scholarly journals Performativity of Gender by Early Modern Dancers on and off Stage. The Case of Elmerice Parts and Gerd Neggo / Soo performatiivsus esimeste moderntantsijate loomingus ja elus. Elmerice Partsi ja Gerd Neggo juhtumiuuring

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (27/28) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Liis Maripuu

Abstract: Elmerice Parts and Gerd Neggo were among the first female modern choreographers in Estonia. The present article takes a close look at how they did gender in their early modern dance productions and how they performed gender in their daily lives in the 1920s.   Käesolevas artiklis otsin vastust küsimusele, kuidas kujutasid Eesti varased moderntantsijad ja koreograafid oma tantsulavastustes naisi. Lisaks sellele huvitab mind, missugused naised nad ise olid. Kas nende lavategelased ja nende endi elukäigud olid „traditsioonilised“ või iseloomustas neid moodsus? Moderntantsule pandi Lääne-Euroopas ja Põhja-Ameerikas alus 20. sajandi alguses. Selle eestvedajateks olid peamiselt naised, kellele uus tantsustiil andis ennenägematu võimaluse luua ise oma tantsud. Varased moderntantsijad ei kasutanud balletitehnikat ning hülgasid baleriinile kohustuslikud kostüümielemendid. Uurimuse fookus lasub kahel tantsijal ja koreograafil, Elmerice Partsil (1878–1974) ja Gerd Neggol (1891–1974). Vaatluse all on nende 1920. aastate soolotantsud ning Partsi ja Herman Oginsky (ka Kolt-Oginsky ja Heiko Kolt, 1902–1977) duod. Judith Butler on seisukohal, et sool puudub stabiilne identiteet, sest sugu „tehakse“. Väljaspool seda performatiivsust sugu ei eksisteeri. Terminite naine ja mees või naiselik ja mehelik sisu on ajas muutuv, sõltudes praktikatest, mille taasesitamist peetakse kas „naiselikuks“ või „mehelikuks“ ehk sellest, kuidas sugu „tehakse“. Naiseks ei sünnita, vaid naiseks saadakse, on Judith Butler veendunud sarnaselt Simone de Beauvoir’iga. Kuidas sugu „tehakse“, on ajas muutuv: 1920. aastatel olid ettekirjutused „naistele“ ja „meestele“ teistsugused kui praegu. Missugused naisekujud tõid Eesti esimesed naiskoreograafid lavale? Kas nende looming aitas kinnistada ideed naise „traditsioonilistest“ rollidest või panustas selle kummutamisse? Koreograafide arusaamad jõuavad tantsuks transformeerununa suhteliselt suure vaatajaskonnani, mistõttu on oluline, kuidas nad üht või teist sugupoolt laval kujutavad. Esitades laval alternatiivseid olemise viise, tutvustab koreograaf oma publikule teistsugust või uut soo „tegemise“ viisi. Sellega panustab ta ühiskondliku normi muutmisesse, mida me soolistatud subjektidena oleme paratamatult sunnitud tsiteerima.  Uurimuse peamiseks allikaks on Eesti trükimeedias ilmunud artiklid: kriitikute arvustused ning teated tantsuetenduste ja koreograafide tegemiste kohta (nt esinemine välismaal). Artiklite leidmiseks kasutasin Rahvusraamatukogu digitaalarhiivi DIGAR, kokku õnnestus mul leida 88 artiklit ja teadaannet. Nimetatud allikad ei võimaldanud teada saada, kuidas tantsijannad end laval väljendasid, vaid kuidas (peamiselt meessoost) kriitikud nende loomingut arvustasid. Kuna koreograafide endi tantsualaseid märkmeid säilinud ei ole, pakuvad nimetatud allikad peaaegu ainsat võimalust Eesti varase moderntantsu kohta midagi järeldada. Partsi ja Neggo loodud naisekujude iseloomustamiseks analüüsisin fraase, millega kriitikud kirjeldasid ja iseloomustasid nende tantsuloomingut ja liigutusi. Koreograafide elukäikudele hinnangu andmiseks koostasin nende biograafiad ja võrdlesin neid 1920. aastatel valitsenud ideega „traditsioonilisest naisest“. Koreograafide biograafiad panin kokku trükimeediast pärit info põhjal, idee „traditsioonilisest naisest“ konstrueerisin teemakohaste uurimuste põhjal. Parts ja Neggo kuulusid kahtlemata moodsate ja iseseisvate naiste hulka. Nad harisid end välismaal ning töötasid seejärel elukutseliste tantsijate, koreograafide ja pedagoogidena. Mõlemad olid abielus, bioloogilisi lapsi ei olnud kummalgi. Nad tõestasid, et naisel on võimalik realiseerida end väljaspool kodu. 1920. aastatel ei peetud kodust väljaspool tegutsevat naist „traditsiooniliseks“, valitses arvamus, et naise koht on kodus, kus tema peamiseks vastutusalaks on lapsed ja majapidamine. „Traditsioonilist“ naist peeti õrnaks, nõrgaks, lapsikuks, leebeks, tundlikuks, passiivseks ja ebakindlaks (Poska-Grünthal 1936; Kivimaa 2005, 34; Hinrikus 2011, 40). Missuguse naise tõid Parts ja Neggo oma tantsulavastustes publiku ette? Partsi looming muutus tema karjääri jooksul märkimisväärselt. 1920. aastate alguses kirjeldasid kriitikud teda kui hõljuvat, graatsilist ja rõõmsat tantsijat, veidi hiljem iseloomustati tema tantsuloomingut kui jõulist, haaravat ja kütkestavat (siin ja allpool olen artiklitest pärit terminid kirjutanud kaldkirjas). Veelgi enam muutus Partsi esteetika 1926. aastal, kui tema tantsupartneriks sai Herman Oginsky. Kriitikud kasutasid nende etteasteid arvustades sageli termineid erootiline ja akrobaatiline. Neggost sai Rudolf von Labani õpilasena Eestis „uue tantsu“ (Saksamaal nimetati seda stiili terminiga Ausdruckstanz) esindaja. Erinevalt plastilistest tantsijatest, keda kriitikute sõnul iseloomustas impressionistlik magusus, kirjeldati Neggo tantsuliigutusi kui täpseid, julgeid, ekspressiivseid, energeetilisi, unikaalseid, jõulisi ja kergeid. Kuna koreograaf eitas literatuuri, assotsiatsioone ja sisu, mõjus tema looming mitmete arvustajate sõnul abstraktsena. Neile allikatele tuginedes võib väita, et 1920. aastate jooksul eemaldus koreograafide loodud naisekuju üha tugevamini „traditsioonilisest“. Kui Partsi 1920. aastate alguse graatsiline, hõljuv ja rõõmus lavakuju ei erinenud kuigivõrd „traditsioonilisest naisest“, siis jõulisuse lisandudes mõned aastad hiljem eemaldub ta sellest mõnevõrra. Väljakutse valitsevale soonormile esitas Neggo oma abstraktse tantsuloominguga, mida anonüümse kriitiku sõnul ei inspireerinud emotsioon, vaid mõistus. „Traditsiooniline naine“ oli teatavasti tundlik ja intellektuaalselt saamatu. Partsi ja Oginsky erootilised tantsud kujutasid endast midagi radikaalselt uut, presenteerides naist kirgliku, sensuaalse ja iharana. Tuues lavale „ebatraditsioonilisi“ naisekujusid, näitasid koreograafid, et sugu saab „teha“ mitmel moel. Nad demonstreerisid, et naine võib olla graatsiline, jõuline, mõistuslik, erootiline. Sellega esitasid Parts ja Neggo väljakutse valitsevale soonormile ja aitasid muuta arusaamist sellest, mida pidada „naiselikuks“ või „mehelikuks“.

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 18-31
Author(s):  
Johanna Laakkonen

Abstract Early modern dancers established a foothold in theatres and opera houses from the 1910s onwards when the focus of many avant-garde theatre directors shifted from literary text to the actor’s body and its expressive potentialities. This article explores the interplay between early modern dance and theatre in Finland by focusing on three dance scenes that Maggie Gripenberg (1881–1976) composed for theatre and opera performances in Helsinki in the 1920s and 1930s. The developments in Finland will be connected with the international trends that Gripenberg and her Finnish collaborators absorbed from the West as well as from Russia. The article also suggests that by exploring early modern dance in the context of theatre and opera, it is possible to obtain a more balanced picture of the development of modern dance in Finland.


Author(s):  
Brandon Shaw

Romeo’s well-known excuse that he cannot dance because he has soles of lead is demonstrative of the autonomous volitional quality Shakespeare ascribes to body parts, his utilization of humoral somatic psychology, and the horizontally divided body according to early modern dance practice and theory. This chapter considers the autonomy of and disagreement between the body parts and the unruliness of the humors within Shakespeare’s dramas, particularly Romeo and Juliet. An understanding of the body as a house of conflicting parts can be applied to the feet of the dancing body in early modern times, as is evinced not only by literary texts, but dance manuals as well. The visuality dominating the dance floor provided opportunity for social advancement as well as ridicule, as contemporary sources document. Dance practice is compared with early modern swordplay in their shared approaches to the training and social significance of bodily proportion and rhythm.


Author(s):  
Nona Monahin

Many of Shakespeare’s plays contain verbal references to specific dances. Knowledge of early modern dance conventions can be of tremendous value in reading (and staging) these plays: “decoding” the dance references unveils layers of subtext that are relevant to an understanding of thematic issues and of the psychological makeup of characters, and it suggests visual ways in which scenes can be staged. This chapter examines dance references in Much Ado about Nothing and Twelfth Night, focusing on the following dances: measure, cinquepace, galliard, coranto, and passy-measures pavan. Each dance is introduced through a brief review of extant choreographic sources, after which the references are examined in the context of the scene and dramatic situation in which they occur. Finally, approaches to staging the scene are considered, with the aim of making the dance references meaningful to audiences today.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Anna Parker

Abstract This article addresses early modern women's power through an object study of the wedding girdle, a thickly embellished belt that was the most costly, emblematic, and intimate item in a Renaissance bride's trousseau, and which uniquely illuminates the lives of women. Building on the work that women's history has done to uncover how women navigated the patriarchal system, I propose that a focus on the household is vital to understanding the socially specific ways in which burgher women – members of the citizen class of Renaissance Prague – exerted agency in their daily lives. Burgher sensibilities, specifically the desire to display the prosperity, industry, and piety of their households, created distinct mechanisms for women to assert themselves. This article sets women's lives against the interwoven structures of the household, namely, gendered roles and expectations, the legal property system, and moral discourses surrounding marriage. By levering these structures, the same that constrained them, burgher women were able to express power.


Sederi ◽  
2013 ◽  
pp. 57-78
Author(s):  
Sofía Muñoz-Valdivieso

The present article discusses one of the contributions of the Royal Shakespeare Company to the World Shakespeare Festival, a celebration of the Bard as the world’s playwright that took place in the UK in 2012 as part of the so-called Cultural Olympiad. Iqbal Khan directed for the RSC an all-Indian production of the comedy Much Ado about Nothing that transposed the actions from early modern Messina to contemporary Delhi and presented its story of love, merry war of wits and patriarchal domination in a colourful setting that recreated a world of tradition and modernity. Received with mixed reviews that in general applauded the vibrant relocation while criticising some directorial choices, this 2012 Much Ado about Nothing in modern-day Delhi raises a number of questions about cultural ownership and Shakespeare’s international performance – issues that are particularly relevant if we see the play in relation to other productions of the World Shakespeare Festival in this Olympic year but also in the context of the increasing internationalization of Shakespeare’s cultural capital in contemporary times.


Author(s):  
Evelyne Ledoux-Beaugrand

Le présent article analyse le changement de peau de la narratrice de Douce France de l’auteure française Karine Tuil après son incarcération dans un centre de rétention à la lumière des enjeux mémoriels et généalogiques qu’il soulève. Fable sur la (post)mémoire, l’identité et l’immigration, Douce France fait valoir le caractère poreux de la subjectivité, la façon dont celle-ci est façonnée par les discours qui précèdent et entourent le sujet sans que soient pour autant forcloses toutes possibilités de transformation. La mise en dialogue de récents travaux de la critique féministe sur la subjectivité, dont ceux de Judith Butler et de Rosi Braidotti, avec des écrits sur les retombées du nazisme chez les générations d’après permet d’envisager l’intrication de la subjectivité, du corporel et du mémoriel dans Douce France.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (38) ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Renan Marcondes

The article analyzes procedures for creation and staging of the play The Partenon Metophes, by Romeo Castellucci. Based on Judith Butler and Walter Benjamin, we analyze central topics for the work, such as: the artist's use of images of war and violence that circulate in our daily lives; dialogue with aspects of the tragedy; the reference to the American artist Andy Warhol; the dissociation of the relationship between seeing and knowing that he proposes to his audience. Focusing on the formal choices of unframing, repetition of scenes and exposure of the bodies of the actors and actresses in this play, we seek to understand how the artist seeks a work in which the experiences of commotion and catharsis are suspended or displaced.


Author(s):  
Jens Richard Giersdorf

Patricio Bunster’s career was emblematic of a Latin American engagement with European modernism and unique in its exchange with German modern dance (Ausdruckstanz). Trained in Chile by immigrant German members of Kurt Jooss’s company, Bunster merged a local vocabulary with globalized movements—such as modern dance vocabulary derived from Ausdruckstanz and ballet—with the goal of restructuring existing nationally defined movement. This merger was utopian in its rethinking of national culture toward a global artistic expression. Such a utopian understanding of the capacity of movement as a global unifier and transformer recalled early modern dance’s vision for a changed world through corporeal awareness and choreographed emancipation. Influenced by Laban as well as Jooss and Leeder, Bunster observed and deployed movement found in manual labor, leisure, daily rituals, nature, and the structure of architecture. In Bunster’s opinion, all of these sources carried traces of future choreographies that could express a new transnational, (Latin) American, and utopian society. Different utopian models, such as the radical rethinking of political structures through a breakdown of the barrier between art and life or the embracing of technology in relation to design for the bettering of society were at the core of modernist conviction that the world needed to be fundamentally changed.


Author(s):  
Karl Eric Toepfer

Dore Hoyer was perhaps the most innovative figure in German modern dance in the years between 1935 and 1965. This was a period in which political and historical circumstances in Germany severely marginalized the powerful and turbulent dance culture of the Weimar Republic and compelled modern dancers to work within a highly fragmented artistic environment in isolation from each other. Although Hoyer constantly sought opportunities to develop ensemble dance pieces, her artistic significance rests on her work as a solo dancer. She embodied the extraordinary capacity of an isolated soloist and modern dancer to transform oppressive constraints on dance and on bodily expressivity into intensely emotional, existential, and political experiences. Because of her, it is possible to see that the astonishingly imaginative Weimar dance culture did not come to an end with the advent of the Nazi regime in 1933, nor did the movement remain stagnant within a discouraging artistic atmosphere. Partly for this reason, later German dancers, including Susanne Linke and Arila Siegert, have recreated her solos as integral works in the contemporary dance repertoire.


2000 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunnar Bergh ◽  
Aimo Seppänen

In the course of their history, English wh-relatives are known to have undergone a syntactic change in their prepositional usage: having originally occurred only with pied-piped prepositions, they came to admit preposition stranding as an alternative pattern. The present article presents an overview of this process, showing a modest beginning of stranding in Late Middle English, an increase in Early Modern English, and then a clear decrease in the written language of today, against a more liberal use in spoken English, standard as well as nonstandard. The drop in the incidence of stranding is thus not an expression of a genuine grammatical change but due to notions of correctness derived from the grammar of Latin and affecting written usage. The general trend of the development outlined is mirrored by relative that, with which the pied piping attested in Middle English completely disappeared from the language.


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