“That line’s got personality!” – The Big 5 as a Model of Personality Perception

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-280
Author(s):  
Matthew T. Gailliot
Keyword(s):  
Current Work ◽  
Big 5 ◽  
Past Work ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Personality Perception ◽  
Personality Ratings ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Meaningful Sense

Personality – enduring traits describing how people tend to think and behave – often is described by the Big 5 model. Everything people do and think can be described as representing 1 of 5 more general traits. Though the Big 5 model has been posited to describe actual thought and behavior, the current work tested the hypothesis that personality ratings would fit the Big 5 model even when the target being rated does not have a personality in any meaningful sense. Supporting this hypothesis, the Big 5 model showed acceptable fit for describing a person (consistent with past work), but also a straight line drawn on paper, something that should not have personality in any meaningful sense. The Big 5 model thus does not necessarily describe actual thought and behavior but instead the structure of personality perception.

scholarly journals Targets’ Facial Width-to-Height Ratio Biases Pain Judgments

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason C. Deska ◽  
Kurt Hugenberg
Keyword(s):  
Person Perception ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Pain Medication ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Human Face ◽  
Height Ratio ◽  
Past Work ◽  
Accurate Perception ◽  
Face Structure ◽  
Stable Feature

The accurate perception of others’ pain is important for both perceivers and targets. Yet, like other person perception judgments, pain judgments are prone to biases. Although past work has begun detailing characteristics of targets that can bias pain judgments (e.g., race, gender), the current work examines a novel source of bias inherent to all targets: structural characteristics of the human face. Specifically, we present four studies demonstrating that facial width-to-height ratio, a stable feature of all faces, biases pain judgments. Compared to those with low facial width-to-height ratio, individuals with high facial width-to-height ratio are perceived as experiencing less pain in otherwise identical situations (Studies 1, 2, & 3), and as needing less pain medication to salve their injuries (Study 4). This process was observed for White but not Black targets (Study 2), and manipulations of facial width-to-height ratio affected pain perceptions even when target identity was held constant (Study 4). Together, these findings implicate face structure in judgments of others’ pain.

scholarly journals Personality, cognition and behavior in chimpanzees: a new approach based on Eysenck’s model

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9707
Author(s):  
Maria Padrell ◽  
David Riba ◽  
Yulán Úbeda ◽  
Federica Amici ◽  
Miquel Llorente
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Models ◽  
Food Reward ◽  
Animal Cognition ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Probability Of Success ◽  
Personality Ratings ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Measures Of Performance

Personality has been linked to individual variation in interest and performance in cognitive tasks. Nevertheless, this relationship is still poorly understood and has rarely been considered in animal cognition research. Here, we investigated the association between personality and interest, motivation and task performance in 13 sanctuary chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) housed at Fundació Mona (Spain). Personality was assessed with a 12-item questionnaire based on Eysenck’s Psychoticism-Extraversion-Neuroticism model completed by familiar keepers and researchers. Additionally, personality ratings were compared to behavioral observations conducted over an 11-year period. Experimental tasks consisted in several puzzle boxes that needed to be manipulated in order to obtain a food reward. Dependent variables included participation (as an indicator of interest), success and latency (as measures of performance), and losing contact with the task (as an indicator of motivation). As predicted, we obtained significant correlations between Eysenck’s personality traits and observed behaviors, although some expected associations were absent. We then analyzed data using Generalized Linear Mixed Models, running a model for each dependent variable. In both sexes, lower Extraversion and lower Dominance were linked to a higher probability of success, but this effect was stronger in females. Furthermore, higher Neuropsychoticism predicted higher probability of success in females, but not in males. The probability of losing contact with the task was higher in young chimpanzees, and in those rated lower on Extraversion and higher on Dominance. Additionally, chimpanzees rated higher on Neuropsychoticism were also more likely to stop interacting with the task, but again this was more evident in females. Participation and latency were not linked to any personality trait. Our findings show that the PEN may be a good model to describe chimpanzee personality, and stress the importance of considering personality when interpreting the results of cognitive research in non-human primates.

scholarly journals Plan Explanations as Model Reconciliation: Moving Beyond Explanation as Soliloquy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tathagata Chakraborti ◽  
Sarath Sreedharan ◽  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Subbarao Kambhampati
Keyword(s):  
Human Model ◽  
Past Work ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
And Task

When AI systems interact with humans in the loop, they are often called on to provide explanations for their plans and behavior. Past work on plan explanations primarily involved the AI system explaining the correctness of its plan and the rationale for its decision in terms of its own model. Such soliloquy is wholly inadequate in most realistic scenarios where the humans have domain and task models that differ significantly from that used by the AI system. We posit that the explanations are best studied in light of these differing models. In particular, we show how explanation can be seen as a "model reconciliation problem" (MRP), where the AI system in effect suggests changes to the human's model, so as to make its plan be optimal with respect to that changed human model. We will study the properties of such explanations, present algorithms for automatically computing them, and evaluate the performance of the algorithms.

scholarly journals Clarifying Gender Differences in Moral Dilemma Judgments: The Complementary Roles of Harm Aversion and Action Aversion

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Armstrong ◽  
Rebecca Friesdorf ◽  
Paul Conway
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Moral Dilemma ◽  
Moral Dilemmas ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Process Dissociation ◽  
Past Work ◽  
Harmful Action ◽  
Moral Rules

Moral dilemmas entail situations where decisions consistent with deontological principles (following moral rules) conflict with decisions consistent with utilitarian principles (maximizing overall outcomes). Past work employing process dissociation (PD) clarified that gender differences in utilitarianism are modest, but women are substantially more deontological than men. However, deontological judgments confound two motivations: harm aversion and action aversion. The current work presents a mega-analysis of eight studies ( N = 1,965) using PD to assess utilitarian and deontological response tendencies both when deontology entails inaction and when it requires action, to assess the independent contributions of harm aversion and action aversion. Results replicate and clarify past findings: Women scored higher than men on deontological tendencies, and this difference was enhanced when the deontological choice required refraining from harmful action rather than acting to prevent harm. That is, gender differences in deontological inclinations are caused by both harm aversion and action aversion.

Alcohol Consumption Reduces Effortful Fatigue After Sleep: Testing A Theory of Metabolite Depletion and Subsequent Supercompensation

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-276
Author(s):  
Matthew T. Gailliot
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Attention Control ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Drinking Alcohol ◽  
Control Task ◽  
Social Event ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Forceful Exertion

The current work examined whether greater alcohol consumption at night would predict less effortful fatigue the next morning. The theory is that effortful thought and behavior benefit from additional stored metabolites, and that drinking alcohol temporarily reduces metabolites but later increases them. Participants attended a drinking, social event at night. The next morning, they completed an effortful task (a breath-blowing task requiring forceful exertion and persistence) before and after a mentally fatiguing task (controlling attention). Consuming more alcohol during the event predicted less fatigue on the effortful breath-blowing task, computed as the difference between performance on the task before and after the attention control task. Alcohol consumption might be one strategy for reducing later fatigue on effortful tasks.

Commitment, Intimacy, and Women's Perceptions of Premarital Sex and Contraceptive Readiness

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michaela Hynie ◽  
John E. Lydon ◽  
Ali Taradash
Keyword(s):  
Person Perception ◽  
Premarital Sex ◽  
Sexual Encounter ◽  
Diary Entry ◽  
Women’S Perceptions ◽  
Personality Ratings ◽  
Commitment Level ◽  
And Behavior

A person-perception study was conducted to examine the influence of intimacy and commitment on the acceptability of premarital sex and contraceptive preparedness. Ninety-six women rated a female target's personality and behavior after reading a diary entry describing a couple's initial sexual encounter. The nature of the couple's relationship and who provided the condom were manipulated between participants. Women inferred a committed relationship when intimacy was present. Women rated the target, and her behavior, as more acceptable when she had sex in a relationship with commitment. When she provided a condom, the target was perceived as less nice in the noncommitted than in the committed relationship. When her partner provided the condom, however, commitment level did not influence personality ratings.

Power and Personality Perception in Real–Life Hierarchical Relationships

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sointu Leikas ◽  
Jan–Erik Lönnqvist ◽  
Markku Verkasalo ◽  
Vesa Nissinen
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Power Relation ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Personality Perception ◽  
Personality Ratings ◽  
Hierarchical Relationships ◽  
Assumed Similarity

The present study examined how Big Five personality ratings of the same target individuals differ as a function of the power relation between the target and the judge. Our targets were 37 employees with leadership duties from two large organizations. The targets‘ subordinates (N = 352), peers (N = 186), and superiors (N = 62) constituted our groups of judges. The targets and judges also provided self–reports of personality. Subordinate judges showed higher consensus but not higher self–other agreement than peer or superior judges. Furthermore, the targets were judged as more extraverted, more emotionally stable, less agreeable, and less open to experience by their subordinates than by their superiors. The results suggest that (i) observer consensus, but not self–other agreement or assumed similarity varies as a function of real–life power; (ii) the effects of power on mean trait scores are mostly congruent with the previously observed effects of power on behaviour and on stereotypes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

scholarly journals Asymptotic behavior and control of a “guidance by repulsion” model

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (04) ◽  
pp. 765-804
Author(s):  
Dongnam Ko ◽  
Enrique Zuazua
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Strategies ◽  
Exact Controllability ◽  
Time Behavior ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The One ◽  
Repulsive Forces ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
And Control ◽  
Behavior Models

We model and analyze a guiding problem, where the drivers try to steer the evaders’ positions toward a target region while the evaders always try to escape from drivers. This problem is motivated by the guidance-by-repulsion model [R. Escobedo, A. Ibañez and E. Zuazua, Optimal strategies for driving a mobile agent in a “guidance by repulsion” model, Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 39 (2016) 58–72] where the authors answer how to control the evader’s position and what is the optimal maneuver of the driver. First, we analyze well posedness and behavior of the one-driver and one-evader model, assuming of the same friction coefficients. From the long-time behavior, the exact controllability is proved in a long enough time horizon. Then, we extend the model to the multi-driver and multi-evader case. We assumed three interaction rules in the context of collective behavior models: flocking between evaders, collision avoidance between drivers and repulsive forces between drivers and evaders. These interactions depend on the relative distances, and each agent is assumed to be undistinguishable and obtained an averaged effect from the other individuals. In this model, we develop numerical simulations to systematically explore the nature of controlled dynamics in various scenarios. The optimal strategies turn out to share a common pattern to the one-driver and one-evader case: the drivers rapidly occupy the position behind the target, and want to pursuit evaders in a straight line for most of the time. Inspired by this, we build a feedback strategy which stabilizes the direction of evaders.

scholarly journals Giving the Underdog a Leg Up

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 746-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emile Bruneau ◽  
Daniel Lane ◽  
Muniba Saleem
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Asymmetric Conflict ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Nonviolent Resistance ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior

In the current work, we experimentally examined the effect of exposure to a narrative of nonviolent resistance on third-party attitudes toward and support for a disempowered group involved in asymmetric conflict. Across three experiments, we found that Americans exposed to a brief video about Palestinian nonviolent resistance consistently registered more favorable attitudes toward Palestinians than people who watched a film trailer either unrelated to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict or a trailer to a Palestinian-made film about sympathetic Palestinians violently opposing Israelis. Americans’ attitudes toward Palestinians and behavior supporting Palestinian collective action persisted weeks after exposure to nonviolent resistance and were mediated by decreased perceptions that Palestinians are inherently violent. Importantly, positive attitudes toward Palestinians did not result in increased negativity toward Israelis. These data show that exposure to nonviolent resistance can have lasting effects on third-party attitudes and behavior toward an underdog/disempowered group, without driving partisanship.

A Correlated Traits Correlated Methods Model for Thin-Slice Child Personality Assessment

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L Tackett ◽  
Jonas W. B. Lang ◽  
Kristian Eric Markon ◽  
Kathrin Herzhoff
Keyword(s):  
Personality Assessment ◽  
Incremental Validity ◽  
Correlated Traits ◽  
Thin Slice ◽  
Indicator Variables ◽  
Child Personality ◽  
Personality Ratings ◽  
Parental Ratings ◽  
Using Data ◽  
And Behavior

Recent research has illustrated the utility and accuracy of a thin-slice (TS) approach to child personality assessment, whereby unacquainted observers provide personality ratings of children after exposure to brief behavioral episodes. The current study sought to expand on this approach by exploring formal multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) models for child TS data comprising ratings from a comprehensive set of TS situations. Results using data from a sample of 326 9-to-10-year-old community children indicate that a correlated traits, correlated methods (CTCM) model can be used to represent individual differences in children's behavior as manifest across different situations. Indicator variables derived from a CTCM differentially correlate with traditional parental ratings of behavior, moreover, and provide predictive and incremental validity with regard to child competencies and behavior. Results illustrate the utility of a TS approach in the assessment of childhood personality, and inform understanding of issues encountered in applying different MTMM models to these types of empirical data.

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