scholarly journals Cinnamaldehyde inhibits the growth of Phytophthora capsici through disturbing metabolic homoeostasis

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11339
Author(s):  
Yinan Wang ◽  
Mengke Wang ◽  
Min Li ◽  
Te Zhao ◽  
Lin Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Fatty Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Phytophthora Capsici ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Functional Enrichment ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Qrt Pcr

Background Phytophthora capsici Leonian (P. capsici) can cause wilting and roots rotting on pepper and other cash crops. The new fungicide cinnamaldehyde (CA) has high activity against this pathogen. However, its potential mechanism is still unknown. Methods In order to gain insights into the mechanism, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ)-based quantitative proteomics was used to analyze P. capsici treated with CA. The iTRAQ results were evaluated by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis was used to speculate the biochemical pathways that the agent may act on. Results The results showed that 1502 differentially expressed proteins were identified, annotated and classified into 209 different terms (like metabolic process, cellular process, single-organism process) based on Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis and nine different pathways (glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, fatty acid metabolism and so on) based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis. This study suggested that CA disordered fatty acid metabolism, polysaccharide metabolism and leucine metabolism. Based on PRM analysis, five proteins including CAMK/CAMK1 protein kinase, glucan 1,3-beta-glucosidase, 1,3-beta-glucanosyltransferase, methylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylase subunit alpha and isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase were down-regulated in P. capsici treated with CA. Furthermore, the qRT-PCR analysis showed that the gene expression level of the interested proteins was consistent with the protein expression level, except for CAMK/CAMK1 protein kinase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase subunit alpha. Conclusions CA destroyed the metabolic homoeostasisof P. capsici, which led to cell death. This is the first proteomic analysis of P. capsici treated with CA, which may provide an important information for exploring the mechanism of the fungicide CA against P. capsici.

Role of the AMP-activated protein kinase in regulating fatty acid metabolism during exerciseThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled 14th International Biochemistry of Exercise Conference – Muscles as Molecular and Metabolic Machines, and has undergone the Journal’s usual peer review process.

2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory R. Steinberg
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Fatty Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Amp Activated Protein Kinase

During moderate-intensity exercise, fatty acids are the predominant substrate for working skeletal muscle. The release of fatty acids from adipose tissue stores, combined with the ability of skeletal muscle to actively fine tune the gradient between fatty acid and carbohydrate metabolism, depending on substrate availability and energetic demands, requires a coordinated system of metabolic control. Over the past decade, since the discovery that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was increased in accordance with exercise intensity, there has been significant interest in the proposed role of this ancient stress-sensing kinase as a critical integrative switch controlling metabolic responses during exercise. In this review, studies examining the role of AMPK as a regulator of fatty acid metabolism in both adipose tissue and skeletal muscle during exercise will be discussed. Exercise induces activation of AMPK in adipocytes and regulates triglyceride hydrolysis and esterfication through phosphorylation of hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) and glycerol-3-phosphate acyl-transferase, respectively. In skeletal muscle, exercise-induced activation of AMPK is associated with increases in fatty acid uptake, phosphorylation of HSL, and increased fatty acid oxidation, which is thought to occur via the acetyl-CoA carboxylase-malony-CoA-CPT-1 signalling axis. Despite the importance of AMPK in regulating fatty acid metabolism under resting conditions, recent evidence from transgenic models of AMPK deficiency suggest that alternative signalling pathways may also be important for the control of fatty acid metabolism during exercise.

scholarly journals Transcriptome analysis reveals differentially expressed genes for improving survival of dormant Apostichopus japonicus in response to high temperature

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Qiuhua ◽  
Zhang Xusheng ◽  
Lu Zhen ◽  
Huang Ruifang ◽  
Ngoc Tuan Tran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Fatty Acid Metabolism ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Sea Cucumbers ◽  
Apostichopus Japonicas ◽  
Qrt Pcr ◽  
Carbohydrate Hydrolysis

Abstract Background: Aestivation is one of the strategies used by sea cucumbers (Apostichopus japonicas) in order to improve survival in response to the high-temperature and droughty conditions. Previous studies have carried out to investigate the immune or physiological alterations at the aestivation stage. However, it lacks information on the relationship between immunity and physiology. Herein, transcriptome sequencing was used to study gene expression during the aestivation stage. The results of this study provide a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms that protect sea cucumbers from the high-temperature condition, which favors improving survival in cultured sea cucumbers. Results: The transcriptome analysis of dormant (aestivation) and revival sea cucumbers generated 2,368 differentially expressed genes (down-regulation: 927; up-regulation: 1,441) and 39,081 unchanged genes. Basing on Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses, the down-regulated genes of dormant group were identified to be involved in DNA replication, RNA metabolic process, protein modification and biosynthesis, macromolecule metabolism, and cellular metabolism, which resulted in the inhibition of motility, skeletal development, neural activity, cell proliferation and development of A. japonicas. In contrast, the up-regulated genes were associated with fatty acid metabolism, carbohydrate hydrolysis, and phagocytosis. Protein-protein interaction network analysis further revealed that carbohydrate hydrolysis promoted the phagocytosis activity in the dormant group. Furthermore, the expression pattern of all tested genes in qRT-PCR analysis fitted well with those in RNA-Seq, with the exception of FASNL, which was unchanged in the qRT-PCR but up-regulated in RNA-seq. Conclusions: During the dormant stage, sea cucumbers decreased DNA replication, transcription and translation to achieve a hypometabolic state beneficial for reducing energy consumption. On the contrary, fatty acid metabolism and carbohydrate hydrolysis were increased for energy supply. Moreover, high levels of carbohydrate hydrolysis promoted phagocytosis, which is a crucial innate immune response to infection by pathogens. These results provided new insight into potential molecular mechanisms that enable the sea cucumbers to respond to high temperatures. Keywords: Aestivation, Apostichopus japonicas, hypometabolism, fatty acid metabolism, carbohydrate hydrolysis, phagocytosis

scholarly journals Transcriptional regulation of phospholipid biosynthesis is linked to fatty acid metabolism by an acyl-CoA-binding-protein-dependent mechanism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

2007 ◽  
Vol 407 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Søren Feddersen ◽  
Thomas B. F. Neergaard ◽  
Jens Knudsen ◽  
Nils J. Færgeman
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Regulation ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Glycerol Metabolism ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Phospholipid Biosynthesis ◽  
Transcriptional Changes ◽  
High Concentrations

In the present study, we have used DNA microarray and quantitative real-time PCR analysis to examine the transcriptional changes that occur in response to cellular depletion of the yeast acyl-CoA-binding protein, Acb1p. Depletion of Acb1p resulted in the differential expression of genes encoding proteins involved in fatty acid and phospholipid synthesis (e.g. FAS1, FAS2, ACC1, OLE1, INO1 and OPI3), glycolysis and glycerol metabolism (e.g. GPD1 and TDH1), ion transport and uptake (e.g. ITR1 and HNM1) and stress response (e.g. HSP12, DDR2 and CTT1). In the present study, we show that transcription of the INO1 gene, which encodes inositol-3-phosphate synthase, cannot be fully repressed by inositol and choline, and UASINO1 (inositol-sensitive upstream activating sequence)-driven transcription is enhanced in Acb1p-depleted cells. In addition, the reduction in inositol-mediated repression of INO1 transcription observed after depletion of Acb1p appeared to be independent of the transcriptional repressor, Opi1p. We also demonstrated that INO1 and OPI3 expression can be normalized in Acb1p-depleted cells by the addition of high concentrations of exogenous fatty acids, or by the overexpression of FAS1 or ACC1. Together, these findings revealed an Acb1p-dependent connection between fatty acid metabolism and transcriptional regulation of phospholipid biosynthesis in yeast. Finally, expression of an Acb1p mutant which is unable to bind acyl-CoA esters could not normalize the transcriptional changes caused by Acb1p depletion. This strongly implied that gene expression is modulated either by the Acb1p–acyl-CoA ester complex directly or by its ability to donate acyl-CoA esters to utilizing systems.

scholarly journals Identification of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4) responsive miRNAs in banana root

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunzhen Cheng ◽  
Fan Liu ◽  
Xueli Sun ◽  
Na Tian ◽  
Raphael Anue Mensah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Fatty Acid Metabolism ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Sulfur Metabolism ◽  
Qrt Pcr ◽  
Stress Responsive Genes ◽  
Lignin Metabolism

Abstract The fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), is the causal agent of Fusarium wilt disease, which is the most serious disease affecting the whole banana industry. Although extensive studies have characterized many Foc-responsive genes in banana, the molecular mechanisms on microRNA level underlying both banana defense and Foc pathogenesis are not yet fully understood. In this study, we aimed to reveal the role of miRNA during banana-Foc TR4 interactions. Illumina sequencing was used to reveal the changes in small RNAome profiles in roots of Foc TR4-inoculated ‘Tianbaojiao’ banana (Musa acuminata cv. Tianbaojiao) in the early stages (i.e. 5 h, 10 h and 25 h post Foc TR4 inoculation, respectively). The expression of some differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs and their predicted target genes was studied by using quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR). Totally, 254 known miRNAs from 31 miRNA families and 28 novel miRNAs were identified. Differential expression analysis identified 84, 77 and 74 DE miRNAs at the three respective Foc TR4 infection time points compared with control healthy banana (CK). GO and KEGG analysis revealed that most of the predicted target genes of DE miRNAs (DET) were implicated in peroxisome, fatty acid metabolism, auxin-activated signaling pathway, sulfur metabolism, lignin metabolism and so on, and many known stress responsive genes were identified to be DETs. Moreover, expected inverse correlations were confirmed between some miRNA and their corresponding target genes by using qRT-PCR analysis. Our study revealed that miRNA play important regulatory roles during the banana-Foc TR4 interaction by regulating peroxidase, fatty acid metabolism, auxin signaling, sulfur metabolism, lignin metabolism related genes and many known stress responsive genes.

scholarly journals Identification of Profound Metabolic Alterations in Human Dendritic Cells by Progesterone Through Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sainan Zhang ◽  
Su Liu ◽  
Ling Hong ◽  
Xiaohui Wang ◽  
Lianghui Diao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Human Peripheral Blood ◽  
Peripheral Blood Monocyte ◽  
Functional Enrichment ◽  
Metabolic Alterations ◽  
Ppar Γ ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Maintaining the homeostasis of the decidual immune microenvironment at the maternal-fetal interface is essential for reproductive success. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the professional antigen-presenting cells and dominate this balance of immunogenicity and tolerance. Progesterone (P4) is highlighted as the “hormone of pregnancy” in most eutherian mammals because of its regulatory role in immune-endocrine behavior during pregnancy. Recent studies have shown that P4 is associated with the differentiation and function of DCs, however, the underlying mechanisms remain unidentified. In addition, while progress in the field of immunometabolism has highlighted the intimate connections between the metabolism phenotype and the immunogenic or tolerogenic fate of DCs, whether P4 can affect DCs metabolism and thus exert a functional manipulation has not yet been explored. In this study, we acquired human peripheral blood monocyte-derived DCs and conducted RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) on immature DCs (iDCs), P4-treated DCs (pDCs), and mature DCs (mDCs), aiming to comprehensively assess the effects of P4 on DCs. Our results showed pDCs performed a distinct differentially expressed genes (DEGs) profile compared with iDCs or mDCs. Further functional enrichment and weighted gene co-expression network (WGCNA) analysis found that these DEGs were related not only to the cellular components but also to the significant metabolic activities, including mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and fatty acid metabolism. In addition, these changes may be involved in the activation of various signaling pathways of PI3K/Akt/mTOR, AMPK/PGC1-α, and PPAR-γ. In summary, our work suggested that P4 induced profound metabolic alterations of mitochondrial OXPHOS and fatty acid metabolism in DCs. Our findings may provide new insights into the role of P4 in DCs.

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