scholarly journals Personality, cognition and behavior in chimpanzees: a new approach based on Eysenck’s model

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9707
Author(s):  
Maria Padrell ◽  
David Riba ◽  
Yulán Úbeda ◽  
Federica Amici ◽  
Miquel Llorente
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Models ◽  
Food Reward ◽  
Animal Cognition ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Probability Of Success ◽  
Personality Ratings ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Measures Of Performance

Personality has been linked to individual variation in interest and performance in cognitive tasks. Nevertheless, this relationship is still poorly understood and has rarely been considered in animal cognition research. Here, we investigated the association between personality and interest, motivation and task performance in 13 sanctuary chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) housed at Fundació Mona (Spain). Personality was assessed with a 12-item questionnaire based on Eysenck’s Psychoticism-Extraversion-Neuroticism model completed by familiar keepers and researchers. Additionally, personality ratings were compared to behavioral observations conducted over an 11-year period. Experimental tasks consisted in several puzzle boxes that needed to be manipulated in order to obtain a food reward. Dependent variables included participation (as an indicator of interest), success and latency (as measures of performance), and losing contact with the task (as an indicator of motivation). As predicted, we obtained significant correlations between Eysenck’s personality traits and observed behaviors, although some expected associations were absent. We then analyzed data using Generalized Linear Mixed Models, running a model for each dependent variable. In both sexes, lower Extraversion and lower Dominance were linked to a higher probability of success, but this effect was stronger in females. Furthermore, higher Neuropsychoticism predicted higher probability of success in females, but not in males. The probability of losing contact with the task was higher in young chimpanzees, and in those rated lower on Extraversion and higher on Dominance. Additionally, chimpanzees rated higher on Neuropsychoticism were also more likely to stop interacting with the task, but again this was more evident in females. Participation and latency were not linked to any personality trait. Our findings show that the PEN may be a good model to describe chimpanzee personality, and stress the importance of considering personality when interpreting the results of cognitive research in non-human primates.

Music of Tragedy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi A. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Musical Language ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Late Work ◽  
Music Making ◽  
Dramatic Action ◽  
Instrumental Accompaniment ◽  
And Performance

The Music of Tragedy offers a new approach to the study of classical Greek theater by examining the use of musical language, imagery, and performance in the late work of Euripides. Drawing on the ancient conception of mousikē, in which words, song, dance, and instrumental accompaniment were closely linked, Naomi Weiss emphasizes the interplay of performance and imagination—the connection between the chorus’s own live singing and dancing in the theater and the images of music-making that frequently appear in their songs. Through detailed readings of four plays, she argues that the mousikē referred to and imagined in these plays is central to the progression of the dramatic action and to ancient audiences’ experiences of tragedy itself. She situates Euripides’s experimentation with the dramaturgical effects of mousikē within a broader cultural context, and in doing so, she shows how he both continues the practices of his tragic predecessors and also departs from them, reinventing traditional lyric styles and motifs for the tragic stage.

“That line’s got personality!” – The Big 5 as a Model of Personality Perception

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-280
Author(s):  
Matthew T. Gailliot
Keyword(s):  
Current Work ◽  
Big 5 ◽  
Past Work ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Personality Perception ◽  
Personality Ratings ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Meaningful Sense

Personality – enduring traits describing how people tend to think and behave – often is described by the Big 5 model. Everything people do and think can be described as representing 1 of 5 more general traits. Though the Big 5 model has been posited to describe actual thought and behavior, the current work tested the hypothesis that personality ratings would fit the Big 5 model even when the target being rated does not have a personality in any meaningful sense. Supporting this hypothesis, the Big 5 model showed acceptable fit for describing a person (consistent with past work), but also a straight line drawn on paper, something that should not have personality in any meaningful sense. The Big 5 model thus does not necessarily describe actual thought and behavior but instead the structure of personality perception.

130 Utilization of Nutrack to Assess Variance Components and Heritability of Activity Traits

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 17-17
Author(s):  
Lexi M Ostrand ◽  
Melanie D Trenhaile-Grannemann ◽  
Garrett See ◽  
Ty B Schmidt ◽  
Eric Psota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Mixed Models ◽  
Variance Components ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
Genetic Variances ◽  
Sow Longevity ◽  
Selection Decisions ◽  
Recorded Data ◽  
Residual Variances ◽  
And Behavior

Abstract Overall activity and behavior are integral components of sows remaining productive in the herd. This investigation studied overall activity of group housed replacement gilts and the heritability of various activity traits. Beginning around 20 wk of age, video recorded data of approximately 75 gilts/group for a total of 2,378 gilts over 32 groups was collected for 7 consecutive d using the NUtrack System, which tracks distance travelled (m), avg speed (m/s), angle rotated (degrees), and time standing (s), sitting (s), eating (s), and laying (s). The recorded phenotypes were standardized to the distribution observed within a pen for each group. The final values used for analysis were the average daily standardized values. Data were analyzed using mixed models (RStudio V 1.2.5033) including effects of sire, dam, dam’s sire and dam, dam’s grandsire and granddam, farrowing group, barn, pen, and on-test date. Sire had an effect on every activity trait P < 0.001), and dam had an effect on average speed (P < 0.001). The dam’s sire had an effect on all activity traits (P < 0.001) and the dam’s grandsire had an effect on average speed (P < 0.001). Heritabilities and variance components of activity traits were estimated in ASReml 4 using an animal model with a two-generation pedigree. Genetic variances are 0.17 +/- 0.029, 0.19 +/- 0.034, and 0.11 +/- 0.024, residual variances are 0.37 +/- 0.023, 0.41 +/- 0.027, and 0.41 +/- 0.022, phenotypic variances are 0.54 +/- 0.018, 0.60 +/- 0.020, and 0.52 +/- 0.016, and heritabilities are 0.32 +/- 0.048, 0.32 +/- 0.049, and 0.21 +/- 0.044 for average speed, distance, and lie respectively. NUtrack offers potential to aid in selection decisions. Given the results presented herein, continued investigation into these activity traits and their association with sow longevity is warranted.

Social rank of pregnant sows affects their body weight gain and behavior and performance of the offspring1,2

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 420-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Kranendonk ◽  
H. Van der Mheen ◽  
M. Fillerup ◽  
H. Hopster
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Behavior

Large rotary dairies achieve high cow throughput but are not more labour efficient than medium-sized rotaries

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 573 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Edwards ◽  
J. G. Jago ◽  
N. Lopez-Villalobos
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Mixed Models ◽  
Telephone Survey ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Efficiency Measures ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Total Labour

It was hypothesised that large rotary dairies (>60 clusters) are not more operator efficient than medium-sized rotaries (40–60 clusters). This was tested by collecting and analysing milking data, during peak and late lactation, from block calving herds milked in rotary dairies fitted with electronic milk meters. Data were collected from a total of 61 unique farms around New Zealand, with rotary dairies ranging in size from 28 to 80 clusters, for two 5-day periods during spring (September–November 2010; 47 farms; average milk yield 23.1 kg/day) and autumn (February–April 2011; 60 farms; average milk yield 16.4 kg/day). A telephone survey was conducted to collect basic farm details: size, land area, the number of herds managed (including hospital herds), number of operators in the dairy and total labour input. A site visit was conducted to collect data such as the number of bails/stalls over the entrance and exit of the platform. The herd management software on each farm was programmed to record similar fields for each of the six machine manufacturers represented. Variables recorded included cow, date, identification time, bail number, milk yield, milking duration, and average milk flow rate. Calculations were performed to determine the number of cows milked and milk harvested per hour as well as the operator efficiency values for these measures and an estimate of cluster utilisation. Mixed models were used to determine the relationship between the dependent variables, cows milked per hour, milk harvested per hour, cows milked per operator per hour, milk harvested per operator per hour, and cluster utilisation, and the independent variables collected. Cows milked and milk harvested per hour increased linearly with rotary size, during both spring and autumn and there was a quadratic relationship between operator efficiency measures and rotary size, which peaked at ~60 clusters. Cluster utilisation, the amount of time clusters were harvesting milk out of the plant running time, was estimated at 46 ± 6%. Larger rotary dairies on average achieved greater throughput; however, they were not more operator efficient than medium-sized rotaries. Thus, large rotary dairies are best suited to farms where the additional throughput is required.

scholarly journals The role of individual values in the behavior of using discount coupons

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 568-591
Author(s):  
Alice Chaves ◽  
Leonardo Flach ◽  
Jonatas Dutra Sallaberry
Keyword(s):  
Social Influence ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
Brazilian Literature ◽  
Performance Expectation ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Facilitating Conditions ◽  
And Behavior

Purpose – The research analyzed the determinants (Performance Expectation, Expectation of Effort, Social Influence, Facilitating Conditions, Hedonic Motivation, Value and Habit) of the intention and the behavior of using online discount coupons, through UTAUT2 in the Brazilian context. Design/methodology/approach – The survey was adopted with an instrument adapted from Yang (2010) and Christino et al. (2019) validated by experts. Made available online, the instrument collected 309 responses for analysis using the structural equation modeling technique. Findings – The results validated the positive relationships for Facilitating Conditions, Hedonic Motivation, Perceived Value, Habit and Performance Expectation - the highest’s coefficients. The influence of Expectation on Effort and Social Influence has not been validated. Research limitations/implications – The results cannot be generalized to all Brazilian individuals, in addition to considering recognized determinants of international literature. For this reason, suggestions are made for continuing and deepening the research. Practical implications – The results contribute by indicating the main perceptions that lead to the intention and use of discount coupons, which are the performance expectation and the habit. Thus, managers can develop their sales strategies considering such factors while society can establish strategies to more sustainable purchases. Originality/value – The research discusses the determinants of UTAUT2 in the Brazilian context to explain the intention and behavior of using online discount coupons, which are grouped together are unprecedented in Brazilian literature.

scholarly journals Demografik Faktörlerin Balık Eti Tüketimindeki Etkisi: Ankara İli Örneği

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osman Orkan Özer ◽  
Gonca Gül Yavuz ◽  
Umut Gül
Keyword(s):  
Decision Tree ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
Seafood Consumption ◽  
Consumption Behavior ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Chaid Analysis ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
And Behavior

This study was carried out in order to analyze seafood consumption level of consumers in Central Anatolia Region (Province Ankara) and their consumption behavior. Proportional sampling method was used in determining sample size and sample size was determined as 167. Data were collected from randomly chosen individuals with face-to-face interviews. As a result of study, in order to determine possible effects of socio-economic properties of consumers on seafood consumption, CHAID analysis which is one of the decision tree analyses was used. According to the results of analysis; it can be said that dependent variables of income, education and age have effect on attitude and behavior of consumers while gender have no effect on consumption behaviors.

scholarly journals Watching television in a home environment: effect on children’s attention, comprehension and behavior

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E Rose ◽  
Alexandra Lamont ◽  
Nicholas Reyland
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Tv Viewing ◽  
Facilitation Effect ◽  
Environment Effect ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Harmful Effects ◽  
Problem Solving Task

Correlational studies have suggested some harmful effects of television (TV) viewing in early childhood, especially for the viewing of fast-paced entertainment programs. However, this has not been consistently supported by experimental studies, many of which have lacked ecological validity. The current study explores the effects of pace of program on the attention, problem solving and comprehension of 41 3- and 4-year-olds using an ecologically valid experimental design. Children were visited twice at home; on each visit they were shown an episode of a popular animated entertainment program which differed in pace: one faster paced, one slower paced. Children’s behavior was coded for attention and arousal during viewing, attention, effort and performance after viewing during a problem-solving task, and comprehension of the program. The faster paced program was attended to more, but this had no impact on comprehension. Although 3-year-olds showed more attention and effort on the problem-solving task after watching the slower program, both 3- and 4-year-olds completed more problems successfully after watching the faster program. The results provide evidence to counter the ‘harm’ perceived in young children watching fast-paced entertainment programs as where differences were found it was the fast-paced program which appeared to have a cognitive facilitation effect.

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