scholarly journals Responses of branching reef corals Acropora digitifera and Montipora digitata to elevated temperature and pCO2

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e10562
Author(s):  
Cristiana Manullang ◽  
Intan Herwindra Millyaningrum ◽  
Akira Iguchi ◽  
Aika Miyagi ◽  
Yasuaki Tanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coral Species ◽  
Seawater Temperature ◽  
Ryukyu Archipelago ◽  
Atmospheric Concentration ◽  
Calcification Rate ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Reef Corals ◽  
Acropora Digitifera ◽  
C 30 ◽  
Business As Usual

Anthropogenic emission of CO2 into the atmosphere has been increasing exponentially, causing ocean acidification (OA) and ocean warming (OW). The “business-as-usual” scenario predicts that the atmospheric concentration of CO2 may exceed 1,000 µatm and seawater temperature may increase by up to 3 °C by the end of the 21st century. Increases in OA and OW may negatively affect the growth and survival of reef corals. In the present study, we separately examined the effects of OW and OA on the corals Acropora digitifera and Montipora digitata, which are dominant coral species occurring along the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan, at three temperatures (28 °C, 30 °C, and 32 °C) and following four pCO2 treatments (400, 600, 800, and 1,000 µatm) in aquarium experiments. In the OW experiment, the calcification rate (p = 0.02), endosymbiont density, and maximum photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) (both p < 0.0001) decreased significantly at the highest temperature (32 °C) compared to those at the lower temperatures (28 °C and 30 °C) in both species. In the OA experiment, the calcification rate decreased significantly as pCO2 increased (p < 0.0001), whereas endosymbiont density, chlorophyll content, and Fv/Fm were not affected. The calcification rate of A. digitifera showed greater decreases from 30 °C to 32 °C than that of M. digitata. The calcification of the two species responded differently to OW and OA. These results suggest that A. digitifera is more sensitive to OW than M. digitata, whereas M. digitata is more sensitive to OA. Thus, differences in the sensitivity of the two coral species to OW and OA might be attributed to differences in the endosymbiont species and high calcification rates, respectively.

Fluorescent protein expression in temperature tolerant and susceptible reef-building corals

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Exequiel Gabriel S. Dizon ◽  
Jeric P. Da-Anoy ◽  
Melissa S. Roth ◽  
Cecilia Conaco
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Properties ◽  
Coral Species ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Fluorescent Proteins ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Variable Expression ◽  
Acropora Digitifera ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Fluorescent proteins (FPs) are reported to play an important role as photoprotectants and antioxidants in corals subjected to stressful conditions. Identifying the various FP genes expressed and FP gene expression patterns under stress in diverse coral species can provide insight into FP function. In this study, we identified 16 putative FP homologues from the transcriptomes of corals with varying susceptibility to elevated temperature, including Acropora digitifera, Favites colemani, Montipora digitata and Seriatopora caliendrum. Each coral expressed a different complement of FP transcripts, which were predicted to have distinct spectral properties. The most diverse and abundant repertoire of FP transcripts, including at least 6 green FPs, were expressed in the temperature-tolerant coral, F. colemani. In comparison, the other corals expressed fewer FP types. Specific FP transcripts exhibited variable expression profiles in coral fragments subjected to 32 ± 1 °C (treatment) or 28 ± 1 °C (control) for up to 72 h, suggesting that distinct FPs may have different roles. Further studies on the expression of the proteins encoded by these FP transcripts, their fluorescence activity, tissue localization, and possible antioxidant properties, are needed to reveal their contribution to thermal stress tolerance in certain species of corals.

scholarly journals The mushroom coral as a habitat

2011 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 647-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bert W. Hoeksema ◽  
Sancia E.T. Van der Meij ◽  
Charles H.J.M. Fransen
Keyword(s):  
Coral Species ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Coral Host ◽  
Associated Fauna ◽  
Reef Corals ◽  
Symbiotic Relationships ◽  
Mushroom Coral ◽  
Endosymbiotic Algae ◽  
Associated Species ◽  
Shallow Seas

The evolution of symbiotic relationships involving reef corals has had much impact on tropical marine biodiversity. Because of their endosymbiotic algae (zooxanthellae) corals can grow fast in tropical shallow seas where they form reefs that supply food, substrate and shelter for other organisms. Many coral symbionts are host-specific, depending on particular coral species for their existence. Some of these animals have become popular objects for underwater photographers and aquarists, whereas others are hardly noticed or considered pests. Loss of a single coral host species also leads to the disappearance of some of its associated fauna. In the present study we show which mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) are known to act as hosts for other organisms, such as acoel flatworms, copepods, barnacles, gall crabs, pontoniine shrimps, mytilid bivalves, epitoniid snails, coralliophilid snails, fish and certain types of zooxanthellae. Several of these associated organisms appear to be host-specific whereas other species are generalists and not even necessarily restricted to fungiid hosts.Heliofungia actiniformisis one of the most hospitable coral species known with a recorded associated fauna consisting of at least 23 species. The availability of a phylogeny reconstruction of the Fungiidae enables comparisons of closely related species of mushroom corals regarding their associated fauna. Application of a phylogenetic ecological analysis indicates that the presence or absence of associated organisms is evolutionarily derived or habitat-induced. Some associations appear to be restricted to certain evolutionary lineages within the Fungiidae, whereas the absence of associated species may be determined by ecomorphological traits of the host corals, such as coral dimensions (coral diameter and thickness) and polyp shape (tentacle size).

SINTASAN DAN PERTUMBUHAN TRANSPLANTASI KARANG HIAS ACROPORA SP DI DESA TONYAMAN, KECAMATAN BINUANG, KABUPATEN POLEWALI MANDAR

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Haris ◽  
Chair Rani ◽  
Akbar Tahir ◽  
Andi Iqbal Burhanuddin ◽  
Muh. Farid Samawi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Coral Species ◽  
Seed Selection ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Coral Fragment ◽  
Stony Corals ◽  
Transplantation Technique ◽  
Absolute Growth ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Western Side

Culture of ornamental corals applying transplantation technique was aimed to know the successful of this transplantation technique in the ornamental coral culture based on its growth and survival rate of various coral fragments. The location of the medium settlement was in the western side of the waters of Tonyaman Village, Binuang Subdistrict, Polewali Mandar Regency with 3-4 meter depth during low tide. One of coral species i.e. Acropora  sp with 48 fragments was put on 4 transplantation tables. During the experiment, cleaning of fungi and biofouling at the transplant tables and the culture tables. Measurements of the absolute growth and survival rate were done at the 21st day using calliphers and numbers of dead and live fragments were counted directly. Coral transplantation workshop for ornamental coral culture was attended by 4 fisherman groups with total 23 participants. This event was understood by the training participants from the seed selection to the monitoring. Number of coral fragment cultured was 48 fragments obtained from one of stony corals (Scleractania), i.e. Acropora  sp. The range of survival rate that has been cultured for 21 days was adequately high i.e. 91.7 – 100 %. The highest survival rate was observed at the transplant table B, i.e. 100%, whereas, the table A, C, and D were 91.7 %. Average absolute growth of the coral Acropora  sp cultured during this study were ranged from 4.2 – 4.9 mm/month. Aaverage absolute growth was found at table transplant B and C, while the lowest value was observed at the transplant table D.Keywords: cultivation, ornamental coral, transplantation technique, Tonyaman

Effects of Warm Water Discharge from Sanmen Nuclear Power Plant on Filtration Behavior, Calcification Rate, and Ammonia Excretion of Razor Clam, Sinonovacula constricta: A Simulation Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 955-959 ◽  
pp. 356-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang Xu Liu ◽  
Wen Yao Chen ◽  
Miao An Shu ◽  
Xin Guo Zhao ◽  
Chao Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Nuclear Power Plant ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Warm Water ◽  
Calcification Rate ◽  
Razor Clam ◽  
Increased Temperature ◽  
C 30

Warm water discharge from nuclear power plant will elevate the temperature of seawater and may subsequently have influences on important marine aquiculture bivalves. In present study, the effects of temperature elevation caused by warm water discharge on the filtration behavior, calcification rate, and ammonia excretion of a major local bivalve species, razor clam, were investigated via laboratory simulation. The results showed that the filtration rates of razor clam increased significantly with an increased temperature, which were 0.46±0.06, 0.62±0.09, and 0.85±0.08L/g·h for 28 °C, 30 °C, and 32 °C, respectively. Under the experimental temperature gradient, the pattern of calcification rates of razor clam was shown to be bell-shaped, with the highest calcification rate 2.85±0.28μmol/FWg·h at 30 °C. The ammonia excretion rates were shown to increase slightly with increased temperature, which were 0.31±0.03, 0.32±0.09, and 0.34±0.06mg/ g·h for 28 °C, 30 °C, and 32 °C, respectively. The results suggest that razor clam will increase its energy intake and metabolic rate to maintain a relatively constant growth rate under thermal stress within 4 oC range even during the summer season.

scholarly journals The vermetid gastropod Dendropoma maximum reduces coral growth and survival

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 815-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Shima ◽  
Craig W. Osenberg ◽  
Adrian C. Stier
Keyword(s):  
Coral Species ◽  
French Polynesia ◽  
Coral Community ◽  
Skeletal Growth ◽  
Coral Growth ◽  
Live Coral ◽  
Potential Importance ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Natural Reefs ◽  
Dendropoma Maximum

Coral reefs are one of the most diverse systems on the planet; yet, only a small fraction of coral reef species have attracted scientific study. Here, we document strong deleterious effects of an often overlooked species—the vermetid gastropod, Dendropoma maximum— on growth and survival of reef-building corals. Our surveys of vermetids on Moorea (French Polynesia) revealed a negative correlation between the density of vermetids and the per cent cover of live coral. Furthermore, the incidence of flattened coral growth forms was associated with the presence of vermetids. We transplanted and followed the fates of focal colonies of four species of corals on natural reefs where we also manipulated presence/absence of vermetids. Vermetids reduced skeletal growth of focal corals by up to 81 per cent and survival by up to 52 per cent. Susceptibility to vermetids varied among coral species, suggesting that vermetids could shift coral community composition. Our work highlights the potential importance of a poorly studied gastropod to coral dynamics.

scholarly journals SUHU OPTIMUM UNTUK LAJU PERTUMBUHAN DAN SINTASAN BENIH LOBSTER AIR TAWAR Cherax quadricarinatus

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Irin Iriana Kusmini ◽  
Wartono Hadie ◽  
Elinda P Sianipar
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Daily Growth Rate ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Cherax Quadricarinatus ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Red Claw Crayfish ◽  
C 30

Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh suhu air yang memberikan hasil terbaik bagi laju pertumbuhan dan sintasan benih lobster air tawar, red claw. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri atas empat perlakuan, yaitu pada suhu air 26°C, 28°C, 30°C, dan 32°C; masing-masing perlakuan tiga ulangan. Parameter yang diamati adalah laju pertumbuhan harian dan sintasan benih lobster red claw. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa laju pertumbuhan harian dan sintasan benih lobster tertinggi terdapat pada suhu 28°C, yaitu sebesar 1,15% dan 85,93%. Laju pertumbuhan harian dan sintasan benih lobster mencapai optimum pada suhu 28°C, yaitu sebesar 1,05% dan 85,93%.The aim this research was to find out the effect of water temperature to the growth and survival rate of red claw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) juvenile. The experiment design used completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments of water temperature i.e. 26°C, 28°C, 30°C, 32°C and each of the treatments was replicated three times. Parameters observed are daily growth rate and survival rate of red claw crayfish juvenile. The result showed that temperatures were effected to growth rate and survival rate of red claw crayfish juvenile which expressed through quadratic response curve. The highest daily growth rate and survival rate of red claw crayfish fry was found on temperature 28°C C i.e. 1.15% and 85.93%. The optimum growth rate and survival rate was found on temperature 28°C i.e. 1.05% and 85.93%.

scholarly journals PENGARUH SUMBER KARBON YANG BERBEDA UNTUK PEMBENTUKAN FLOK DAN EFEKNYA PADA PERTUMBUHAN DAN SINTASAN UDANG VANAME, Litopenaeus vannamei

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Erlangga Erlangga ◽  
Cut Nuraini ◽  
Salamah Salamah
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Litopenaeus Vannamei ◽  
Corn Starch ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Floc Size ◽  
C 30

Udang vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei) merupakan spesies udang introduksi yang sudah banyak dibudidayakan di tambak di Indonesia. Permasalahan pada budidaya udang vaname di tambak dengan padat tebar tinggi dan penggunaan pakan protein tinggi adalah tingginya akumulasi residu/limbah budidaya. Salah satu cara memanfaatkan limbah budidaya yaitu sistem heterotrof dengan menggunakan teknologi bioflok dengan memanipulasi rasio perbandingan karbon nitrogen (C/N ratio) di dalam media budidaya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pembentukan flok pada pemeliharaan udang vaname dengan pemberian sumber karbon yang berbeda. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental dengan rancangan acak lengkap yang terdiri atas lima perlakuan, yaitu: kontrol, molase, tepung terigu, tepung maizena, dan air tebu; masing-masing tiga ulangan. Setiap perlakuan diberikan pada wadah pemeliharaan udang vaname untuk menumbuhkan flok dengan menambahkan probiotik komersil. Analisis data yang dilakukan antara lain pertumbuhan dan sintasan udang, FCR, ukuran flok, volume flok, kandungan gizi flok, dan parameter kualitas air yang mendukung kehidupan udang vaname. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian sumber karbon berbeda memberikan pengaruh nyata terhadap pertumbuhan udang. Pemberian tepung terigu dalam pembentukan flok merupakan sumber karbon yang terbaik untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan udang vaname dengan pertambahan bobot 0,56 g; panjang 1,96 cm; dan sintasan 90,67%; dengan nilai FCR 1,10; kandungan protein flok sebesar 27,15%; ukuran flok 450 mikron; dan volume flok 88 mL/L. Nilai kisaran parameter kualitas air DO 5,5-6,5 mg/L; pH 6,8-8,0; suhu 26°C-30°C; salinitas 30-33 ppt; dan amonia 0,1-1,54 mg/L. Implikasi penelitian ini membuktikan pemberian sumber karbon memberikan pengaruh terhadap peningkatan flok dan mampu meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan sintasan udang vaname. Sebaiknya diperlukan penelitian lebih spesifik untuk mencari dosis terbaik dan maksimal dari sumber karbon tepung terigu untuk pembentukan flok, pertumbuhan, dan sintasan udang vaname.Vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is an introduced species of shrimp that has been widely farmed in brackishwater ponds in Indonesia. Vannamei shrimp farmed in ponds with high stocking density and fed with high protein feed produce large quantities of residues/waste. Reducing the waste could be achieved by using biofloc technology to manipulate the carbon nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) in the culture media. This study aimed to evaluate the formation of flocks grown on different carbon sources in the rearing media of vannamei shrimp. The study used an experimental method with a completely randomized design consisting of five treatments, namely: control, molasses, wheat flour, corn starch, and sugarcane juice, each with three replications. Data analysis was carried out on shrimp growth and survival, FCR, floc size, floc volume, floc nutrient content, and water quality parameters that support the life of vannamei shrimp. The results showed that different carbon sources had a significant effect on the shrimp growth. Flour is the best source of carbon to support the formation of flocks which increases the growth of vannamei shrimp with a weight gain of 0.56 g, a length of 1.96 cm, and a survival rate of 90.67%, with an FCR value of 1.10, a floc protein content of 27.15%, a floc size of 450 microns, and a floc volume of 88 mL/L. The measured variations of DO, pH, temperature, salinity, and and ammonia were 5.5-6.5 mg/L, 6.8-8.0, 26°C-30°C, 30-33 ppt, and 0.1-1.54 mg/L, respectively. This research demonstrates that the provision of different carbon sources has an effect on increasing flocks and are able to increase the growth and survival of vannamei shrimp. It is recommended that more specific research is needed to find the best and maximum dose of wheat flour carbon sources for floc formation, growth and survival of vannamei shrimp.

In vitro fertilization efficiency in coral Acropora digitifera

Zygote ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Iguchi ◽  
Masaya Morita ◽  
Yuichi Nakajima ◽  
Akira Nishikawa ◽  
David Miller
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Ryukyu Archipelago ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Fertilization Rates ◽  
Acropora Digitifera ◽  
Incubation Periods ◽  
Complete Exclusion ◽  
Fertilization Experiments

SummaryWe performed fertilization experiments with Acropora digitifera, which is one of the dominant scleractinian corals in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan, to determine optimal conditions for in vitro manipulations. Our result suggests that conspecific fertilization is essentially complete within 30 min under the experimental conditions used in usual fertilization experiments in corals. Previous in vitro experiments (1 × 105–106 sperm/ml, 4–8 h) are likely to have overestimated the efficiency of fertilization of Acropora spp. in the field. Therefore, we suggest that incubation periods shorter than those used to date (i.e. complete exclusion of sperm 1 h after their addition) would be more appropriate for the estimation of fertilization rates in corals.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document