Whole-limb scaling of muscle mass and force-generating capacity in amniotes

Skeletal muscle mass, architecture and force-generating capacity are well known to scale with body size in animals, both throughout ontogeny and across species. Investigations of limb muscle scaling in terrestrial amniotes typically focus on individual muscles within select clades, but here this question was examined at the level of the whole limb across amniotes generally. In particular, the present study explored how muscle mass, force-generating capacity (measured by physiological cross-sectional area) and internal architecture (fascicle length) scales in the fore- and hindlimbs of extant mammals, non-avian saurians (‘reptiles’) and bipeds (birds and humans). Sixty species spanning almost five orders of magnitude in body mass were investigated, comprising previously published architectural data and new data obtained via dissections of the opossum Didelphis virginiana and the tegu lizard Salvator merianae. Phylogenetic generalized least squares was used to determine allometric scaling slopes (exponents) and intercepts, to assess whether patterns previously reported for individual muscles or functional groups were retained at the level of the whole limb, and to test whether mammals, reptiles and bipeds followed different allometric trajectories. In general, patterns of scaling observed in individual muscles were also observed in the whole limb. Reptiles generally have proportionately lower muscle mass and force-generating capacity compared to mammals, especially at larger body size, and bipeds exhibit strong to extreme positive allometry in the distal hindlimb. Remarkably, when muscle mass was accounted for in analyses of muscle force-generating capacity, reptiles, mammals and bipeds almost ubiquitously followed a single common scaling pattern, implying that differences in whole-limb force-generating capacity are principally driven by differences in muscle mass, not internal architecture. In addition to providing a novel perspective on skeletal muscle allometry in animals, the new dataset assembled was used to generate pan-amniote statistical relationships that can be used to predict muscle mass or force-generating capacity in extinct amniotes, helping to inform future reconstructions of musculoskeletal function in the fossil record.

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Body composition and energy intake — skeletal muscle mass is the strongest predictor of food intake in obese adolescents: The HEARTY trial

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2015-0479 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 41 (6) ◽

pp. 611-617 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Jameason D. Cameron ◽

Ronald J. Sigal ◽

Glen P. Kenny ◽

Angela S. Alberga ◽

Denis Prud’homme ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Body Composition ◽

Body Weight ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Percentage Body Fat ◽

Obese Adolescents

There has been renewed interest in examining the relationship between specific components of energy expenditure and the overall influence on energy intake (EI). The purpose of this cross-sectional analysis was to determine the strongest metabolic and anthropometric predictors of EI. It was hypothesized that resting metabolic rate (RMR) and skeletal muscle mass would be the strongest predictors of EI in a sample of overweight and obese adolescents. 304 post-pubertal adolescents (91 boys, 213 girls) aged 16.1 (±1.4) years with body mass index at or above the 95th percentile for age and sex OR at or above the 85th percentile plus an additional diabetes risk factor were measured for body weight, RMR (kcal/day) by indirect calorimetry, body composition by magnetic resonance imaging (fat free mass (FFM), skeletal muscle mass, fat mass (FM), and percentage body fat), and EI (kcal/day) using 3 day food records. Body weight, RMR, FFM, skeletal muscle mass, and FM were all significantly correlated with EI (p < 0.005). After adjusting the model for age, sex, height, and physical activity, only FFM (β = 21.9, p = 0.007) and skeletal muscle mass (β = 25.8, p = 0.02) remained as significant predictors of EI. FFM and skeletal muscle mass also predicted dietary protein and fat intake (p < 0.05), but not carbohydrate intake. In conclusion, with skeletal muscle mass being the best predictor of EI, our results support the hypothesis that the magnitude of the body’s lean tissue is related to absolute levels of EI in a sample of inactive adolescents with obesity.

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Cutoff values for appendicular skeletal muscle mass and strength in relation to fear of falling among Brazilian older adults: cross-sectional study

Sao Paulo Medical Journal ◽

10.1590/1516-3180.2017.0049030517 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 135 (5) ◽

pp. 434-443 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ricardo Aurélio Carvalho Sampaio ◽

Priscila Yukari Sewo Sampaio ◽

Luz Albany Arcila Castaño ◽

João Francisco Barbieri ◽

Hélio José Coelho Júnior ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽

Fear Of Falling ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Appendicular Skeletal Muscle ◽

Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass

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Association between vitamin D deficiency and exercise capacity in patients with CKD, a cross-sectional analysis

10.1101/2020.10.26.350546 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Emma L Watson ◽

Thomas J Wilkinson ◽

Tom F O’Sullivan ◽

Luke A Baker ◽

Douglas W Gould ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Exercise Capacity ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Muscle Size ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Cross Sectional Analysis ◽

Sectional Analysis

AbstractEvidence is growing for a role of vitamin D in regulating skeletal muscle mass, strength and functional capacity. Given the role the kidneys play in activating total vitamin D, and the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), it is possible that deficiency contributes to the low levels of physical function and muscle mass in these patients. This is a secondary cross-sectional analysis of previously published interventional study, with ex vivo follow up work. 34 CKD patients at stages G3b-5 (eGFR 25.5 ± 8.3ml/min/1.73m2; age 61 ± 12 years) were recruited, with a sub-group (n=20) also donating a muscle biopsy. Vitamin D and associated metabolites were analysed in plasma by liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectroscopy and correlated to a range of physiological tests of muscle size, function, exercise capacity and body composition. The effects of 1α,25(OH)2D3 supplementation on myogenesis and myotube size was investigated in primary skeletal muscle cells from vitamin D deficient donors. In vivo, there was no association between total or active vitamin D and muscle size or strength, but a significant correlation with was seen with the total form. Ex vivo, 1α,25(OH)2D3 supplementation reduced IL-6 mRNA expression, but had no effect upon proliferation, differentiation or myotube diameter. This early preliminary work suggests that vitamin D deficiency is not a prominent factor driving the loss of muscle mass in CKD, but may play a role in reduced exercise capacity.

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Relation of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status with skeletal muscle mass by sex and age group among Korean adults

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114515003633 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 114 (11) ◽

pp. 1838-1844 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Min Jung Ko ◽

Sungha Yun ◽

Kyungwon Oh ◽

Kirang Kim

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽

Age Groups ◽

Mean Value ◽

High Serum ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Mean Values ◽

Hydroxyvitamin D ◽

25 Hydroxyvitamin D

AbstractThe objective of this study was to examine whether high serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration was associated with high skeletal muscle mass, taking into account the effects of sex and age among the participants of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) aged 40 years or older. This was a cross-sectional study using data from the 2009 to 2010 KNHANES; a total of 8406 subjects (3671 men and 4735 women) were included. The appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMMI, kg/m2) was estimated to measure the skeletal muscle mass. Hypovitaminosis was classified when the level of serum 25(OH)D was <20 ng/ml. The general linear model adjusted for confounding factors was used to determine differences in means of ASMMI by 25(OH)D status. The mean values of ASMMI were higher for men when compared with women. Women had a greater proportion of hypovitaminosis (71·1 %) compared with men (53·2 %). After adjusting for multiple factors, men were seen to have significant differences in ASMMI based on 25(OH)D status regardless of age, showing a lower mean value of ASSMI in those with hypovitaminosis. However, there was no difference in ASMMI by 25(OH)D status among women in both younger and older age groups. In conclusion, we found that there might be a positive relationship between 25(OH)D and skeletal muscle mass in men, indicating that interventions to improve 25(OH)D levels that are aimed at increasing muscle mass could be beneficial for men with more rapid decreased rate of skeletal muscle mass.

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Alternate Mediterranean diet score is positively associated with skeletal muscle mass index in middle-aged adults

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114517001118 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 117 (8) ◽

pp. 1181-1188 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Hui-yuan Tian ◽

Rui Qiu ◽

Li-peng Jing ◽

Zhan-yong Chen ◽

Geng-dong Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Mediterranean Diet ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽

General Information ◽

Whole Body ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Mediterranean Diet Score ◽

Skeletal Muscle Mass Index ◽

Diet Score

AbstractResearches have suggested Mediterranean diet might lower the risk of chronic diseases, but data on skeletal muscle mass (SMM) are limited. This community-based cross-sectional study examined the association between the alternate Mediterranean diet score (aMDS) and SMM in 2230 females and 1059 males aged 40–75 years in Guangzhou, China. General information and habitual dietary information were assessed in face-to-face interviews conducted during 2008–2010 and 3 years later. The aMDS was calculated by summing the dichotomous points for the items of higher intakes of whole grain, vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts, fish and ratio of MUFA:SFA, lower red meat and moderate ethanol consumption. The SMM of the whole body, limbs, arms and legs were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry during 2011–2013. After adjusting for potential covariates, higher aMDS was positively associated with skeletal muscle mass index (SMI, SMM/height2, kg/m2) at all of the studied sites in males (all Ptrend<0·05). The multiple covariate-adjusted SMI means were 2·70 % (whole body), 2·65 % (limbs), 2·50 % (arms) and 2·70 % (legs) higher in the high (v. low) category aMDS in males (all P<0·05). In females, the corresponding values were 1·35 % (Ptrend=0·03), 1·05, 0·52 and 1·20 %, (Ptrend>0·05). Age-stratified analyses showed that the favourable associations tended to be more pronounced in the younger subjects aged less than the medians of 59·2 and 62·2 years in females and males (Pinteraction>0·10). In conclusion, the aMDS shows protective associations with SMM in Chinese adults, particularly in male and younger subjects.

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Nature of the coupling between neural drive and force-generating capacity in the human quadriceps muscle

Proceedings of The Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.2015.1908 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 282 (1819) ◽

pp. 20151908 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

François Hug ◽

Clément Goupille ◽

Daniel Baum ◽

Brent J. Raiteri ◽

Paul W. Hodges ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Muscle Force ◽

Vastus Lateralis ◽

Quadriceps Muscle ◽

Myoelectric Activity ◽

Neural Drive ◽

Fascicle Length ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Muscle Fascicle ◽

Generating Capacity ◽

The Relationship

The force produced by a muscle depends on both the neural drive it receives and several biomechanical factors. When multiple muscles act on a single joint, the nature of the relationship between the neural drive and force-generating capacity of the synergistic muscles is largely unknown. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the ratio of neural drive and the ratio of muscle force-generating capacity between two synergist muscles (vastus lateralis (VL) and vastus medialis (VM)) in humans. Twenty-one participants performed isometric knee extensions at 20 and 50% of maximal voluntary contractions (MVC). Myoelectric activity (surface electromyography (EMG)) provided an index of neural drive. Physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) was estimated from measurements of muscle volume (magnetic resonance imaging) and muscle fascicle length (three-dimensional ultrasound imaging) to represent the muscles' force-generating capacities. Neither PCSA nor neural drive was balanced between VL and VM. There was a large ( r = 0.68) and moderate ( r = 0.43) correlation between the ratio of VL/VM EMG amplitude and the ratio of VL/VM PCSA at 20 and 50% of MVC, respectively. This study provides evidence that neural drive is biased by muscle force-generating capacity, the greater the force-generating capacity of VL compared with VM, the stronger bias of drive to the VL.

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The Effects of Aging and Training on Skeletal Muscle

The American Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/03635465980260042401 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 598-602 ◽

Cited By ~ 130

Author(s):

Donald T. Kirkendall ◽

William E. Garrett

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Muscle Function ◽

Cellular Level ◽

Type I ◽

Loss Of Function ◽

Skeletal Muscle Function ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Age Related ◽

General Slowing

Aging results in a gradual loss of muscle function, and there are predictable age-related alterations in skeletal muscle function. The typical adult will lose muscle mass with age; the loss varies according to sex and the level of muscle activity. At the cellular level, muscles loose both cross-sectional area and fiber numbers, with type II muscle fibers being the most affected by aging. Some denervation of fibers may occur. The combination of these factors leads to an increased percentage of type I fibers in older adults. Metabolically, the glycolytic enzymes seem to be little affected by aging, but the aerobic enzymes appear to decline with age. Aged skeletal muscle produces less force and there is a general “slowing” of the mechanical characteristics of muscle. However, neither reduced muscle demand nor the subsequent loss of function is inevitable with aging. These losses can be minimized or even reversed with training. Endurance training can improve the aerobic capacity of muscle, and resistance training can improve central nervous system recruitment of muscle and increase muscle mass. Therefore, physical activity throughout life is encouraged to prevent much of the age-related impact on skeletal muscle.

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Abnormal body composition in patients with adrenal adenomas

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje-21-0458 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Danae Delivanis ◽

Maria Daniela Hurtado Andrade ◽

Tiffany Cortes ◽

Shobana Athimulam ◽

Aakanksha Khanna ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Body Composition ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Visceral Fat ◽

Cushing Syndrome ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cortisol Secretion ◽

Muscle Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Skeletal Muscle Area

Objective: Increased visceral fat and sarcopenia are cardiovascular risk factors that may explain increased cardiovascular morbidity and frailty in patients with adrenal adenomas. Our objective was to compare body composition measurement of patients with adrenal adenomas to referent subjects without adrenal disease Design: Cross-sectional study, 2014-2018 Methods: Participants were adults with nonfunctioning adrenal tumor (NFAT), mild autonomous cortisol secretion (MACS) and Cushing syndrome (CS), and age, sex and body mass index 1:1 matched referent subjects without adrenal disorders. Main outcome measures were body composition measurements calculated from abdominal computed tomography imaging. Intraabdominal adipose tissue and muscle mass measurements were performed at the 3rd lumbar spine level. Results: Of 227 patients with adrenal adenomas, 20 were diagnosed with CS, 76 with MACS and 131 with NFAT. Median age was 56 years (range, 18-89), and 67% were women. When compared to referent subjects, patients with CS, MACS, and NFAT demonstrated a higher visceral fat (odds ratio (OR) of 2.2 [95% CI 0.9-6.5], 2.0 [1.3-3.2], and 1.8 [1.2-2.7] and a lower skeletal muscle area (OR of 0.01 [95% CI 0-0.09], 0.31 [0.18-0.49], and 0.3 [1.2-2.7]), respectively. For every 1 mcg/dL cortisol increase after overnight dexamethasone, visceral fat/muscle area ratio increased by 2.3 (P=0.02) and mean total skeletal muscle area decreased by 2.2cm2 (P=0.03). Conclusion: Patients with adrenal adenomas demonstrate a lower muscle mass and a higher proportion of visceral fat when compared to referent subjects, including patients with NFAT. Even a subtle abnormality in cortisol secretion may impact health of patients with adenomas.

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Prevalence of Sarcopenia and Association with Lifestyle Patterns in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (P01-025-19)

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzz028.p01-025-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Tatiana de Paula ◽

Mauren de Freitas ◽

Vanessa Lopes ◽

Maria Elisa Miller ◽

Karen Araujo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Type 2 Dm

Abstract Objectives The aim of the study was to establish the prevalence of sarcopenia and associated factors in elderly with type 2 diabetes (DM) in southern Brazil. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed in 240 patients with type 2 DM. The diagnosis of sarcopenia was performed according to EWGSOP criteria. Muscle mass was calculated by skeletal muscle mass index (appendicular skeletal muscle mass/height² - Inbody® bioimpendance). Muscle strength was assessed by manual grip strength (Jamar® dynamometer) and physical performance was assessed by the sit and lift test. Patients with type 2 DM with age ≥60 years and with the ability to ambulate were selected. Patients with recent cardiovascular events, serum creatinine >2.0 mg/dl, use of corticosteroids and BMI >40 kg/m² were excluded. The sample size was 240 patients based on meta-analysis who found 17% sarcopenia in elderly patients without DM. Results We included 240 patients aged 68.4 ± 5.5 years, 53.2% were women and the duration of DM was 15 (8–22) years, the BMI was 29.4 ± 4.4 kg/m². The prevalence of sarcopenia was 21% and men had more sarcopenia (75%). Patients with sarcopenia walk less [3541 (2227–4574) vs. 4521 (3037–5678) steps, P = 0.013], drink more alcohol [21 (56.8%) vs. 71 (31.8%); P < 0.034] and have lower total cholesterol levels [146 ± 41 Vs. 168 ± 43; P = 0.007] than the group without sarcopenia. In multivariate logistic regression models, walking < 3760 steps [OR = 2868; CI 95% 1.331–6.181] and male [OR = 5285; CI 95% 2261–12,350], were associated with sarcopenia. Conclusions The prevalence of sarcopenia was 21%, higher than in patients without diabetes (17%). In this group of patients, lower physical activity, and male sex were associated with sarcopenia. Funding Sources FIPE n. 160467; CAPES.

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Reference Values for Skeletal Muscle Mass – Current Concepts and Methodological Considerations

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12030755 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 755 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Carina O. Walowski ◽

Wiebke Braun ◽

Michael J. Maisch ◽

Björn Jensen ◽

Sven Peine ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Reference Values ◽

Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance ◽

Reference Population ◽

Muscle Quality ◽

Whole Body ◽

Whole Body Imaging ◽

Cross Sectional

Assessment of a low skeletal muscle mass (SM) is important for diagnosis of ageing and disease-associated sarcopenia and is hindered by heterogeneous methods and terminologies that lead to differences in diagnostic criteria among studies and even among consensus definitions. The aim of this review was to analyze and summarize previously published cut-offs for SM applied in clinical and research settings and to facilitate comparison of results between studies. Multiple published reference values for discrepant parameters of SM were identified from 64 studies and the underlying methodological assumptions and limitations are compared including different concepts for normalization of SM for body size and fat mass (FM). Single computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging images and appendicular lean soft tissue by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) or bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) are taken as a valid substitute of total SM because they show a high correlation with results from whole body imaging in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. However, the random error of these methods limits the applicability of these substitutes in the assessment of individual cases and together with the systematic error limits the accurate detection of changes in SM. Adverse effects of obesity on muscle quality and function may lead to an underestimation of sarcopenia in obesity and may justify normalization of SM for FM. In conclusion, results for SM can only be compared with reference values using the same method, BIA- or DXA-device and an appropriate reference population. Limitations of proxies for total SM as well as normalization of SM for FM are important content-related issues that need to be considered in longitudinal studies, populations with obesity or older subjects.

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