancheng Zhang ◽  
Weijun Gao ◽  
Danying Mei
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Driving Factors ◽  
Material Consumption ◽  
Mixed Use ◽  
Urban Rural

Urban-intensive areas are responsible for an estimated 80% of greenhouse gas emissions, particularly carbon dioxide. The urban–rural fringe areas emit more greenhouse gases than urban centers. The purpose of this study is to analyze the spatial pattern and driving factors of carbon emissions in urban–rural fringe mixed-use communities, and to develop planning methods to reduce carbon emissions in communities. This study identifies mixed-use communities in East Asian urban–rural fringe areas as industrial, commercial, tourism, and rental-apartment communities, subsequently using the emission factor method to calculate carbon emissions. The statistical information grid analysis and geographic information systems spatial analysis method are employed to analyze the spatial pattern of carbon emission and explore the relationship between established space, industrial economy, material consumption, social behavior, and carbon emission distribution characteristics by partial least squares regression, ultimately summing up the spatial pattern of carbon emission in the urban–rural fringe areas of East Asia. Results show that (1) mixed-use communities in the East Asian urban–rural fringe areas face tremendous pressure to reduce emissions. Mixed-use community carbon emissions in the late urbanization period are lower than those the early urbanization. (2) Mixed-use community carbon emission is featured by characteristics, such as planning structure decisiveness, road directionality, infrastructure directionality, and industrial linkage. (3) Industrial communities produce the highest carbon emissions, followed by rental-apartment communities, business communities, and tourism communities. (4) The driving factor that most affects the spatial distribution of carbon emissions is the material energy consumption. The fuel consumption per unit of land is the largest driver of carbon emissions. Using the obtained spatial pattern and its driving factors of carbon emissions, this study provides suggestions for planning and construction, industrial development, material consumption, and convenient life guidance.

scholarly journals "Youth" is an important part of rural revitalization

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 56-60
Author(s):  
Yan Wu
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
East Asia ◽  
The West ◽  
Regional Characteristics ◽  
National Differences ◽  
Rural Revitalization ◽  
The World

The characteristics of rural decline, in the rapid economic development of the present, is also spreading around the world. Overall, rural decline presents regional characteristics and national differences. After the fast industrialization and urbanization in the West, the scale and specialization of agriculture led to the expansion of farms, the decrease of population and the continuous decline of rural communities. In East Asia, aging and hollowing are increasingly common among precipitous industrialization and urbanization and government-driven rural development. In some developing countries, small and medium-sized farmers are forced to move into cities after bankruptcy, further aggravating the lagging status of rural development.

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