Imagining the Third Rome and the New Jerusalem in the 16th–18th Century Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

2021 ◽  
pp. 199-224
Author(s):  
Liliya Berezhnaya
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
New Jerusalem ◽  
The Third

TEISMINIŲ DOKUMENTŲ ĮVARDIJIMAI TREČIAJAME LIETUVOS STATUTE IR JŲ RAIDOS BRUOŽAI

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018/2 ◽  
pp. 31-53
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Open Letter ◽  
Power Of Attorney ◽  
The Third ◽  
Judicial Practice ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Single Term ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Judicial Procedures ◽  
Early 18Th Century

DESIGNATION OF JUDICIAL DOCUMENTS IN THE THIRD STATUTE OF LITHUANIA AND THE ATTRIBUTES OF THEIR EVOLUTION ADAM STANKEVIČ The author of the article analyses the designation of documents drawn up and issued by the court, their conception, field of application, and place in the court procedure as presented in the Third Statute of Lithuania (TSL). In addition, an attempt is made to exhibit the changes that such documents and their designations underwent in later centuries (until the end of the 18th c.) by means of the example of the Lithuanian Tribunal. The research revealed that documents which in the sources from different periods were referred to by the same name meant different things or were simultaneously attributed several meanings. In the 17th-18th century, only part of the terms featured in the Third Statute of Lithuania were used in the judicial practice of the Lithuanian Tribunal, and with time some of them were replaced with other terms. Several terms denoting summonses (pozew, mandat, zakaz) can be identified in the TSL, and all of them were in use until the very end of the 18th century. However, a single term – dekret / decretum – was used to designate the judgement (actually, for some time there was a differentiation between the court judgement and its procedural summary, but later the generalized term for the judgement prevailed). A number of documents in the TSL are referred to as the “open letter”, however, later some of them acquired specialised names (e.g. the power of attorney). With time, there were certain changes in the context in which some of the terms were used (e.g. the term “cedule” which in the 18th century was already consistently used exceptionally in a particular situation, namely when a litigant refused to obey the order of the court and informed in writing a judicial officer of such refusal) or the terms themselves underwent certain changes (in the 18th century the term membran was substituted with the term blankiet). Part of the judicial documents mentioned in the TSL disappeared in the long run or there was a certain decrease in their significance (this is true of the reminder and adjournment documents as well as glejt (protection letter)). The examples above suggest that the Lithuanian Tribunal would sometimes issue reminders and guarantee documents, though legal acts did not explicitly provide for that. The TSL offered a number of terms hardly related with the investigation of a case, therefore in the early 18th century, with the improvement of judicial procedures, they underwent rapid changes. The procedure of the implementation of a court ruling, which underwent significant changes, is accountable for the introduction of new terms, for example, with time several terms pertaining to the notification of the litigants were used simultaneously (obwieszczenie, innotescencyja, list tradycyjny). Most probably due to the unification processes observed in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 18th century, a number of Latin origin terms were introduced in the judicial practice of the GDL, e.g. cytacyja, decyzyja, innotestencyja, plenipotencyja, obdukcyja, wizyja, inkwizycyja, weryfikacyja, kalkulacyja, tradycyja (all of them had been used in Poland but were not featured in the TSL).

On the Performance of "Quia respexit ... omnes generationes" from J. S. Bach's Magnificat

2001 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 458-489
Author(s):  
Robert M. Cammarota
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Dramatic Effect ◽  
Rhetorical Device ◽  
The Third ◽  
Musical Texture ◽  
Compositional Practice ◽  
Formed Part ◽  
Early 18Th Century

The modern-day custom of performing the 'omnes generationes' section from J. S. Bach's Magnificat twice as fast as the aria "Quia respexit" has its origins in Robert Franz's vocal and orchestral editions of 1864, the details of which were discussed in his Mittheilungen of 1863. Up until that time, 'omnes generationes' was inextricably connected to "Quia respexit" and formed part of the third movement of Bach's Magnificat. Moreover, when Bach revised the score in 1733, he added adagio to the beginning of "Quia respexit . . . omnes generationes," establishing the tempo for the whole movement. In this study I show that Bach's setting of this verse is in keeping with Leipzig tradition (as evidenced by the settings of Schelle, G. M. Hoffmann, Telemann, Kuhnau, and Graupner) and with early 18thcentury compositional practice; that he interpreted the verse based on Luther's 1532 exegesis on the Magnificat; that the verse must be understood theologically, as a unit; that the change in musical texture at the words 'omnes generationes' is a rhetorical device, not "dramatic effect"; and, finally, that there is no change in tempo at the words 'omnes generationes' either in Bach's setting or in any other from this period. An understanding of the early 18th-century Magnificat tradition out of which Bach's setting derives, with the knowledge of the reception of Bach's Magnificat in the mid 19th century, should help us restore Bach's tempo adagio for the movement.

scholarly journals Feminizm amerykański trzeciej fali – zmiana i kontynuacja

2018 ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
Grażyna STRNAD
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Common Interest ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
The Third ◽  
American Society ◽  
The Right ◽  
Second Wave

The history of American women fighting for equal rights dates back to the 18th century, when in Boston, in 1770, they voiced the demand that the status of women be changed. Abigail Adams, Sarah Grimke, Angelina Grimke and Frances Wright are considered to have pioneered American feminism. An organized suffrage movement is assumed to have originated at the convention Elizabeth Stanton organized in Seneca Falls in 1848. This convention passed a Declaration of Sentiments, which criticized the American Declaration of Independence as it excluded women. The most prominent success achieved in this period was the US Congress passing the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution granting women the right to vote. The 1960s saw the second wave of feminism, resulting from disappointment with the hitherto promotion of equality. The second-wave feminists claimed that the legal reforms did not provide women with the changes they expected. As feminists voiced the need to feminize the world, they struggled for social customs to change and gender stereotypes to be abandoned. They criticized the patriarchal model of American society, blaming this model for reducing the social role of women to that of a mother, wife and housewife. They pointed to patriarchal ideology, rather than nature, as the source of the inequality of sexes. The leading representatives of the second wave of feminism were Betty Friedan (who founded the National Organization for Women), Kate Millet (who wrote Sexual Politics), and Shulamith Firestone (the author of The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution). The 1990s came to be called the third wave of feminism, characterized by multiple cultures, ethnic identities, races and religions, thereby becoming a heterogenic movement. The third-wave feminists, Rebecca Walker and Bell Hooks, represented groups of women who had formerly been denied the right to join the movement, for example due to racial discrimination. They believed that there was not one ‘common interest of all women’ but called for leaving no group out in the fight for the equality of women’s rights. They asked that the process of women’s emancipation that began with the first wave embrace and approve of the diversity of the multiethnic American society.

scholarly journals Maciej Ziemierski, Testamenty krakowskiej rodziny Królików z XVII w.

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 11-41
Author(s):  
Maciej Ziemierski
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Family Members ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Town ◽  
Distinguished Member

17th century testaments of the Królik family from Krakow The article is dedicated to the Królik family from Krakow, who lived in the town from the late 16th century until the first years of the 18th century. The family members initially worked as tailors, later reinforcing the group of Krakow merchants in the third generation (Maciej Królik). Wojciech Królik – from the fourth generation – was a miner in Olkusz. The text omits the most distinguished member of the family, Wojciech’s oldest brother, the Krakow councillor Mikołaj Królik, whose figure has been covered in a separate work. The work shows the complicated religious relations in the family of non-Catholics, initially highly engaged in the life of the Krakow Congregation, but whose members gradually converted from Evangelism to Catholicism. As a result, Wojciech Królik and his siblings became Catholics. This work is complemented by four testaments of family members, with the first, Jakub Królik’s, being written in 1626 and the last one, Wojciech Królik’s, written in 1691.

Gaceta de Guatemala in the Colonial Period

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Poupeney Hart
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Spanish America ◽  
Capital City ◽  
The Political ◽  
Vast Array ◽  
The Third ◽  
The University ◽  
Political Turmoil

Gaceta de Guatemala is the name of a newspaper spanning four series and published in Central America before the region’s independence from Spain. As one of the first newspapers to appear in Spanish America on a periodical basis, the initial series (1729–1731) was inspired by its Mexican counterpart (Gaceta de México) and thus it adopted a strong local and chronological focus. The title resurfaced at the end of the 18th century thanks to the printer and bookseller Ignacio Beteta who would assure its continuity until 1816. The paper appeared as a mainly news-oriented publication (1793–1796), only to be reshaped and energized by a small group of enlightened men close to the university and the local government (1797–1807). In an effort to galvanize society along the lines of the reforms promoted by the Bourbon regime, and to engage in a dialogue with readers beyond the borders of the capital city of Guatemala, they relied on a vast array of sources (authorized and censored) and on a journalistic model associated with the British Spectator: it allowed them to explore different genres and a wide variety of topics, while also allowing the paper to fulfill its role as an official and practical news channel. The closure of the Economic Society which had been the initial motor for the third series, and the failure to attract or retain strong contributors led slowly to the journal’s social irrelevance. It was resurrected a year after ceasing publication, to address the political turmoil caused by the Napoleonic invasion of the Peninsula and to curb this event’s repercussions overseas. These circumstances warranted a mainly news-oriented format, which prevailed in the following years. The official character of the paper was confirmed in 1812 when it appeared as the Gaceta del Gobierno de Guatemala, a name with which it finally ended publication (1808–1816).

Waving the historian’s magic wand: Temporal comparisons and analogies in the writing of history

2020 ◽  
pp. 0961463X2094403
Author(s):  
Javier Fernández-Sebastián
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Historical Consciousness ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Western Tradition ◽  
Conceptual History ◽  
Magic Wand ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
Modern Europe

The main purpose of this article is to raise some questions about temporal comparisons and analogies in the writing of history. The article has four parts. The first one shows that historical discipline, conceptual history and language itself can scarcely be conceived of in the absence of comparisons, implicit or explicit, between events, processes and individuals. The second section provides a few samples of the sources of inspiration of some recurrent temporal parallelisms in the Western tradition. The third identifies two key moments in the history of modern Europe when temporal analogies assumed particular importance. These two periods – two turns of the century (16th century and 18th century) – correspond to transitional phases between successive stages in the development of Western historical consciousness. The article ends with a brief reflection on the usefulness and limits of temporal analogies in the writing of history.

scholarly journals Meditations in a churchyard: An exploration of Afrikaans graveyard poets and graveyard poetry

Literator ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerda H. Taljaard-Gilson
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Clear Definition ◽  
Poetic Form ◽  
Third Place ◽  
The Third

The term ‘kerkhofgedig’ (‘churchyard poem’) does not feature in academic discussions on Afrikaans poetry, neither does it appear in Cloete’s authoritative work of reference, Literêre terme en teorieë (1992). There are mainly three reasons for this omission in Afrikaans literature. In the first place the Afrikaans word ‘elegie’ (elegy) has become a superordinate for most poems dealing with grief or melancholy about a certain event or condition, for example, a lamentation, obituary poem, dirge, requiem, et cetera. Secondly, graveyard poetry is associated with (English) poems and poets from the 18th century, not with more contemporary Afrikaans poets. In the third place, the elegy and the churchyard poem are related poetic forms which share many characteristics, making it difficult to distinguish between the two genres. In Afrikaans literature the churchyard poem is therefore not regarded as an independent poetic form with unique features, as is the case with churchyard poetry in English, French, German and Dutch. Nevertheless, a number of Afrikaans poets have written churchyard poetry over the decades. In this article it will be determined whether Afrikaans graveyard poetry does in fact exist. This will be accomplished by providing a historical background to graveyard poetry and by comparing traditional graveyard poems to modern poems. Then churchyard poetry will be compared to the elegy. In conclusion a clear definition for graveyard poetry will be formulated. The following questions will consequently be answered: What is graveyard poetry and does it exist in Afrikaans?

Zen, Mathematics, and Rāmānujan: Uncommon Links

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-47
Author(s):  
Masato Mitsuda
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Philosophy Of Mathematics ◽  
Zen Buddhism ◽  
Fundamental Difference ◽  
The Third ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Celestial Sphere

For centuries, religion has been the main impulse for moral and humanistic advancement, and ever since the rise of the Scientific Revolution (from 1543, the year Copernicus published De revolutioni bus orbium coelestium [On the revolution of the celestial sphere] – to the late 18th century), mathematics has been the cardinal element for scientific and technological progress. Mathematics requires a logical mind, but religion demands a receptive and compassionate mind. Even though there is a fundamental difference between the two subjects, the aim of this essay is to explore the relationships between Zen, mathematics, and Rāmānujan. The first section expounds on Bodhidharma’s and Hui neng’s notions of “no mind” and the “essence of mind,” as they are deemed an important bridge between Zen and mathematics. The second section presents how mathematics and Zen Buddhism relate to each other. Accordingly, the views on intuition, imagination, freedom, and language based on Einstein, Cantor, Brouwer, Poincare, et al. are discussed. The third section discusses the work of the most renowned mathematician in modern India in relation to Zen Buddhism. Rāmānujan’s unparalleled accomplishment in the field of number theory is well known among mathematicians. However, he is not well presented in the philosophy of mathematics, because of his unusual approach to mathematics.

Gaspard Monge’s Descriptive Geometry Course

10.12737/2135 ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 52-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Сальков ◽  
Nikolay Sal'kov
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Descriptive Geometry ◽  
Curved Surfaces ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third ◽  
Projective Geometries ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Geometric Locus

The structure of course of lectures, proposed by Gaspard Monge in the late 18th century, is considered in detail. Monge foresees 120 lectures for descriptive geometry. The main course, without shadows and perspective, is divided into 5 sections, each of which is devoted to a certain themes. In the first section the projections deriving is described, and two main goals are given. Here we face with the notion of geometric locus, elements of differential and projective geometries. The second section considers the tangent planes and normals. These elements’ use in painting and building are demonstrated. The third section has been devoted to the theory related to construction of curved surfaces intersections. The solution of tasks has been considered in the fourth section. The fifth section has been devoted to the curved lines. Gaspard Monge proposes the developed course of descriptive geometry not as a set of interesting geometric tasks, but as a solution of specific application tasks inherent to the industry, building, art, and military science.

scholarly journals The earliest public green areas connected with Jelenia Góra, part. 1.

1970 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-144
Author(s):  
Marzanna Jagiełło ◽  
Wojciech Brzezowski
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Public Parks ◽  
Natural Landscape ◽  
Landscape Features ◽  
The Third ◽  
Green Areas ◽  
Health Resorts

In the third part of the 18th century the earliest public landscape gardens began to appear in the area of suburban Jelenia Góra. They were the first public parks in Silesia. When establishing them, the natural landscape features of the area were used (Karkonosze). Such an early creation of these parks was influenced by the growing fashion for mountain hiking and the increased (thanks to the nearby health resorts) awareness of the benefits of contact with nature, while remaining in harmony with contemporary views on garden art.

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