scholarly journals Living shorelines achieve functional equivalence to natural fringe marshes across multiple ecological metrics

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11815
Author(s):  
Robert E. Isdell ◽  
Donna Marie Bilkovic ◽  
Amanda G. Guthrie ◽  
Molly M. Mitchell ◽  
Randolph M. Chambers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Private Property ◽  
Adaptation Strategy ◽  
Ecological Resilience ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Diamondback Terrapin ◽  
Large Spatial Scale ◽  
Living Shorelines ◽  
Coastal Adaptation ◽  
Shoreline Protection ◽  
The Face

Nature-based shoreline protection provides a welcome class of adaptations to promote ecological resilience in the face of climate change. Along coastlines, living shorelines are among the preferred adaptation strategies to both reduce erosion and provide ecological functions. As an alternative to shoreline armoring, living shorelines are viewed favorably among coastal managers and some private property owners, but they have yet to undergo a thorough examination of how their levels of ecosystem functions compare to their closest natural counterpart: fringing marshes. Here, we provide a synthesis of results from a multi-year, large-spatial-scale study in which we compared numerous ecological metrics (including habitat provision for fish, invertebrates, diamondback terrapin, and birds, nutrient and carbon storage, and plant productivity) measured in thirteen pairs of living shorelines and natural fringing marshes throughout coastal Virginia, USA. Living shorelines were composed of marshes created by bank grading, placement of sand fill for proper elevations, and planting of S. alterniflora and S. patens, as well as placement of a stone sill seaward and parallel to the marsh to serve as a wave break. Overall, we found that living shorelines were functionally equivalent to natural marshes in nearly all measured aspects, except for a lag in soil composition due to construction of living shoreline marshes with clean, low-organic sands. These data support the prioritization of living shorelines as a coastal adaptation strategy.

scholarly journals Living Shorelines Achieve Functional Equivalence to Natural Fringe Marshes across Multiple Ecological Metrics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E Isdell ◽  
Donna Marie Bilkovic ◽  
Amanda Guthrie ◽  
Molly M. Mitchell ◽  
Randolph M. Chambers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Private Property ◽  
Adaptation Strategy ◽  
Ecological Resilience ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Large Spatial Scale ◽  
Living Shorelines ◽  
Coastal Adaptation ◽  
Property Owners ◽  
The Face ◽  
Natural Counterpart

Nature-based features provide a welcome class of adaptations to promote ecological resilience in the face of climate change. Along coastlines, living shorelines are among the preferred adaptation strategies to both reduce erosion and provide ecological functions. As an alternative to shoreline armoring, living shorelines are viewed favorably among coastal managers, wetlands boards, and some private property owners, but they have yet to undergo a thorough examination of how their levels of ecosystem functions compare to their closest natural counterpart: fringing marshes. Here, we provide a synthesis of results from a multi-year, large-spatial-scale study in which we compared numerous ecological metrics measured in thirteen pairs of living shorelines and natural fringing marshes throughout coastal Virginia, USA. Overall, we found that living shorelines were functionally equivalent to natural marshes in nearly all measured aspects, except for a lag in sediment composition. These data support the prioritization of living shorelines as a coastal adaptation strategy.

A Public Empire

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Pravilova
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Private Ownership ◽  
State Reform ◽  
Imperial Russia ◽  
Public Status ◽  
Russian Literary ◽  
The Face

“Property rights” and “Russia” do not usually belong in the same sentence. Rather, our general image of the nation is of insecurity of private ownership and defenselessness in the face of the state. Many scholars have attributed Russia's long-term development problems to a failure to advance property rights for the modern age and blamed Russian intellectuals for their indifference to the issues of ownership. This book refutes this widely shared conventional wisdom and analyzes the emergence of Russian property regimes from the time of Catherine the Great through World War I and the revolutions of 1917. Most importantly, the book shows the emergence of the new practices of owning “public things” in imperial Russia and the attempts of Russian intellectuals to reconcile the security of property with the ideals of the common good. The book analyzes how the belief that certain objects—rivers, forests, minerals, historical monuments, icons, and Russian literary classics—should accede to some kind of public status developed in Russia in the mid-nineteenth century. Professional experts and liberal politicians advocated for a property reform that aimed at exempting public things from private ownership, while the tsars and the imperial government employed the rhetoric of protecting the sanctity of private property and resisted attempts at its limitation. Exploring the Russian ways of thinking about property, the book looks at problems of state reform and the formation of civil society, which, as the book argues, should be rethought as a process of constructing “the public” through the reform of property rights.

KELOMPOK MUSIK REJUNG PESIRAH: STRATEGI ADAPTASI PADA MASYARAKAT PALEMBANG

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-37
Author(s):  
Dwi Putri Agustini
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Anthropology ◽  
Case Study Research ◽  
Traditional Music ◽  
Adaptation Strategy ◽  
The People ◽  
Musical Arrangements ◽  
The Face ◽  
Cultural Modification ◽  
Traditional Arts

The present phenomenon has clearly brought a change and the influence of the development of traditional music in Palembang society, if this is not carefully addressed, it will experience a shift, alienation and even lose its supporters. The rejung pesirah music group is one of the music groups that still maintains traditional arts in the people of Palembang. This study examines how the adaptation strategy of the rejung pesirah music group in dealing with changes and developments in Palembang society. For this reason, the approach used is cultural anthropology with qualitative case study research methods in Palembang. Data collection is done through observation, interviews and document studies that use triangulation techniques as the validation of the data, while for data analysis through content analysis and interactive models. The results showed that the adaptation strategy undertaken by the rejung pesirah music group was an act and creative ability and had a positive mindset, understanding in responding to changes and needs as an impulse to develop in the face of environmental change and development through learning processes and cultural modification, which resulted a creativity that is the creation of songs, musical arrangements, and musical instruments in the rejung pesirah music group.

scholarly journals Understanding Preferences for Coastal Climate Change Adaptation: A Systematic Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8594
Author(s):  
Angela Mallette ◽  
Timothy F. Smith ◽  
Carmen Elrick-Barr ◽  
Jessica Blythe ◽  
Ryan Plummer
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Place Attachment ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Coastal Adaptation ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
Response Policy

Lack of public support for coastal adaptation can present significant barriers for implementation. In response, policy makers and academics are seeking strategies to build public support for coastal adaptation, which requires a deeper understanding of peoples’ preferences for coastal adaptation and what motives those preferences. Here, we conduct a systematic literature review to understand preferences for coastal adaptation options and the factors influencing these preferences. Ninety peer-reviewed publications meet the inclusion criteria. The findings revealed that hard protection options were often the most frequently preferred, likely due to a desire to maintain current shoreline, for the protection of recreational spaces and private property, and a perceived effectiveness of hard protection options. Soft protection, including nature-based approaches, accommodation, and no action were the next most preferred options. Finally, retreat options were the least preferred, often due to strong place attachment. We identify twenty-eight factors that could influence preferences, with risk perception, place attachment, and financial considerations occurring most frequently in the literature. In the conclusion, we outline the most significant research gaps identified from our analysis and discuss the implication for adaptation research and practice.

Epilogue

2018 ◽  
pp. 353-366
Author(s):  
Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
The Common Good ◽  
Housing Security ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Common ◽  
Education And Employment ◽  
National Borders

Migration is a shared condition of all humanity. We have all been strangers in a strange land. All humanity lives today as a result of migration, by themselves or their ancestors. Migration is a matter sometimes of choice, often of need, and always an inalienable right. All helpless people deserve to be helped. Offering such help is a commandment and a blessing shared among all religions. Accordingly, as Pope Francis reminds us, our duties to migrants include “to welcome”, “to protect”, “to promote”, and “to integrate.” National borders are not a result of primary natural law, as aren’t private property and clothes, “because nature did not give [humans] clothes, but art invented them”. National borders depend on social, political and geographical factors. Therefore, faced with current waves of mass migration, in order to establish practices that respond to the common good we need to be guided by three levels of responsibility. The first principle being that “in case of need all things are common”, because “every man is my brother”. This principle is relative to existence or subsistence and conditions other related issues (such as accommodation, food, housing, security, etc.). Secondly, as part of the fundamental rights of people, legal guarantees of primary rights that foster an “organic participation” in the economic and social life of the nation. Access to these economic and social goods, including education and employment, will allow people to develop their own abilities. Thirdly, a deeper sense of integration, reflecting responsibilities related to protecting, examining and developing the values that underpin the deep, stable, unity of a society— and, more fundamentally, create a horizon of public peace, understood as St. Augustine’s "tranquility in order". In particular, with regards to the aforementioned context, policies on migration should be guided by prudence, but prudence must never mean exclusion. On the contrary, governments should evaluate, “with wisdom and foresight, the extent to which their country is in a position, without prejudice to the common good of citizens, to offer a decent life to migrants, especially those truly in need of protection. Strangely enough, the response of most governments in the face of this phenomenon only seems to value the third principle, completely disregarding the first two.

The Crisis of Free Society

2020 ◽  
pp. 103-136
Author(s):  
Christopher W. Calvo
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
Free Society ◽  
Free Labor ◽  
The Social ◽  
Fresh Perspective ◽  
The Face ◽  
Revolutionary Movements ◽  
Wealth Of Nations

This chapter focuses on American conservative economic thought, concentrating on George Fitzhugh, George Frederick Holmes, Thomas Skidmore, and Langton Byllesby. Material and intellectual capitalism are described as revolutionary movements that American conservatives organized against. Antebellum conservatives rejected bourgeois capitalist values, further illustrating the absence of a Smithian-inspired laissez-faire consensus. Combining these thinkers into a single chapter offers a fresh perspective on what constituted economic conservative thought in the face of capitalist revolution. Southern conservatives like Fitzhugh and Holmes reserved special animus towards Smith’s Wealth of Nations, highlighting the moral and social perils of free labor, competition, and industrialization, while celebrating the benefits of paternal slavery. In Northern industrial quarters, socialists like Skidmore and Byllesby challenged the foundational principles of bourgeois capitalism, denouncing profits, private property, the maldistribution of wealth, and the social and psychological externalities of industrialization. Skidmore and Byllesby voiced a home-grown version of socialist ideology then emerging among America’s working class.

scholarly journals Predictability of Precipitation Over the Conterminous U.S. Based on the CMIP5 Multi-Model Ensemble

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingkai Jiang ◽  
Benjamin S. Felzer ◽  
Dork Sahagian
Keyword(s):  
Coupled Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Adaptation Strategy ◽  
Total Precipitation ◽  
Historic Period ◽  
Projected Change ◽  
Precipitation Seasonality ◽  
The Face ◽  
Rcp 8.5 ◽  
Model Ensembles

Abstract Characterizing precipitation seasonality and variability in the face of future uncertainty is important for a well-informed climate change adaptation strategy. Using the Colwell index of predictability and monthly normalized precipitation data from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) multi-model ensembles, this study identifies spatial hotspots of changes in precipitation predictability in the United States under various climate scenarios. Over the historic period (1950–2005), the recurrent pattern of precipitation is highly predictable in the East and along the coastal Northwest, and is less so in the arid Southwest. Comparing the future (2040–2095) to the historic period, larger changes in precipitation predictability are observed under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 8.5 than those under RCP 4.5. Finally, there are region-specific hotspots of future changes in precipitation predictability, and these hotspots often coincide with regions of little projected change in total precipitation, with exceptions along the wetter East and parts of the drier central West. Therefore, decision-makers are advised to not rely on future total precipitation as an indicator of water resources. Changes in precipitation predictability and the subsequent changes on seasonality and variability are equally, if not more, important factors to be included in future regional environmental assessment.

scholarly journals Enabling Socio-Ecological Resilience in the Global South: Insights from Chennai, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 10522
Author(s):  
Nilofer Tajuddin ◽  
Marcin Dąbrowski
Keyword(s):  
Water System ◽  
Global South ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Ecological Resilience ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Face ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Informal Development ◽  
Level 2

Addressing climate change adaptation in the cities of the Global South is crucial as they are the most at risk and, arguably, the least capable of coping with it due to their rapid expansion, informal development, and limited institutional capacity. This paper explores this challenge in the case of Chennai, India, a city which, in recent years, has faced several climate related disasters, including floods. Building on an innovative combination of research methods (policy documents analysis, stakeholder interviews, and a community workshop), the study analyses the barriers and explores potentials for operationalising socio-ecological resilience in Chennai in the face of an ongoing conflict between rapid urbanisation and the natural water system, compromising the region’s hydrological capacity and resilience to flooding. In particular, drawing on the notion of evolutionary resilience and multi-level approach, the paper investigates (1) the scope for developing an integrated vision for resilience of the Chennai region (macro level); (2) the presence and the capacity of institutions to connect the different stakeholders and mediate their interests (meso level); and (3) the barriers and potentials developing local adaptation strategies in a bottom-up manner (micro level). The study sheds light on the under-researched issue of socio-ecological resilience in Chennai, while identifying potentials for implementing it through a combination of top down and bottom-up approaches, which in turn provides useful lessons for planning for resilience in other cities in the Global South.

scholarly journals Vulnerability and resistance in the spatial heterogeneity of soil microbial communities under resource additions

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (13) ◽  
pp. 7263-7270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Gravuer ◽  
Anu Eskelinen ◽  
Joy B. Winbourne ◽  
Susan P. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Spatial Heterogeneity ◽  
Soil Microbial Communities ◽  
Archaeal Community ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Water Addition ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
The Face ◽  
And Function

Spatial heterogeneity in composition and function enables ecosystems to supply diverse services. For soil microbes and the ecosystem functions they catalyze, whether such heterogeneity can be maintained in the face of altered resource inputs is uncertain. In a 50-ha northern California grassland with a mosaic of plant communities generated by different soil types, we tested how spatial variability in microbial composition and function changed in response to nutrient and water addition. Fungal composition lost some of its spatial variability in response to nutrient addition, driven by decreases in mutualistic fungi and increases in antagonistic fungi that were strongest on the least fertile soils, where mutualists were initially most frequent and antagonists initially least frequent. Bacterial and archaeal community composition showed little change in their spatial variability with resource addition. Microbial functions related to nitrogen cycling showed increased spatial variability under nutrient, and sometimes water, additions, driven in part by accelerated nitrification on the initially more-fertile soils. Under anthropogenic changes such as eutrophication and altered rainfall, these findings illustrate the potential for significant changes in ecosystem-level spatial heterogeneity of microbial functions and communities.

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