Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 155-160
Author(s):  
Kristen E. Looney
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
Transformative Change ◽  
Important Lesson ◽  
Urban Bias ◽  
Political Problem ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Rural Institutions

This concluding chapter assesses what lessons can be drawn from the East Asian experience of rural development. While rural development, like industrial development, was a state-led phenomenon in East Asia, it embodied a distinct political logic, melding technocratic with mobilizational approaches to development in order to effect transformative change. An important lesson, which is evident in the cases of Taiwan, South Korea, and China, is simply that rural development needs state support. Policymakers must recognize that it is not a natural outgrowth of industrialization and that urban bias is a political problem that demands a political solution. Rural development requires public investment and institutions capable of providing tenure security, credit services, extension programs, market access, and other public goods to smallholders. Campaigns can speed up the pace of change, but in the absence of strong and participatory rural institutions, they are unlikely to make a long-term difference and can easily spiral out of control.

Rural Development in South Korea, 1950s–1970s

2020 ◽  
pp. 80-116
Author(s):  
Kristen E. Looney
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Deep Roots ◽  
Urban Bias ◽  
Rural Change ◽  
Agricultural Cooperative ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Extension Agencies ◽  
Rural Institutions ◽  
Household Incomes

This chapter explains South Korea's mixed record of rural development. It begins with an overview of rural change in the postwar period and shows that agriculture did not contribute much to the overall economy or to rural household incomes because of an adverse policy environment. The situation improved in the 1970s, with noticeable gains in production, incomes, and infrastructure, although progress was uneven in each of these areas. The chapter then discusses rural institutions and the shift away from urban bias. It argues that agriculture underperformed because land reform was insufficient for long-term growth and because South Korea's rural institutions were relatively weak. The Ministry of Agriculture was low in the bureaucratic hierarchy, and its extension agencies never developed deep roots in society. The National Agricultural Cooperative Federation (NACF) in particular was qualitatively different from its counterpart in Taiwan; it was an appendage of the state that exhibited linkage but not autonomy. Rural policy was implemented in a more rigid, top-down manner, with less participation from small farmers and fewer people advocating on their behalf. The South Korean case illustrates both the strengths and weaknesses of a campaign approach to development. The New Village Movement essentially reset the priorities of every branch of government, temporarily overriding other work.

The State and Rural Development in East Asia

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Kristen E. Looney
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
East Asian ◽  
The State ◽  
Urban Bias ◽  
Developmental States ◽  
Ruling Elites

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the state and rural development in East Asia. In many developing countries, ruling elites pursue industrial development at the expense of the rural sector. They regard industry as critical for national security and economic competitiveness, and many believe that industry-led growth is sufficient to reduce poverty. This preference for industry is known as urban bias. In contrast with most developing countries, East Asia emerged in the post-World War II period as a region that seemed to defy the logic of urban bias, achieving both urban-industrial growth and rural-agricultural development. Nevertheless, it is also true that East Asian governments exploited agriculture, eroding the prospects for long-term development and giving rise to significant rural–urban disparities. Focusing on Taiwan, South Korea, and China, the book examines how and why East Asia achieved rural development, and it advances a theory to explain variation among East Asian countries. It demonstrates that rural transformation in East Asia was not a byproduct of industrialization, but the result of aggressive interventions by strong and activist (if not exactly developmental) states.

Airbnb Contribution to Rural Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-46
Author(s):  
Abbas Strømmen-Bakhtiar ◽  
Evgueni Vinogradov ◽  
Marit Kristin Kvarum ◽  
Kristian Rydland Antonsen
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Sharing Economy ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Urban Bias ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
The One

The technological developments described in terms of industrial revolutions or disruptive innovations have been shaping economic and social life in rural areas. The global trend towards urbanization presents a major challenge to rural communities. The aim of this article is to study how the peer-to-peer economy influences rural municipalities. On the one hand, in the literature, it is argued that sharing economy may improve accessibility, encourage mobility, attract investments and reduce urban bias. On the other hand, both academics and practitioners are aware of the disruptive effects of sharing economy on e.g., local real estate and labor markets. This qualitative study is based on empirical data from a municipality on the Lofoten Islands of Norway. The results demonstrate that Airbnb has some positive and some negative effects on rural development, but the magnitudes of these effects are modest. Of positive effects, the authors can mention increased local tourism, stimulation of conservation/restoration of traditional houses, and increased recreational mobility for rural residents.

scholarly journals Advances in nature conservation in Lesotho

Koedoe ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Nature Conservation ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Conservation Priority ◽  
The Republic

Lesotho is an independent enclave within the Republic of South Africa. It is roughly the size of Belgium and has a population of approximately one million. Prior to independence (4 October 1966) no official action had been taken toward nature conservation. Priority had been given to rural development schemes, improvement of agricultural practices, and to urban and industrial development.

Policy Change in an Authoritarian Regime: Mexico Under Echeverría

1977 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merilee S. Grindle
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Policy Change ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Agricultural Investment ◽  
The Public

The six-year presidency or sexenio of Luís Echeverría Alvarez was initiated in December of 1970. Six years later, significant changes had taken place in the public policies espoused by the Mexican regime. Most importantly, perhaps, the federal government shifted its public investment priorities away from an overriding preoccupation with industrial development toward greater concern for agricultural development. From 1971 to 1976, Echeverria's administration allocated more money to the agricultural sector than any sexenio since that of Miguel Alemán (1946 to 1952). The change occurred gradually, federal public investment in agriculture growing from 14.5% of the total in 1971 to 20% budgeted for 1975 and 1976. Increased attention to agriculture was achieved primarily through proportional reductions in investments for industrial and infrastructure development. Along with a revision in sectoral allocations went a change in policy concerning both the anticipated outcome and the target population for agricultural investment.

scholarly journals Sustainable Rural Development and Water Resources Management on a Hilly Landscape: A Case Study of Gonglaoping Community, Taichung, ROC (Chinese Taipei)

2021 ◽  
pp. 115-131
Author(s):  
Chen-Fa Wu ◽  
Chen Yang Lee ◽  
Chen-Chuan Huang ◽  
Hao-Yun Chuang ◽  
Chih-Cheng Weng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
River System ◽  
Transformative Change ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Sustainable Rural Development ◽  
The People ◽  
Multi Stakeholder

AbstractThe Gonglaoping community is located in Central Western Taiwan, with approximately 700 residents. The hilly landscape contains farmlands and sloping areas with abundant natural resources. Locals rely on the Han River system and seasonal rainfall for water supply for domestic use and irrigation. Uneven rainfall patterns and high demand for water has led to the overuse of groundwater and conflicts among the people. The surrounding natural forests provide important ecosystem services, including wildlife habitats and water conservation, among others; however, overlap with human activities has brought threats to biodiversity conservation. Considering these challenges, locals were determined to transform their community towards sustainability. The Gonglaoping Industrial Development Association (GIDA) and the Soil and Water Conservation Bureau (SWCB) joined hands to initiate the promotion of the Satoyama Initiative, playing catalytic roles in several implementations, such as establishing water management strategies based on mutual trust, rebuilding the masonry landscape, and economic development, forming partnerships with other stakeholders. This multi-stakeholder and co-management platform allowed the community to achieve transformative change, particularly in resolving conflicts of water use, restoring the SEPL, enhancing biodiversity conservation, and developing a self-sustaining economy.Achieving sustainability in a SEPL requires the application of a holistic approach and a multi-sector collaborating (community-government-university) platform. This case demonstrates a practical, effective framework for government authorities, policymakers and other stakeholders in terms of maintaining the integrity of ecosystems. With the final outcome of promoting a vision of co-prosperity, it is a solid example showing a win-win strategy for both the human population and the farmland ecosystem in a hilly landscape.

scholarly journals Distribusi Belanja Desa dan Capaian Status Pembangunan Desa di Provinsi Riau

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 407
Author(s):  
Bakti Kharisma ◽  
Werry Darta Taifur ◽  
Fajri Muharja
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression ◽  
Linear Regression Model ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Model ◽  
Urban Bias ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Village

The Village Law has become one of the berakhthroughs in overcoming the impact of development that tends to be urban bias. Village is no longer only an object of development but the main actor in rural development process. The source of the budget for the implamentation of rural development has increased significantly with the village fund policy. This study aims to analyze the impact of village budgets and village typology on the achievement of village status in Riau Province. Multiple linear regression model was used to analyze the impact of village budget and village typology has a significant impact on the increase in the developing village index in Riau Province.

scholarly journals The Technological Construction of Sovereignty

2021 ◽  
pp. 213-218
Author(s):  
Paul Timmers
Keyword(s):  
Digital Technology ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
Exogenous Factor ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Access Regulation

AbstractFor policy-makers, it has always been a struggle to do justice to a diversity of perspectives when tackling challenging issues such as market access regulation, public investment in R&D, long-term unemployment, etc. In this struggle, technology, as a force that shapes economy, society, and democracy, at best used to be considered as an exogenous factor and at worst was simply forgotten. Today, however, we live in a different world. Technology is recognized as a major driver. Digital technology is now in the veins, heart, and brains of our society. Yet, the idea that we can put technology to our hand to shape reality, rather than taking technology as a given, has still not been embraced by policy-makers. This chapter argues that we can and should give a stronger steer on technology to construct the kind of reality and in particular the kind of sovereignty we aspire.

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